{"id":3628,"date":"2026-08-27T15:47:12","date_gmt":"2026-08-27T12:47:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3628"},"modified":"2026-08-27T15:47:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-27T12:47:12","slug":"3-1-1908-1918-osmanli-siyasi-askeri-gelismeler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/3-1-1908-1918-osmanli-siyasi-askeri-gelismeler\/","title":{"rendered":"1908-1918 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Meydana Gelen Siyasi ve Asker\u00ee Geli\u015fmeler | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih &#8211; Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>S\u0131n\u0131f:<\/strong> 11. S\u0131n\u0131f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ders:<\/strong> Tarih<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00dcnite:<\/strong> SAVA\u015eLAR SARMALINDA OSMANLI (1908-1918)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> 1908-1918 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Meydana Gelen Siyasi ve Asker\u00ee Geli\u015fmeler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu,\n.tk-ders-notu * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n.tk-ders-notu {\n  --tk-lacivert: #173b67;\n  --tk-turkuaz: #087f8c;\n  --tk-bordo: #8a2638;\n  --tk-altin: #d9a514;\n  --tk-acik-mavi: #eef7ff;\n  --tk-acik-turkuaz: #e9fbfa;\n  --tk-acik-sari: #fff8dc;\n  --tk-metin: #1f2937;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 1100px;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 auto;\n  color: var(--tk-metin);\n  font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n  font-size: 17px;\n  line-height: 1.72;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  hyphens: auto;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-iz {\n  position: sticky;\n  top: 0;\n  z-index: 20;\n  width: 100%;\n  height: 6px;\n  overflow: hidden;\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  background: #dce8f2;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-cubugu {\n  display: block;\n  width: 0;\n  height: 100%;\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--tk-turkuaz), var(--tk-altin));\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart {\n  margin: 12px 0 22px;\n  padding: clamp(20px, 4vw, 38px);\n  border-bottom: 6px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  border-radius: 18px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #173b67, #205684);\n  box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(23, 59, 103, .16);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kod {\n  margin: 0 0 7px;\n  color: #ffdf75;\n  font-size: .85em;\n  font-weight: 800;\n  letter-spacing: .08em;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik {\n  margin: 0;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  font-size: clamp(1.55rem, 4vw, 2.35rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.22;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-seo-giris {\n  margin: 18px 0 0;\n  color: #f2f7fb;\n  font-size: 1em;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-eylem-cubugu {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n  gap: 10px;\n  margin: 0 0 18px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme {\n  min-height: 44px;\n  padding: 9px 16px;\n  border: 2px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  font: inherit;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  line-height: 1.25;\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme:hover { background: #056c76; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme:focus-visible,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a:focus-visible,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don:focus-visible {\n  outline: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  outline-offset: 3px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 24px;\n  padding: 18px 20px;\n  border: 1px solid #b9dfe1;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 14px;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-turkuaz);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-baslik {\n  margin: 0 0 8px;\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-size: 1.2em;\n  font-weight: 800;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler ul {\n  margin: 0;\n  padding-left: 1.25em;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler li { margin: 4px 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler .tk-alt-baslik-baglantisi { margin-left: 1em; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a {\n  color: #075f69;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  text-decoration-thickness: 2px;\n  text-underline-offset: 3px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a[aria-current=\"true\"] {\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  background: #fff1f3;\n  border-radius: 5px;\n  box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px #fff1f3;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 22px;\n  padding: clamp(17px, 3vw, 28px);\n  border: 1px solid #dbe6ee;\n  border-radius: 16px;\n  background: #ffffff;\n  box-shadow: 0 8px 22px rgba(23, 59, 103, .08);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart-giris { background: var(--tk-acik-mavi); }\n.tk-ders-notu h2,\n.tk-ders-notu h3 {\n  scroll-margin-top: 24px;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu h2 {\n  margin: 0 0 16px;\n  padding-bottom: 8px;\n  border-bottom: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-size: clamp(1.3rem, 3vw, 1.72rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.3;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu h3 {\n  margin: 24px 0 10px;\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font-size: clamp(1.1rem, 2.5vw, 1.35rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.35;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-metin,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-gorsel-aciklamasi { margin: 0 0 13px; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-gorsel-aciklamasi {\n  padding: 10px 14px;\n  border-left: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  color: #34495e;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-sari);\n  font-size: .95em;\n  font-style: italic;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste {\n  display: grid;\n  gap: 9px;\n  margin: 12px 0 18px;\n  padding: 0;\n  list-style: none;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li {\n  position: relative;\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 10px 12px 10px 42px;\n  border: 1px solid #cfe6e8;\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  background: #f7fcfc;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li::before {\n  content: \"\u2713\";\n  position: absolute;\n  left: 12px;\n  top: 10px;\n  width: 22px;\n  height: 22px;\n  border-radius: 50%;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 900;\n  line-height: 22px;\n  text-align: center;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-alinti {\n  margin: 16px 0;\n  padding: 15px 18px;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-bordo);\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  color: #5d1b28;\n  background: #fff1f3;\n  font-style: italic;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-kutusu {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 16px 0;\n  padding: 15px 17px;\n  border: 1px solid #ead381;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  border-radius: 12px;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-sari);\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-etiket {\n  margin: 0 0 5px;\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font-weight: 900;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-icerik > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo-kapsayici {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 18px 0;\n  overflow: visible;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  border-collapse: collapse;\n  border-spacing: 0;\n  table-layout: fixed;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu th,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu td {\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 11px 12px;\n  border: 1px solid #b8c9d6;\n  vertical-align: top;\n  text-align: left;\n  white-space: normal;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  word-break: normal;\n  hyphens: auto;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu thead th {\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-weight: 800;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tbody tr:nth-child(even) { background: var(--tk-acik-mavi); }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tbody td:first-child {\n  color: #6f1e2d;\n  font-weight: 700;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-hucre-metin { margin: 0 0 7px; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-hucre-metin:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don {\n  position: fixed;\n  right: 18px;\n  bottom: 18px;\n  z-index: 30;\n  display: none;\n  min-width: 48px;\n  min-height: 48px;\n  padding: 9px 13px;\n  border: 0;\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font: inherit;\n  font-weight: 800;\n  box-shadow: 0 8px 22px rgba(86, 20, 34, .28);\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don.tk-gorunur { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }\n@media (max-width: 720px) {\n  .tk-ders-notu { font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.65; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart { border-radius: 12px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme { flex: 1 1 145px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun table,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun thead,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tr,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun th,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun td { display: block; width: 100%; min-width: 0; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun thead { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0 0 0 0); white-space: nowrap; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody { display: grid; gap: 14px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody tr {\n    overflow: hidden;\n    border: 1px solid #b8c9d6;\n    border-radius: 12px;\n    background: #ffffff;\n    box-shadow: 0 5px 14px rgba(23, 59, 103, .08);\n  }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td { border: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce6ed; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td:last-child { border-bottom: 0; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td::before {\n    content: attr(data-label);\n    display: block;\n    margin: 0 0 4px;\n    color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n    font-weight: 900;\n  }\n}\n@media (max-width: 375px) {\n  .tk-ders-notu { font-size: 15.5px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler { padding: 15px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li { padding-left: 38px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu th,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu td { padding: 9px 8px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don { right: 10px; bottom: 10px; }\n}\n@media print {\n  .tk-ders-notu { max-width: none; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.45; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-iz,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-eylem-cubugu,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don { display: none !important; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart { color: #000000; background: #ffffff; box-shadow: none; border: 2px solid #173b67; border-bottom: 5px solid #d9a514; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kod,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-seo-giris { color: #000000; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart { break-inside: avoid-page; box-shadow: none; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu { break-inside: auto; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tr { break-inside: avoid; }\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" lang=\"tr\" id=\"tk-ders-3-1\">\n<div class=\"tk-ilerleme-iz\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div>\n<header class=\"tk-ust-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-ana-baslik\">\n<p class=\"tk-kod\">11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih \u2022 \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 3.1<\/p>\n<p class=\"tk-ana-baslik\" id=\"tk-3-1-ana-baslik\">1908-1918 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Meydana Gelen Siyasi ve Asker\u00ee Geli\u015fmeler<\/p>\n<p class=\"tk-seo-giris\">11. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersindeki 1908-1918 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Meydana Gelen Siyasi ve Asker\u00ee Geli\u015fmeler \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131, devletin son d\u00f6nemindeki yo\u011fun olaylar\u0131 kronolojik bir ba\u011f i\u00e7inde incelemeyi gerektirir. Bu tarih ders notu, T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli do\u011frultusunda belgenin s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 koruyarak II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131n\u0131, siyasi hareketleri, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131 ele al\u0131r. Trablusgarp ve Balkan sava\u015flar\u0131ndan I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 cephelerine uzanan geli\u015fmeler; nedenleri, taraflar\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla ayr\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klarda sunulmu\u015ftur. Bilgi kartlar\u0131, tablolar ve dikkat kutular\u0131 \u00f6nemli olaylar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Konuyu \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken siyasi kararlarla asker\u00ee geli\u015fmeler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi, toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 ve sava\u015flar\u0131n toplum \u00fczerindeki etkilerini birlikte de\u011ferlendirerek ilerleyebilirsiniz. Kronolojik ba\u011f b\u00f6ylece daha a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"tk-eylem-cubugu\" aria-label=\"Ders notu ara\u00e7lar\u0131\">\n<button class=\"tk-dugme\" type=\"button\" data-tk-action=\"print\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button>\n<button class=\"tk-dugme\" type=\"button\" data-tk-action=\"toc\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere Git<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" id=\"tk-3-1-icindekiler\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\">\n<p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-donemin-stratejik-cercevesi\">D\u00f6nemin Stratejik \u00c7er\u00e7evesi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-1908-oncesi\">1908 \u00d6ncesi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-1908de-osmanli-devleti-ve-cevresinde-bulunan-devletler-ile-bugunku-turkiye-cumhuriyeti\">1908\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve \u00e7evresinde bulunan devletler ile bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-mesrutiyetten-mutlakiyete\">Me\u015frutiyetten Mutlakiyete<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-jon-turk-muhalefetinin-yukselisi\">J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk Muhalefetinin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-ittihat-ve-terakkinin-orgutlenmesi\">\u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin \u00d6rg\u00fctlenmesi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-revalden-ii-mesrutiyete\">Reval\u2019den II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019e<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-ii-mesrutiyetin-ilk-sonuclari\">II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in \u0130lk Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-ozgurlukler-ve-siyasi-canlanma\">\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler ve Siyasi Canlanma<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-fikir-akimlari\">Fikir Ak\u0131mlar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-31-mart-olayi\">31 Mart Olay\u0131:<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-hareket-ordusu\">Hareket Ordusu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-1909-anayasa-degisiklikleri\">1909 Anayasa De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-trablusgarp-savasinin-arka-plani\">Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Arka Plan\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-italyanin-savasi-baslatmasi\">\u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Sava\u015f\u0131 Ba\u015flatmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-gonullu-subaylar-ve-yerel-direnis\">G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Subaylar ve Yerel Direni\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-mustafa-kemalin-trablusgarp-tecrubesi\">Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Trablusgarp Tecr\u00fcbesi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-savasin-yayilmasi-ve-usi-antlasmasi\">Sava\u015f\u0131n Yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve U\u015fi Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-trablusgarp-savasinin-turk-tarihine-etkileri\">TRABLUSGARP SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN T\u00dcRK TAR\u0130H\u0130NE ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-trablusgarp-savasinin-dunya-tarihine-etkileri\">TRABLUSGARP SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN D\u00dcNYA TAR\u0130H\u0130NE ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-balkan-savaslarinin-nedenleri\">Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Nedenleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-i-balkan-savasi-cepheler-ve-kayiplar\">I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131: Cepheler ve Kay\u0131plar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-babiali-baskini\">B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li Bask\u0131n\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-londra-antlasmasi\">Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-ii-balkan-savasi-ve-edirnenin-kurtarilmasi\">II. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Edirne\u2019nin Kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-balkan-savaslarinin-sonuclari\">Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-i-dunya-savasinin-temel-nedenleri\">I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Temel Nedenleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-i-dunya-savasi-oncesinde-avrupanin-siyasi-durumu-ve-ittifaklar\">I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n siyasi durumu ve ittifaklar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-buyuk-devletlerin-hedefleri\">B\u00fcy\u00fck Devletlerin Hedefleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-bloklasma-ve-savasin-baslamasi\">Blokla\u015fma ve Sava\u015f\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-osmanli-devletinin-ittifak-arayisi\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin \u0130ttifak Aray\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-osmanli-devletinin-savasa-girisi\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Sava\u015fa Giri\u015fi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-osmanli-devletinin-savasa-girmesi-ittifak-devletlerine-hangi-siyasi-ve-askeri-avantajlari-sagladi\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin sava\u015fa girmesi \u0130ttifak Devletleri\u2019ne hangi siyasi ve asker\u00ee avantajlar\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-osmanli-cepheleri\">Osmanl\u0131 Cepheleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-sarikamis-harekati\">Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131:<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-sarikamis-harekatinin-seyri\">Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Seyri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-kafkas-cephesinde-sonraki-gelismeler\">Kafkas Cephesi\u2019nde Sonraki Geli\u015fmeler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-canakkale-cephesi\">\u00c7anakkale Cephesi:<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-18-mart-canakkale-deniz-zaferi\">18 Mart \u00c7anakkale Deniz Zaferi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-canakkale-kara-savaslari\">\u00c7anakkale Kara Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-cephe-gerisinde-yasam-ve-saglik\">Cephe Gerisinde Ya\u015fam ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-mustafa-kemal-ve-canakkale-kahramanlari\">Mustafa Kemal ve \u00c7anakkale Kahramanlar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-canakkale-zaferinin-sonuclari\">\u00c7anakkale Zaferi\u2019nin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-irak-cephesinden-selman-i-paka\">Irak Cephesi\u2019nden Selman-\u0131 Pak\u2019a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-kutulamare-kusatmasi-ve-zaferi\">K\u00fbt\u00fcl\u2019am\u00e2re Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 ve Zaferi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-medine-mudafaasi\">Medine M\u00fcdafaas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-kafkas-islam-ordusu-ve-baku\">Kafkas \u0130slam Ordusu ve Bak\u00fc<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-ermeni-sorununun-ortaya-cikisi\">Ermeni Sorununun Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-komitalar-isyanlar-ve-i-dunya-savasi\">Komitalar, \u0130syanlar ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-24-nisan-genelgesi-ve-sevk-ve-iskan\">24 Nisan Genelgesi ve Sevk ve \u0130sk\u00e2n<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-uygulama-denetim-ve-geri-donus\">Uygulama, Denetim ve Geri D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-diaspora-faaliyetleri-ve-asala\">Diaspora Faaliyetleri ve ASALA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-karabag-sorunu\">Karaba\u011f Sorunu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-i-dunya-savasinin-sonu\">I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Sonu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-paris-baris-duzeni\">Paris Bar\u0131\u015f D\u00fczeni<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-i-dunya-savasinin-genel-sonuclari\">I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Genel Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-tarihsel-akis-1908-1913\">TAR\u0130HSEL AKI\u015e \u2022 1908-1913<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-tarihsel-akis-1914-1915\">TAR\u0130HSEL AKI\u015e \u2022 1914-1915<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-1-tarihsel-akis-1916-1918\">TAR\u0130HSEL AKI\u015e \u2022 1916-1918<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-donemin-stratejik-cercevesi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-donemin-stratejik-cercevesi\"><strong>D\u00f6nemin<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Stratejik<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>\u00c7er\u00e7evesi<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Trablusgarp: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Afrika\u2019daki son topra\u011f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Deniz yollar\u0131: Trablusgarp, deniz ticaretinin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemliydi.<\/li>\n<li>Balkanlar: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Avrupa\u2019daki siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve n\u00fcfuzunu yans\u0131t\u0131yordu.<\/li>\n<li>Toplumsal yap\u0131: Farkl\u0131 din\u00ee ve etnik gruplar\u0131n birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir co\u011frafyayd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kay\u0131plar: Sava\u015flar sonras\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019ya y\u00f6nelen g\u00f6\u00e7ler artt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm: G\u00f6\u00e7ler, Anadolu\u2019nun demografik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 etkiledi.<\/li>\n<li>Yenilenme ihtiyac\u0131: E\u011fitim sistemi ile asker\u00ee ve idari yap\u0131lar\u0131n yenilenmesi gere\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"D\u00f6nemin Stratejik \u00c7er\u00e7evesi - tablo 1\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>1908-1918 d\u00f6nemi; anayasal d\u00fczene d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f, Afrika ve Balkan kay\u0131plar\u0131, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Mondros s\u00fcreciyle birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-1908-oncesi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-1908-oncesi\"><strong>1908 \u00d6ncesi<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"1908 \u00d6ncesi - tablo 2\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1839<\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Tanzimat Ferman\u0131<\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1839\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1853-1856<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1839\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1856<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Islahat Ferman\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1839\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1876<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Kanun-\u0131 Esasi ve I. Me\u015frutiyet<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1839\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1877-1878<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">93 Harbi<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1839\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1878<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Meclis-i Umuminin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-1908de-osmanli-devleti-ve-cevresinde-bulunan-devletler-ile-bugunku-turkiye-cumhuriyeti\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-1908de-osmanli-devleti-ve-cevresinde-bulunan-devletler-ile-bugunku-turkiye-cumhuriyeti\"><strong>1908\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve \u00e7evresinde bulunan devletler <\/strong><strong>ile<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>bug\u00fcnk\u00fc<\/strong><strong> T\u00fcrkiye <\/strong><strong>Cumhuriyeti<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-mesrutiyetten-mutlakiyete\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-mesrutiyetten-mutlakiyete\"><strong>Me\u015frutiyetten Mutlakiyete<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>I. Me\u015frutiyet: 1876\u2019da anayasal sisteme ge\u00e7i\u015fin ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Meclisin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131: II. Abd\u00fclhamit, sava\u015f\u0131n idari ve mali sorunlar\u0131 \u00fczerine 13 \u015eubat 1878\u2019de Meclisi s\u00fcresiz kapatt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Mutlakiyet d\u00f6nemi: Kanun-\u0131 Esasi fiilen ask\u0131ya al\u0131nd\u0131; bu y\u00f6netim 1908\u2019e kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131br\u0131s ve M\u0131s\u0131r: \u0130ngiltere K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019a kesin olarak yerle\u015fti; 1882\u2019de M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etti.<\/li>\n<li>Tunus: Fransa, s\u0131n\u0131r anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek 1881\u2019de Tunus\u2019u i\u015fgal etti.<\/li>\n<li>Girit: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 1897\u2019de D\u00f6meke\u2019de kazand\u0131; Avrupa m\u00fcdahalesiyle Girit\u2019te \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netim kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u00e7 siyaset: Sans\u00fcr, g\u00f6zetim ve muhaliflerin \u0130stanbul\u2019dan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 muhalefeti b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Me\u015frutiyetten Mutlakiyete - tablo 3\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>I. Me\u015frutiyet 1876\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131; Meclis 1878\u2019de kapat\u0131ld\u0131. II. Me\u015frutiyet 1908\u2019de Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019nin yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-jon-turk-muhalefetinin-yukselisi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-jon-turk-muhalefetinin-yukselisi\"><strong>J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk Muhalefetinin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Ama\u00e7: Anayasal d\u00fczeni ve temsil\u00ee y\u00f6netimi yeniden kurmak.<\/li>\n<li>Ortak nokta: II. Abd\u00fclhamit y\u00f6netiminden duyulan ho\u015fnutsuzluk ve me\u015fruti rejim iste\u011fi.<\/li>\n<li>1889: Hareket, \u00f6zellikle \u0130stanbul\u2019daki y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011frenim \u00f6\u011frencileri aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/li>\n<li>1894: B\u00fcrokrat, subay ve uleman\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla geni\u015fledi.<\/li>\n<li>1895 sonras\u0131: Muhalefet hareketi daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ivme kazand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Toplumsal hedef: Cemiyet, toplumun \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 ve devleti kurtarmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131: Saltanat ve hilafetin devam\u0131, me\u015fruti bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-ittihat-ve-terakkinin-orgutlenmesi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-ittihat-ve-terakkinin-orgutlenmesi\"><strong>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin \u00d6rg\u00fctlenmesi<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u0130lk olu\u015fum: 1889\u2019da baz\u0131 t\u0131bbiye \u00f6\u011frencilerinin kurdu\u011fu topluluk zamanla \u0130ttihat ve Terakki ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6nc\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7: Cemiyet, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc tek \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1907: Sel\u00e2nik\u2019teki Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fcrriyet Cemiyeti, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki ile birle\u015fti.<\/li>\n<li>Rumeli: Birle\u015fme, gen\u00e7 subaylar \u00fczerindeki n\u00fcfuzu art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yay\u0131lma: Paris, \u0130stanbul, Cenevre ve Kahire \u015fubeleri a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130leti\u015fim: Gazete ve dergiler taraftar say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6ne \u00e7\u0131kan isimler: Enver, Cemal ve Talat Pa\u015falar sonraki iktidarda \u00f6nemli kararlar ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-revalden-ii-mesrutiyete\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-revalden-ii-mesrutiyete\"><strong>Reval\u2019den II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019e<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>D\u0131\u015f geli\u015fmeler: Rusya\u2019n\u0131n 1905\u2019te Japonya\u2019ya yenilmesi ve \u0130ran\u2019daki me\u015frutiyet hareketi Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 cesaretlendirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Reval G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri: \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 ile Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 9 Haziran 1908\u2019de bir araya geldi.<\/li>\n<li>Makedonya karar\u0131: \u0130ki devlet, Almanya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 ve Makedonya\u2019da \u0131slahat\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Payla\u015f\u0131lma kayg\u0131s\u0131: G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde yorumland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Niyazi Bey: Resne\u2019de asker ve sivil fedailerle harekete ge\u00e7ti; anayasa ilan edilene kadar d\u00f6nmeyece\u011fini bildirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Rumeli hareketi: Enver Bey\u2019in Tikve\u015f ve Ey\u00fcp Sabri Bey\u2019in Ohri faaliyetleriyle yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lan: II. Abd\u00fclhamit, 23-24 Temmuz 1908\u2019de Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019yi yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koydu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Reval\u2019den II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019e - tablo 4\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Reval G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri payla\u015f\u0131lma kayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131; Niyazi, Enver ve Ey\u00fcp Sabri Beylerin Rumeli\u2019deki hareketi II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-ii-mesrutiyetin-ilk-sonuclari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-ii-mesrutiyetin-ilk-sonuclari\"><strong>II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in \u0130lk Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Se\u00e7imler: \u0130lan\u0131n ard\u0131ndan se\u00e7imler yap\u0131ld\u0131; yeni Meclis 17 Aral\u0131k 1908\u2019de topland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Beklenti: \u0130ttihat ve Terakki, anayasal d\u00fczenin Balkan sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yordu.<\/li>\n<li>Bulgaristan: 5 Ekim 1908\u2019de tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.<\/li>\n<li>Girit ve Bosna-Hersek: Girit Meclisi Yunanistan\u2019a ba\u011flanma karar\u0131 ald\u0131; Avusturya-Macaristan Bosna-Hersek\u2019i ilhak etti.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 tepkisi: Devlet, g\u00fc\u00e7 yetersizli\u011fi nedeniyle bu oldubittileri kabul etmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Temsil: T\u00fcrk, Arap, Arnavut, Rum, Ermeni, Slav ve Yahudi unsurlar Mecliste yer ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7ok partili hayat: Osmanl\u0131 Ahrar F\u0131rkas\u0131 ilk muhalefet partisi olarak Meclise girdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in \u0130lk Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 - tablo 5\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019le se\u00e7imler yap\u0131ld\u0131, Meclis a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00e7ok partili hayat ba\u015flad\u0131; ayn\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7te Bulgaristan, Girit ve Bosna-Hersek geli\u015fmeleri ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-ozgurlukler-ve-siyasi-canlanma\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-ozgurlukler-ve-siyasi-canlanma\"><strong>\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler ve Siyasi Canlanma<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Anayasa: Reform programlar\u0131nda Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019nin eksiksiz uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 vurguland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Naz\u0131rlar: Atama usulleri yeniden d\u00fczenlendi.<\/li>\n<li>Bas\u0131n: Kat\u0131 sans\u00fcr kurallar\u0131 yumu\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131; \u00e7ok say\u0131da gazete yay\u0131mlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Haklar: Seyahat \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve dernek kurma hakk\u0131 geni\u015fledi.<\/li>\n<li>Mali d\u00fczen: Dengeli y\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00fct\u00e7e hedeflendi.<\/li>\n<li>E\u011fitim ve bilim: Bilimsel ve e\u011fitim faaliyetlerinin te\u015fviki \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Siyasi hayat: Yeni partiler ve yo\u011fun siyasi faaliyetler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-fikir-akimlari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-fikir-akimlari\"><strong>Fikir Ak\u0131mlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Fikir Ak\u0131mlar\u0131 - tablo 6\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Ak\u0131m<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Geli\u015fim ve temsilciler<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Ak\u0131m\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Din, dil ve \u0131rk ayr\u0131m\u0131 olmadan b\u00fct\u00fcn vatanda\u015flar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 milleti kimli\u011finde birle\u015ftirmek.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fim ve temsilciler\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">II. Mahmut\u2019ta temeller; Tanzimat, Islahat ve Kanun-\u0131 Esasi ile geli\u015fim. Nam\u0131k Kemal, Ali Suavi, Ziya Pa\u015fa. Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131\u2019ndan sonra etkisi azald\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Ak\u0131m\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">B\u00fct\u00fcn M\u00fcsl\u00fcman milletleri Osmanl\u0131 hilafeti \u00e7evresinde birle\u015ftirmek.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fim ve temsilciler\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Abd\u00fclaziz\u2019de fikir; II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019te siyasi ideal. Cemaleddin Afgani, Sait Halim Pa\u015fa, Mehmet Akif. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131; Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019de d\u0131\u015f destek sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Fikir Ak\u0131mlar\u0131 - tablo 7\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck<\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Mill\u00ee bilin\u00e7; T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birlik.<\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Pant\u00fcrkizm; \u0130ttihat ve Terakki deste\u011fi. Ziya G\u00f6kalp, Yusuf Ak\u00e7ura, Gasp\u0131ral\u0131 \u0130smail, Mehmet Emin Yurdakul. Turanc\u0131l\u0131k: ortak T\u00fcrk devleti ideali.<\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Bat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Mill\u00ee bilin\u00e7; T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birlik.\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bilim, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve idaresini \u00f6rnek alarak modernle\u015fmek.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Pant\u00fcrkizm; \u0130ttihat ve Terakki deste\u011fi. Ziya G\u00f6kalp, Yusuf Ak\u00e7ura, Gasp\u0131ral\u0131 \u0130smail, Mehmet Emin Yurdakul. Turanc\u0131l\u0131k: ortak T\u00fcrk devleti ideali.\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Bilim-teknik ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 veya b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma. Lale Devri\u2019nde temeller; Abdullah Cevdet, Celal Nuri, Tevfik Fikret.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Ademimerkeziyet-\u00e7ilik<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Mill\u00ee bilin\u00e7; T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birlik.\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Baz\u0131 merkez\u00ee yetkileri yerel y\u00f6netimlere devretmek.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Pant\u00fcrkizm; \u0130ttihat ve Terakki deste\u011fi. Ziya G\u00f6kalp, Yusuf Ak\u00e7ura, Gasp\u0131ral\u0131 \u0130smail, Mehmet Emin Yurdakul. Turanc\u0131l\u0131k: ortak T\u00fcrk devleti ideali.\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Prens Sabahattin savundu; II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in fikir hayat\u0131n\u0131 etkiledi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Fikir Ak\u0131mlar\u0131 - tablo 8\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ortak vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k hilafet \u00e7evresindeki birli\u011fi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck mill\u00ee birli\u011fi, Bat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k modernle\u015fmeyi, Ademimerkeziyet\u00e7ilik yerel yetki devrini savunur.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-31-mart-olayi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-31-mart-olayi\"><strong>31 Mart Olay\u0131:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u0130ktidar m\u00fccadelesi: II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019ten sonra B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li ile \u0130ttihat ve Terakki aras\u0131nda \u00e7eki\u015fme ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu i\u00e7i gerilim: Alayl\u0131 ve mektepli subaylar aras\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Bas\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131: \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 bas\u0131n ile muhalif bas\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki kavga \u015fiddetlendi.<\/li>\n<li>Hasan Fehmi Bey: Serbest\u00ee gazetesi ba\u015fyazar\u0131 6 Nisan 1909 gecesi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Ayaklanma: Avc\u0131 Taburlar\u0131 13 Nisan 1909\u2019da Sultanahmet ve Meclis \u00f6n\u00fcnde topland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Talepler: \u015eeriat h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 ve kabinenin \u00e7ekilmesi istendi.<\/li>\n<li>Sonu\u00e7: Gazete ve matbaalar ya\u011fmaland\u0131; mebuslar ve devlet g\u00f6revlileri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-hareket-ordusu\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-hareket-ordusu\"><strong>Hareket Ordusu<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Rumeli\u2019nin tepkisi: Olay, me\u015frutiyet y\u00f6netimine y\u00f6nelik bir tehdit say\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hareket Ordusu: Mahmut \u015eevket Pa\u015fa, Sel\u00e2nik\u2019te isyan\u0131 bast\u0131racak bir birlik olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n<li>Mustafa Kemal: Ordunun kurmay ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Kola\u011fas\u0131 Mustafa Kemal yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130stanbul\u2019a geli\u015f: Birlik 19 Nisan\u2019da Ye\u015filk\u00f6y\u2019e ula\u015ft\u0131; kurmay heyetinde Enver Bey de vard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kontrol: 25 Nisan\u2019da \u0130stanbul denetim alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131 ve s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim ilan edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Tahttan indirme: Meclisler 27 Nisan\u2019da II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019in tahttan indirilmesine karar verdi.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni padi\u015fah: II. Abd\u00fclhamit Sel\u00e2nik\u2019e g\u00f6nderildi; V. Mehmet Re\u015fat tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Hareket Ordusu - tablo 9\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>13 Nisan 1909 ayaklanma \u2192 19 Nisan Hareket Ordusu Ye\u015filk\u00f6y \u2192 25 Nisan \u0130stanbul\u2019un kontrol\u00fc \u2192 27 Nisan II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019in tahttan indirilmesi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-1909-anayasa-degisiklikleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-1909-anayasa-degisiklikleri\"><strong>1909 Anayasa De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Padi\u015fah: Anayasaya ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k yemini etmesi ve yetkilerini h\u00fck\u00fbmet arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kullanmas\u0131 benimsendi.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00fck\u00fbmet: Meclis-i Mebusan kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sorumlu h\u00e2le geldi ve g\u00fcven oyu zorunlulu\u011fu getirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Meclis: Ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan se\u00e7me ve kendili\u011finden toplanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yasa \u00f6nerisi: Vekillerin do\u011frudan teklif sunabilmesinin \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Antla\u015fmalar: Yasama organ\u0131n\u0131n yetkileri art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Veto: Padi\u015fah\u0131n mutlak veto yetkisi s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131; \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlukla geri gelen kanunu onaylama zorunlulu\u011fu getirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Genel sonu\u00e7: Meclisin yasama g\u00fcc\u00fc artt\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fbmet sistemi parlamenter yap\u0131ya yakla\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"1909 Anayasa De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri - tablo 10\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>1909 de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkilerini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rd\u0131, Meclis ve h\u00fck\u00fbmetin konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi; sistem parlamenter yap\u0131ya yakla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-trablusgarp-savasinin-arka-plani\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-trablusgarp-savasinin-arka-plani\"><strong>Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Arka Plan\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik: Sanayile\u015fen Avrupal\u0131 devletler Kuzey Afrika\u2019y\u0131 payla\u015fma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na girdi.<\/li>\n<li>Fransa: 1830\u2019da Cezayir\u2019i, 1881\u2019de Tunus\u2019u i\u015fgal etti.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ngiltere: 1882\u2019de M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131, 1889\u2019da Sudan\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130talya: Siyasi birlik ve sanayile\u015fmesini ge\u00e7 tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yar\u0131\u015f\u0131nda geride kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Co\u011frafi neden: Trablusgarp, Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda Tunus ile M\u0131s\u0131r aras\u0131nda bulunuyordu.<\/li>\n<li>Diplomatik zemin: \u0130talya, b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ittifak ve gizli antla\u015fmalarla i\u015fgal i\u00e7in onay ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Fas Sorunu: \u0130talya\u2019y\u0131 Trablusgarp konusunda harekete ge\u00e7iren \u00f6nemli etkenlerden biri oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-italyanin-savasi-baslatmasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-italyanin-savasi-baslatmasi\"><strong>\u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Sava\u015f\u0131 Ba\u015flatmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>23 Eyl\u00fcl 1911: \u0130talya, Trablusgarp ve Bingazi\u2019deki \u0130talyanlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6steren bir nota verdi.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 cevab\u0131: B\u00f6lgede g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve iddialar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirildi.<\/li>\n<li>25 Eyl\u00fcl: \u00dc\u00e7 \u0130talyan sava\u015f gemisi Trablusgarp k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ablukaya ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>28 Eyl\u00fcl: Taleplerin yirmi d\u00f6rt saatte kabul edilmemesi h\u00e2linde i\u015fgal tehdidi yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>29 Eyl\u00fcl: \u0130talya s\u00fcre dolmadan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne sava\u015f ilan etti.<\/li>\n<li>9 Ekim: Trablusgarp; ard\u0131ndan Derne ve Tobruk i\u015fgal edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Sahil h\u00e2kimiyeti: \u0130talya i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelere ilerleyemedi\u011fi h\u00e2lde b\u00fct\u00fcn eyaleti ilhak etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-gonullu-subaylar-ve-yerel-direnis\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-gonullu-subaylar-ve-yerel-direnis\"><strong>G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Subaylar ve Yerel Direni\u015f<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Direni\u015f: Hums, Bingazi ve Bumeli kuyular\u0131 \u00e7evresinde T\u00fcrk ve Arap kuvvetleri \u0130talyanlar\u0131 zorlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Destek sorunu: Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fbmeti b\u00f6lgeye karadan ve denizden d\u00fczenli yard\u0131m g\u00f6nderemedi.<\/li>\n<li>Gizli g\u00f6rev: Mahmut \u015eevket Pa\u015fa g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc subaylar\u0131n Trablusgarp\u2019a g\u00f6nderilmesini emretti.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk grup: Enver, Rauf ve \u00d6mer Fevzi Beyler b\u00f6lgeye ge\u00e7ti.<\/li>\n<li>Mustafa Kemal: Tanin muhabiri Mustafa \u015eerif kimli\u011fiyle yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bingazi: Mustafa Kemal 27 Kas\u0131m\u2019da binba\u015f\u0131 oldu ve 8 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta Bingazi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Te\u015fkilatlanma: Subaylar yerel liderler, Senusiler ve Arap kabileleriyle i\u015f birli\u011fi yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-mustafa-kemalin-trablusgarp-tecrubesi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-mustafa-kemalin-trablusgarp-tecrubesi\"><strong>Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Trablusgarp Tecr\u00fcbesi<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>G\u00f6rev alan\u0131: Tobruk ve Derne\u2019de \u0130talyan kuvvetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etti.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6rg\u00fctlenme: Az say\u0131daki T\u00fcrk askerinin yan\u0131nda yerli direni\u015f\u00e7ileri e\u011fitti ve disipline etti.<\/li>\n<li>Moral: Yerel kuvvetleri psikolojik olarak g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130kmal: Silah, cephane ve malzeme ihtiyac\u0131 bask\u0131nlarla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Taktikler: K\u0131y\u0131 savunmas\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6l harek\u00e2t\u0131 ve gayrinizami harp y\u00f6ntemlerini uygulad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sonu\u00e7: \u0130talyan kuvvetlerinin k\u0131y\u0131dan i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelere ilerlemesini engelledi.<\/li>\n<li>Sonraki etkisi: Bu tecr\u00fcbeler \u00c7anakkale, Filistin ve Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019deki uygulamalar\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-savasin-yayilmasi-ve-usi-antlasmasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-savasin-yayilmasi-ve-usi-antlasmasi\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n Yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve U\u015fi Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Beyrut: \u0130talya 24 \u015eubat 1912\u2019de sald\u0131rarak Avrupa devletlerinin bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7anakkale: 18 Nisan\u2019da Bo\u011faz topa tutuldu.<\/li>\n<li>Adalar: 24 Nisan\u2019da Rodos\u2019a girildi; may\u0131sta On \u0130ki Ada ve \u00e7evresi i\u015fgal edildi.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler: Martta gizli ba\u015flayan temaslar 11 Temmuz\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Balkan bask\u0131s\u0131: Karada\u011f\u2019\u0131n 8 Ekim\u2019de sava\u015f ilan\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fbmetini bar\u0131\u015fa zorlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>U\u015fi Antla\u015fmas\u0131: 18 Ekim 1912\u2019de Trablusgarp ve Bingazi \u0130talya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sonu\u00e7: Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Kuzey Afrika egemenli\u011fi bitti; Rodos ve On \u0130ki Ada ge\u00e7ici olarak \u0130talya\u2019ya devredildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Sava\u015f\u0131n Yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve U\u015fi Antla\u015fmas\u0131 - tablo 11\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>U\u015fi Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla Trablusgarp ve Bingazi \u0130talya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131; Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Kuzey Afrika egemenli\u011fi sona erdi. Rodos ve On \u0130ki Ada ge\u00e7ici olarak \u0130talya\u2019ya devredildi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-trablusgarp-savasinin-turk-tarihine-etkileri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-trablusgarp-savasinin-turk-tarihine-etkileri\"><strong>TRABLUSGARP SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN T\u00dcRK TAR\u0130H\u0130NE ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"TRABLUSGARP SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN T\u00dcRK TAR\u0130H\u0130NE ETK\u0130LER\u0130 - tablo 12\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Asker\u00ee Sonu\u00e7lar<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Siyasi Sonu\u00e7lar<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Asker\u00ee Sonu\u00e7lar\"><ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>D\u00fczenli birlik g\u00f6nderilemeyince g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc subaylar yerli halk\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctledi.<\/li>\n<li>Mustafa Kemal k\u0131y\u0131 savunmas\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6l harek\u00e2t\u0131 ve d\u00fczensiz sava\u015f konusunda deneyim kazand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Donanma ve ula\u015f\u0131m yetersizli\u011fi, uzak topraklar\u0131 savunman\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Siyasi Sonu\u00e7lar\"><ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Trablusgarp ve Bingazi\u2019nin kayb\u0131yla Kuzey Afrika\u2019daki Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi sona erdi.<\/li>\n<li>Rodos ve On \u0130ki Ada ge\u00e7ici olarak \u0130talya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131; Ege Adalar\u0131 Sorunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Balkan devletlerini harekete ge\u00e7irdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-trablusgarp-savasinin-dunya-tarihine-etkileri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-trablusgarp-savasinin-dunya-tarihine-etkileri\"><strong>TRABLUSGARP SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN D\u00dcNYA TAR\u0130H\u0130NE ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"TRABLUSGARP SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN D\u00dcNYA TAR\u0130H\u0130NE ETK\u0130LER\u0130 - tablo 13\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Asker\u00ee Sonu\u00e7lar<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Siyasi Sonu\u00e7lar<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Asker\u00ee Sonu\u00e7lar\"><ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Sava\u015f Trablusgarp d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015farak Beyrut, \u00c7anakkale, Rodos ve On \u0130ki Ada\u2019ya yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130talya k\u0131y\u0131 \u015fehirlerini ele ge\u00e7irse de i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir yerel direni\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Akdeniz ve Ege\u2019de deniz g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemi a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Siyasi Sonu\u00e7lar\"><ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u0130talya Kuzey Afrika\u2019da s\u00f6m\u00fcrge sahibi oldu ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yar\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin par\u00e7alanma s\u00fcreci h\u0131zland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 tetiklendi ve Ege adalar\u0131n\u0131n gelece\u011fi uluslararas\u0131 bir soruna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-balkan-savaslarinin-nedenleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-balkan-savaslarinin-nedenleri\"><strong>Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Nedenleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u015eark Meselesi: Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 Avrupa\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131karma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi.<\/li>\n<li>Panslavizm: Rusya, Balkan milletlerini Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 destekledi.<\/li>\n<li>Payla\u015f\u0131m m\u00fccadelesi: Ye\u015filk\u00f6y ve Berlin antla\u015fmalar\u0131ndan sonra toprak talepleri s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Makedonya: S\u0131rbistan ve Yunanistan b\u00f6lgede hak iddias\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kiliseler Meselesi: Bulgar ve Rum Ortodoks kiliseleri okul ve kilise y\u00f6netiminde \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131; sorun 3 Temmuz 1910 kanunuyla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Balkan ittifaklar\u0131: Bulgaristan, Yunanistan, Karada\u011f ve S\u0131rbistan 1912\u2019de payla\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7in anla\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131: Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131, Arnavutluk \u0130syan\u0131, ordu \u00e7eki\u015fmeleri ve 120 taburun terhisi sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Nedenleri - tablo 14\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenleri \u015eark Meselesi, Panslavizm, Makedonya rekabeti, Balkan ittifaklar\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin asker\u00ee-siyasi zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-i-balkan-savasi-cepheler-ve-kayiplar\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-i-balkan-savasi-cepheler-ve-kayiplar\"><strong>I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131: Cepheler ve Kay\u0131plar<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131: Karada\u011f 8 Ekim; Bulgaristan ve S\u0131rbistan 17 Ekim; Yunanistan 18 Ekim\u2019de sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Cepheler: Osmanl\u0131 ordusu do\u011fuda Bulgarlarla, bat\u0131da b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcttefiklerle; denizde Yunan donanmas\u0131yla sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fu cephesi: K\u0131rkkilise ve L\u00fcleburgaz yenilgilerinden sonra birlikler \u00c7atalca\u2019ya \u00e7ekildi.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7atalca: 19-20 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Bulgar ilerleyi\u015fi savunma hatt\u0131nda durduruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Bat\u0131 cephesi: Kumova yenilgisi sonras\u0131nda S\u0131rplar \u00dcsk\u00fcp\u2019e girdi ve Makedonya i\u015fgal edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Yunan ilerleyi\u015fi: Sel\u00e2nik, Ta\u015foz, Bozcaada ve Limni ele ge\u00e7irildi.<\/li>\n<li>Siyasi sonu\u00e7: Ordu i\u00e7i g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n da etkisiyle Ahmet Muhtar Pa\u015fa kabinesi 29 Ekim 1912\u2019de istifa etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-babiali-baskini\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-babiali-baskini\"><strong>B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li Bask\u0131n\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>K\u00e2mil Pa\u015fa h\u00fck\u00fbmeti: Ate\u015fkes i\u00e7in Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin arabuluculu\u011funu istedi.<\/li>\n<li>Edirne tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131: 20 Ocak 1913\u2019te Edirne\u2019nin Bulgaristan\u2019a verilebilece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u011filim olu\u015ftu.<\/li>\n<li>Tepki: Karar\u0131n duyulmas\u0131 toplumda b\u00fcy\u00fck rahats\u0131zl\u0131k yaratt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Darbe: Enver ve Talat Pa\u015falar\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi grup 23 Ocak 1913\u2019te B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li Bask\u0131n\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Ama\u00e7: Edirne ve Ege adalar\u0131n\u0131 elde tutmak i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 kullanmakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni sadrazam: V. Mehmet Re\u015fat, Mahmut \u015eevket Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 g\u00f6revlendirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015f\u0131n devam\u0131: Avrupa notas\u0131n\u0131n reddi ve 3 \u015eubat taarruzu yenilgiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131; Yanya ve \u0130\u015fkodra kaybedildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-londra-antlasmasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-londra-antlasmasi\"><strong>Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131 - tablo 15\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Konu<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>30 May\u0131s 1913 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Konu\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Osmanl\u0131-Bulgar s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"30 May\u0131s 1913 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Midye-Enez hatt\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Konu\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Bulgaristan<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"30 May\u0131s 1913 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Edirne, Trakya ve Dedea\u011fa\u00e7<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Konu\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Yunanistan<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"30 May\u0131s 1913 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Sel\u00e2nik, G\u00fcney Makedonya ve Girit<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Konu\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">S\u0131rbistan<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"30 May\u0131s 1913 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Kuzey ve Orta Makedonya<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Konu\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Arnavutluk<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"30 May\u0131s 1913 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z oldu<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Konu\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Ege Adalar\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"30 May\u0131s 1913 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Karar yetkisi b\u00fcy\u00fck Avrupal\u0131 devletlere b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131 - tablo 16\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131 I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131; B\u00fckre\u015f Balkan devletleri aras\u0131ndaki II. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131; \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131-Bulgar ili\u015fkilerini d\u00fczenledi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-ii-balkan-savasi-ve-edirnenin-kurtarilmasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-ii-balkan-savasi-ve-edirnenin-kurtarilmasi\"><strong>II. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Edirne\u2019nin Kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Neden: Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda Makedonya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Bulgaristan\u2019a b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131k yaratt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>23 Haziran 1913: Bulgaristan; Yunanistan, S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f\u2019a sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>10 Temmuz: Romanya\u2019n\u0131n kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla ikinci evre geni\u015fledi.<\/li>\n<li>21 Temmuz: Osmanl\u0131 ordusu ani bir harek\u00e2tla Edirne\u2019yi geri ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcvence: Avrupal\u0131 devletlere Meri\u00e7\u2019in bat\u0131s\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmeyece\u011fi bildirildi.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fckre\u015f: 10 A\u011fustos 1913\u2019te Balkan devletleri aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f sona erdi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131: 29 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Edirne Osmanl\u0131\u2019da kald\u0131; Bat\u0131 Trakya Bulgaristan\u2019a b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 Trakya Sorunu ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"II. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Edirne\u2019nin Kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 - tablo 17\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>23 Haziran Bulgar sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 \u2192 10 Temmuz Romanya\u2019n\u0131n kat\u0131lmas\u0131 \u2192 21 Temmuz Edirne\u2019nin al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u2192 10 A\u011fustos B\u00fckre\u015f \u2192 29 Eyl\u00fcl \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-balkan-savaslarinin-sonuclari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-balkan-savaslarinin-sonuclari\"><strong>Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>D\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131: Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131r\u0131lma olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n<li>Can kayb\u0131: Rumeli\u2019de ya\u015fayan \u00e7ok say\u0131da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman sald\u0131r\u0131 ve a\u00e7l\u0131k nedeniyle hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/li>\n<li>Edirne: Kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re 225 binden fazla M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Bulgar i\u015fgali s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7: Mal ve m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fc b\u0131rakan geni\u015f bir n\u00fcfus Anadolu\u2019ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Haklar: Antla\u015fmalar Rumeli\u2019de kalan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131sa da bask\u0131lar s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Uzun s\u00fcreli etki: T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusun g\u00f6\u00e7leri sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde de devam etti.<\/li>\n<li>Fikir hayat\u0131: Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k etkisini kaybederken T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 - tablo 18\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 Rumeli\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kayb\u0131na, kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7lere ve Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n zay\u0131flay\u0131p T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-i-dunya-savasinin-temel-nedenleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-i-dunya-savasinin-temel-nedenleri\"><strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Temel Nedenleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Sanayi Devrimi: Ham madde, pazar ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 devletler aras\u0131ndaki rekabeti art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fc\u00e7 dengesi: Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali ve Koalisyon Sava\u015flar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda denge Viyana ve Paris d\u00fczenleriyle kurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni devletler: \u0130talya 1870\u2019te, Almanya 1871\u2019de siyasi birli\u011fini tamamlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ngiltere-Almanya: Almanya\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve pazarlarla y\u00fckseli\u015fi \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan tehdit g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Alsace-Lorraine: Fransa, 1871 Frankfurt Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla kaybetti\u011fi b\u00f6lge nedeniyle Almanya\u2019yla gerilim ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Balkanlar: Rusya ile Avusturya-Macaristan aras\u0131nda h\u00e2kimiyet m\u00fccadelesi b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Silahlanma: Emperyalist rekabet blokla\u015fmay\u0131 ve silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Temel Nedenleri - tablo 19\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Sanayi Devrimi kaynakl\u0131 ham madde-pazar rekabeti, g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesi sorunlar\u0131, yeni devletlerin y\u00fckseli\u015fi, Balkan rekabeti ve silahlanma temel nedenlerdir; Saraybosna suikast\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatan geli\u015fmedir.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-i-dunya-savasi-oncesinde-avrupanin-siyasi-durumu-ve-ittifaklar\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-i-dunya-savasi-oncesinde-avrupanin-siyasi-durumu-ve-ittifaklar\"><strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n siyasi durumu ve ittifaklar<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-buyuk-devletlerin-hedefleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-buyuk-devletlerin-hedefleri\"><strong>B\u00fcy\u00fck Devletlerin Hedefleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"B\u00fcy\u00fck Devletlerin Hedefleri - tablo 20\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Devlet<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedef \/ rekabet<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Devlet<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedef \/ rekabet<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u0130ngiltere<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedef \/ rekabet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri ve deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 Almanya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 korumak.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Almanya<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedef \/ rekabet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve pazarlarla Avrupa\u2019da etkin olmak.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Fransa<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedef \/ rekabet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Alsace-Lorraine nedeniyle Almanya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 Rus ve \u0130ngiliz deste\u011fi aramak.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Rusya<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedef \/ rekabet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Bo\u011fazlar, Balt\u0131k, Balkanlar ve Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019dan denizlere a\u00e7\u0131lmak.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u0130talya<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedef \/ rekabet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Kuzey Afrika\u2019da s\u00f6m\u00fcrge; Fransa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 Alman deste\u011fi.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Japonya<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedef \/ rekabet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Do\u011fu Asya kaynaklar\u0131 ve Pasifik\u2019teki Alman s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">ABD<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedef \/ rekabet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Monroe Doktrini; Avrupa\u2019dan uzak durup kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmek.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Avusturya-Macaristan<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedef \/ rekabet\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Balkanlarda Rusya ve S\u0131rbistan etkisini s\u0131n\u0131rlamak.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-bloklasma-ve-savasin-baslamasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-bloklasma-ve-savasin-baslamasi\"><strong>Blokla\u015fma ve Sava\u015f\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130ttifak: Almanya, Avusturya-Macaristan ve \u0130talya aras\u0131nda 1882\u2019de kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130tilaf: \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya aras\u0131nda 1907\u2019de olu\u015ftu.<\/li>\n<li>Saraybosna: Franz Ferdinand ve e\u015fi 28 Haziran 1914\u2019te Gavrilo Princip taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk sava\u015f ilan\u0131: Avusturya-Macaristan 28 Temmuz\u2019da S\u0131rbistan\u2019a sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Zincirleme yay\u0131lma: Almanya Rusya ve Fransa\u2019ya; \u0130ngiltere Almanya\u2019ya; Avusturya-Macaristan Rusya\u2019ya sava\u015f ilan etti.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131na yay\u0131lma: Japonya 23 A\u011fustos\u2019ta Almanya\u2019ya sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130talya: Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta tarafs\u0131z kald\u0131; 20 May\u0131s 1915\u2019te \u0130tilaf Devletleri saf\u0131na ge\u00e7ti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Blokla\u015fma ve Sava\u015f\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131 - tablo 21\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130ttifak 1882: Almanya-Avusturya-Macaristan-\u0130talya. \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130tilaf 1907: \u0130ngiltere-Fransa-Rusya. \u0130talya 1915\u2019te \u0130tilaf saf\u0131na ge\u00e7ti.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-osmanli-devletinin-ittifak-arayisi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-osmanli-devletinin-ittifak-arayisi\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Devleti\u2019nin<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>\u0130ttifak<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Aray\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Siyasi yaln\u0131zl\u0131k: Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi Avrupa\u2019daki yeni g\u00fc\u00e7 dengelerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmak istemedi.<\/li>\n<li>Almanya ile yak\u0131nl\u0131k: II. Abd\u00fclhamit d\u00f6neminden beri siyasi, ekonomik ve asker\u00ee i\u015f birli\u011fi y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee uzmanlar: Alman uzmanlar Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda rol ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6ncelikli tercih: \u0130talya ve Avusturya-Macaristan\u2019\u0131n politikalar\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6nce \u0130tilaf Devletleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z temaslar: \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Rusya ve ard\u0131ndan Balkan devletleriyle ittifak kurulamad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Alman ittifak\u0131: 22 Temmuz\u2019da ba\u015flayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler 2 A\u011fustos 1914\u2019te gizli antla\u015fmayla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Seferberlik ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k: Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn seferberlik ilan edildi; iki g\u00fcn sonra tarafs\u0131z kal\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-osmanli-devletinin-savasa-girisi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-osmanli-devletinin-savasa-girisi\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Sava\u015fa Giri\u015fi<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Alman gemileri: Goben ve Breslav 10 A\u011fustos\u2019ta Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni adlar: Gemiler sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanarak Yavuz ve Midilli ad\u0131yla donanmaya kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Alman bask\u0131s\u0131: \u0130ttifak gere\u011fi sava\u015fa girilmesi istendi; haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n tamamlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle ertelendi.<\/li>\n<li>Karadeniz Bask\u0131n\u0131: Amiral Souchon y\u00f6netimindeki donanma 28 Ekim\u2019de Odesa ve Sivastopol\u2019u bombalad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Fiil\u00ee kat\u0131l\u0131m: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti \u0130ttifak Devletleri yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa girdi.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015f ilanlar\u0131: Rusya 2 Kas\u0131m; \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa 5 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Resm\u00ee karar: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 11 Kas\u0131m\u2019da sava\u015f, 13 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Cihad-\u0131 Mukaddes ilan etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Sava\u015fa Giri\u015fi - tablo 22\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>2 A\u011fustos 1914 gizli ittifak \u2192 10 A\u011fustos Goben ve Breslav \u2192 28 Ekim Karadeniz Bask\u0131n\u0131 \u2192 11 Kas\u0131m sava\u015f ilan\u0131 \u2192 13 Kas\u0131m Cihad-\u0131 Mukaddes.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-osmanli-devletinin-savasa-girmesi-ittifak-devletlerine-hangi-siyasi-ve-askeri-avantajlari-sagladi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-osmanli-devletinin-savasa-girmesi-ittifak-devletlerine-hangi-siyasi-ve-askeri-avantajlari-sagladi\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin sava\u015fa girmesi \u0130ttifak Devletleri\u2019ne hangi siyasi ve asker\u00ee avantajlar\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin sava\u015fa girmesi \u0130ttifak Devletleri\u2019ne hangi siyasi ve asker\u00ee avantajlar\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 - tablo 23\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Asker\u00ee Avantajlar<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Siyasi Avantajlar<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Asker\u00ee Avantajlar\"><ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Yeni cepheler a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u0130tilaf kuvvetlerinin askerleri b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130stanbul ve \u00c7anakkale bo\u011fazlar\u0131 kapand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Rusya\u2019ya denizden yard\u0131m zorla\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Hindistan ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 tehdit edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 birlikleri Gali\u00e7ya, Makedonya ve Romanya cephelerinde m\u00fcttefiklerine destek verdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Siyasi Avantajlar\"><ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Almanya ve Avusturya-Macaristan\u2019\u0131n Avrupa\u2019daki bask\u0131s\u0131 azald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ttifak Devletleri Orta Do\u011fu, Kafkasya ve Balkanlarda daha geni\u015f bir etki alan\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Cihad-\u0131 Mukaddes ilan\u0131n\u0131n \u0130tilaf devletlerinin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerini etkilemesi beklendi.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-osmanli-cepheleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-osmanli-cepheleri\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Cepheleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 Cepheleri - tablo 24\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Cephe<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Ama\u00e7 ve geli\u015fme<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Cephe\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Avrupa<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ama\u00e7 ve geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1916\u2019dan sonra Gali\u00e7ya, Makedonya ve Romanya\u2019ya yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 bin asker.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sonu\u00e7\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Almanya, Avusturya-Macaristan ve Bulgaristan\u2019a destek sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Cephe\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u00c7anakkale<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ama\u00e7 ve geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">3 Kas\u0131m 1914\u2019te ba\u015flayan \u0130tilaf sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 durdurmak.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sonu\u00e7\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Deniz ve kara zaferleri; son \u00e7ekilme 9 Ocak 1916.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Cephe\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Kanal<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ama\u00e7 ve geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">S\u00fcvey\u015f \u00fczerinden \u0130ngiltere-Hindistan ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve asker sevkiyat\u0131n\u0131 kesmek.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sonu\u00e7\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u015eubat 1915 ve Nisan 1916 harek\u00e2tlar\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z; \u0130ngilizler Ocak 1917\u2019de Sina\u2019y\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 Cepheleri - tablo 25\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Cephe<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \/ ama\u00e7<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca geli\u015fme<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Cephe\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Kafkas<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \/ ama\u00e7\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Rus sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 Kas\u0131m 1914\u2019te ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131; Brest-Litovsk ile Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ekili\u015fi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Cephe\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Irak<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \/ ama\u00e7\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">6 Kas\u0131m 1914: petrol, Hindistan ve Rusya ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Selman-\u0131 Pak ve K\u00fbt\u00fcl\u2019am\u00e2re zaferleri; 1917\u2019de Ba\u011fdat kayb\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Cephe\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Filistin-Suriye<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \/ ama\u00e7\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u0130ngiltere 1917\u2019de Sina\u2019dan Filistin\u2019e y\u00f6neldi.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Gazze, Kud\u00fcs ve Suriye kaybedildi; ilerleyi\u015f Halep kuzeyinde durdu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Cephe\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Hicaz-Yemen<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \/ ama\u00e7\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">9 Haziran 1916: \u015eerif H\u00fcseyin \u0130ngiliz deste\u011fiyle ayakland\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Osmanl\u0131 ordusu isyanc\u0131lar ve \u0130ngilizlerle sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-sarikamis-harekati\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-sarikamis-harekati\"><strong>Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u0130lk \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar: Rus sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 1 Kas\u0131m 1914\u2019te ba\u015flad\u0131; K\u00f6pr\u00fck\u00f6y ve Azap\u2019ta Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleri ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n<li>Savunma karar\u0131: Hasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa a\u011f\u0131r k\u0131\u015f, azalan te\u00e7hizat ve donan\u0131m eksikli\u011fi nedeniyle harek\u00e2ta ara verdi.<\/li>\n<li>Komuta de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi: Enver Pa\u015fa 3. Ordu komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devrald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7evirme plan\u0131: \u00d6nce Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f; ard\u0131ndan Kars, Ardahan ve Batum\u2019un geri al\u0131nmas\u0131 hedeflendi.<\/li>\n<li>Geni\u015f hedef: Kafkasya ve T\u00fcrkistan yolu a\u00e7\u0131lacak, Rus kuvvetleri b\u00f6lgeye \u00e7ekilecekti.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fcttefiklere katk\u0131: Almanya ve Avusturya-Macaristan\u2019\u0131n Avrupa cephelerinde rahatlamas\u0131 ama\u00e7land\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Lojistik engel: Destek gemilerinin bat\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, yol ve demir yolu yetersizli\u011fi, k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k donan\u0131m eksikli\u011fi plan\u0131 zay\u0131flatt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131: - tablo 26\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hedefi Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f\u2019tan sonra Kars, Ardahan ve Batum\u2019u almak; Kafkasya ve T\u00fcrkistan yolunu a\u00e7makt\u0131. Lojistik ve k\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 plan\u0131 zay\u0131flatt\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-sarikamis-harekatinin-seyri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-sarikamis-harekatinin-seyri\"><strong>Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019n\u0131n<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Seyri<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7: Harek\u00e2t 22 Aral\u0131k 1914\u2019te ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>10. Kolordu: Allahuekber Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019nda yolu uzatt\u0131; 18 saatlik y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck donma kay\u0131plar\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kuvvet kayb\u0131: 40 bin ki\u015filik kolordu d\u00f6rt g\u00fcn gecikmeyle yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 bin askerle Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f \u00f6n\u00fcne ula\u015fabildi.<\/li>\n<li>9. Kolordu: Bard\u0131z Ge\u00e7idi\u2019nde Ruslara kay\u0131p verdirdi; 10. Kolordu gecikince hedefine ula\u015famad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Son taarruz: 25-28 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta 3. Ordu Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iremedi.<\/li>\n<li>Geri \u00e7ekilme: Takviyeli Rus kuvvetleri 5 Ocak 1915\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu \u00e7ekilmeye zorlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>De\u011ferlendirme: B\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plara ra\u011fmen Rus Kafkas Ordusu y\u0131prat\u0131ld\u0131; komutan ve askerler y\u00fcksek disiplinle sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-kafkas-cephesinde-sonraki-gelismeler\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-kafkas-cephesinde-sonraki-gelismeler\"><strong>Kafkas Cephesi\u2019nde Sonraki Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Savunma: Osmanl\u0131 ordusu 1915\u2019te Erzurum\u2019a y\u00f6nelen iki Rus taarruzunu geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtt\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Rus ilerleyi\u015fi: Van 20 May\u0131s 1915\u2019te, Erzurum 16 \u015eubat 1916\u2019da i\u015fgal edildi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fgal alan\u0131: Trabzon, Erzincan, Bayburt, Bitlis, Bing\u00f6l ve Mu\u015f da Ruslar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti.<\/li>\n<li>Mustafa Kemal: 16. Kolordu komutan\u0131 olarak Mu\u015f ve Bitlis\u2019i geri ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali: 7 Kas\u0131m 1917\u2019de Rusya\u2019daki y\u00f6netim de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/li>\n<li>Ate\u015fkes ve \u00e7ekilme: 18 Aral\u0131k Erzincan M\u00fctarekesi ve Brest-Litovsk sonras\u0131nda Rusya sava\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsani sonu\u00e7: Asker ve siviller \u00f6ld\u00fc; g\u00f6\u00e7ler ve yetimlik artt\u0131, K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir kimsesiz \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 koruma alt\u0131na ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-canakkale-cephesi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-canakkale-cephesi\"><strong>\u00c7anakkale Cephesi:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u0130lk sald\u0131r\u0131lar: 3 Kas\u0131m 1914\u2019te Sedd\u00fclbahir ve Kumkale bombaland\u0131; sald\u0131r\u0131lar 19 \u015eubat 1915\u2019e kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Temel ama\u00e7: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni sava\u015f d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmak ve sava\u015f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek.<\/li>\n<li>Rusya ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131: M\u00fcttefik Rusya\u2019ya do\u011frudan asker\u00ee yard\u0131m g\u00f6ndermek.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ngiliz \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131: S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 ve Hindistan ticaret yoluna y\u00f6nelik tehdidi kald\u0131rmak.<\/li>\n<li>Balkanlar: Tarafs\u0131z Balkan devletlerini \u0130tilaf blo\u011funa \u00e7ekmek.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131: U\u00e7ak ve batarya say\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131; ta\u015f\u0131t ve ia\u015fe tek\u00e2lif-i harbiye yoluyla desteklendi.<\/li>\n<li>May\u0131n hatlar\u0131: Sel\u00e2nik, \u0130ntibah, Sivrihisar ve Nusret gemileri Bo\u011faz\u2019da 11 hat olu\u015fturdu; Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer sa\u011fl\u0131k haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-18-mart-canakkale-deniz-zaferi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-18-mart-canakkale-deniz-zaferi\"><strong>18 Mart <\/strong><strong>\u00c7anakkale<\/strong><strong> Deniz <\/strong><strong>Zaferi<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Bombard\u0131man: 19 \u015eubat-16 Mart aras\u0131nda Orhaniye, Ertu\u011frul, Sedd\u00fclbahir, Kumkale ve Kilitbahir tabyalar\u0131 hedef al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Savunma: Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleri Sedd\u00fclbahir ve Kumkale\u2019de donanman\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fini engelledi.<\/li>\n<li>Nusret: 7-8 Mart gecesi Karanl\u0131k Liman\u2019a k\u0131y\u0131ya paralel 26 may\u0131n d\u00f6\u015fedi.<\/li>\n<li>18 Mart: \u0130tilaf donanmas\u0131 kesin sonu\u00e7 i\u00e7in Bo\u011faz\u2019a girdi.<\/li>\n<li>Top\u00e7u ate\u015fi: T\u00fcrk tabyalar\u0131n\u0131n isabetli at\u0131\u015flar\u0131 gemileri may\u0131n alan\u0131na y\u00f6neltti.<\/li>\n<li>Kay\u0131plar: Bouvet, Irresistible ve Ocean batt\u0131; ba\u015fka gemiler de a\u011f\u0131r hasar g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Komuta: M\u00fcstahkem Mevki Komutan\u0131 Cevat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n savunma plan\u0131 deniz zaferini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"18 Mart \u00c7anakkale Deniz Zaferi - tablo 27\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>18 Mart 1915 deniz sava\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Nusret\u2019in may\u0131nlar\u0131 ve Cevat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n savunma plan\u0131 belirleyicidir; kara \u00e7\u0131karmalar\u0131 25 Nisan\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-canakkale-kara-savaslari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-canakkale-kara-savaslari\"><strong>\u00c7anakkale Kara Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>5. Ordu: 24 Mart 1915\u2019te kuruldu; komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Liman von Sanders getirildi.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7\u0131karma: \u0130tilaf kuvvetleri 25 Nisan\u2019da Gelibolu Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019na \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 b\u00f6lgede \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Anzaklar: Ar\u0131burnu\u2019na \u00e7\u0131karma yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ngilizler: Sedd\u00fclbahir k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na y\u00f6neldi.<\/li>\n<li>Frans\u0131zlar: Kumkale k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcre: Kara muharebeleri yakla\u015f\u0131k on ay devam etti.<\/li>\n<li>Kay\u0131plar: \u0130ki taraf\u0131n da a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar verdi\u011fi \u00e7ok \u00e7etin \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-cephe-gerisinde-yasam-ve-saglik\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-cephe-gerisinde-yasam-ve-saglik\"><strong>Cephe Gerisinde Ya\u015fam ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Zorluklar: T\u00fcrk askerleri teknolojik dezavantaj\u0131n yan\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131k, beslenme, bar\u0131nma ve temizlik sorunlar\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer: Cephe yak\u0131n\u0131nda hastane ve \u00e7ad\u0131rlar kurdu; a\u011f\u0131r yaral\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlere sevk etti.<\/li>\n<li>Salg\u0131nlar: Su ve hijyen yetersizli\u011fi tifo, kolera, lekeli humma, bit ve \u00e7i\u00e7ek vakalar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130skorb\u00fct: Taze sebze t\u00fcketilememesi bir\u00e7ok askerin hastalanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Tedavi: Cerrahi malzeme ve sa\u011fl\u0131k personeli eksikli\u011fi hizmetleri s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Beslenme: Taze et ve sebze k\u0131t olsa da g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00f6\u011f\u00fcnler b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Stoklar: Asker say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 ve g\u0131da gemilerinin bombalanmas\u0131 baz\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde yiyece\u011fi azaltt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-mustafa-kemal-ve-canakkale-kahramanlari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-mustafa-kemal-ve-canakkale-kahramanlari\"><strong>Mustafa Kemal ve \u00c7anakkale Kahramanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>25 Nisan: 19. T\u00fcmen Komutan\u0131 Mustafa Kemal, 57. Alay ve bir da\u011f bataryas\u0131yla Anzak ilerleyi\u015fini durdurdu.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00e2kim noktalar: Koca\u00e7imentepe ve Conkbay\u0131r\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ilerleyerek kritik b\u00f6lgeleri kontrol etti.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6d\u00fcl ve terfi: 30 Nisan\u2019da G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u0130mtiyaz Madalyas\u0131 ald\u0131; 1 Haziran\u2019da albay oldu.<\/li>\n<li>Anafartalar: 9 A\u011fustos\u2019taki zafer sava\u015f\u0131n gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Bomba S\u0131rt\u0131: T\u00fcrk askerinin \u00f6l\u00fcm kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki so\u011fukkanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve inanc\u0131 zaferin ruhunu yans\u0131tt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bigal\u0131 Mehmet \u00c7avu\u015f: 4 Mart\u2019taki savunmada silah\u0131 bozulunca ta\u015fla m\u00fccadeleye devam etti; 12 Nisan\u2019da madalya ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ortak de\u011fer: Zafer, komutanlar\u0131n ve askerlerin cesaret ve fedak\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kazan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-canakkale-zaferinin-sonuclari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-canakkale-zaferinin-sonuclari\"><strong>\u00c7anakkale Zaferi\u2019nin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Geri \u00e7ekilme: \u0130tilaf kuvvetleri 20 Aral\u0131k 1915\u2019te \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131; son Anzaklar 9 Ocak 1916\u2019da ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Seyit Onba\u015f\u0131: 215 kilograml\u0131k mermiyi topa yerle\u015ftirerek Ocean gemisine a\u011f\u0131r hasar verdi.<\/li>\n<li>Di\u011fer kahramanlar: Mahmut Sabri, \u015eefik, M\u00fcstecip ve \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok isim \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130tibar: \u0130tilaf Devletleri b\u00f6lgede b\u00fcy\u00fck prestij kayb\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015f\u0131n s\u00fcresi: I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 uzad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kara ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131: Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n \u0130ttifak\u2019a kat\u0131lmas\u0131 Almanya ile Osmanl\u0131 aras\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131 kurdu.<\/li>\n<li>Rusya: Yard\u0131m alamayan Rusya\u2019da kriz derinle\u015fti; Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali sonras\u0131nda Rusya sava\u015ftan \u00e7ekildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"\u00c7anakkale Zaferi\u2019nin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 - tablo 28\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>\u00c7anakkale Zaferi \u0130tilaf prestijini sarst\u0131, sava\u015f\u0131 uzatt\u0131, Almanya-Osmanl\u0131 kara ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 ve Rusya\u2019daki krizi derinle\u015ftirdi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-irak-cephesinden-selman-i-paka\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-irak-cephesinden-selman-i-paka\"><strong>Irak Cephesi\u2019nden Selman-\u0131 Pak\u2019a<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u0130ngiliz ama\u00e7lar\u0131: Abadan petrollerini korumak, Hindistan tehdidini \u00f6nlemek ve Rusya\u2019ya yard\u0131m ula\u015ft\u0131rmak.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk ilerleyi\u015f: \u0130ngilizler 6 Kas\u0131m 1914\u2019te cepheyi a\u00e7t\u0131; 22 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Basra\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etti.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 durumu: Birliklerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ba\u015fka cephelere g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti; silah, asker ve te\u00e7hizat yetersizdi.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcleyman Asker\u00ee Bey: Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcleri ve a\u015firet kuvvetleriyle m\u00fccadele etti; 14 Nisan 1915 yenilgisi sonras\u0131 geri \u00e7ekilindi.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00fbt\u00fcl\u2019am\u00e2re: \u0130ngilizler 28 Eyl\u00fcl 1915\u2019te \u015fehri ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/li>\n<li>Cephe ko\u015fullar\u0131: \u00c7\u00f6l, ta\u015fk\u0131n, salg\u0131n ve ula\u015f\u0131m sorunlar\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131; Uceymi Sadun Pa\u015fa Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 destekledi.<\/li>\n<li>Selman-\u0131 Pak: Nurettin Bey komutas\u0131ndaki birlikler 22-24 Kas\u0131m\u2019da zafer kazand\u0131 ve \u0130ngilizleri K\u00fbt\u00fcl\u2019am\u00e2re\u2019ye \u00e7ekilmeye zorlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-kutulamare-kusatmasi-ve-zaferi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-kutulamare-kusatmasi-ve-zaferi\"><strong>K\u00fbt\u00fcl\u2019am\u00e2re Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 ve Zaferi<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Ku\u015fatma: Townshend kuvvetleri 3 Aral\u0131k 1915\u2019te \u00fc\u00e7 yan\u0131 Dicle ile \u00e7evrili K\u00fbt\u00fcl\u2019am\u00e2re\u2019de ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>VI. Ordu: Irak ve Havalisi Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 VI. Orduya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc; ba\u015f\u0131na Colmar von der Goltz getirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Komuta devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131: Nurettin Bey\u2019in plan\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6reve gelen Halil Bey s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Yard\u0131m giri\u015fimleri: \u0130ngiliz destek sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 T\u00fcrk ordusu taraf\u0131ndan geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Teslim: Ku\u015fatma 29 Nisan 1916\u2019da \u0130ngiliz kuvvetlerinin Halil Pa\u015fa\u2019ya teslim olmas\u0131yla bitti.<\/li>\n<li>Esir say\u0131s\u0131: Kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re 5 general d\u00e2hil toplam 13.309 ki\u015fi esir al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6nemi: Bir \u0130ngiliz kolordusunun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle teslimi d\u00fcnya harp tarihinde az rastlanan bir olay oldu; g\u00fcn \u201cKut Bayram\u0131\u201d ilan edildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"K\u00fbt\u00fcl\u2019am\u00e2re Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 ve Zaferi - tablo 29\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>K\u00fbt\u00fcl\u2019am\u00e2re\u2019de \u0130ngiliz kuvvetleri 29 Nisan 1916\u2019da Halil Pa\u015fa\u2019ya teslim oldu; kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re 5 general d\u00e2hil 13.309 ki\u015fi esir al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-medine-mudafaasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-medine-mudafaasi\"><strong>Medine <\/strong><strong>M\u00fcdafaas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u0130ngiliz deste\u011fi: McMahon-\u015eerif H\u00fcseyin yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda ayaklanma kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yard\u0131m vadedildi.<\/li>\n<li>Fahreddin Pa\u015fa: Cemal Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderildi; 31 May\u0131s 1915\u2019te Medine\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Haz\u0131rl\u0131k: Hicaz demir yolu, telgraf ve Medine-Suriye ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 koruyacak birlikler g\u00f6revlendirildi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130syan: 3 Haziran 1916\u2019da hatlara ve \u015fehre sald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131; Osmanl\u0131 birlikleri sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtt\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Savunma g\u00fcc\u00fc: Hicaz Kuvve-i Seferiyyesi kuruldu; Cidde, Mekke ve Taif kaybedilse de Medine yakla\u015f\u0131k iki bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l savunuldu.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fctareke sonras\u0131: A\u00e7l\u0131k ve salg\u0131na ra\u011fmen Mondros\u2019tan sonra da direnildi; \u015fehir 10 Ocak 1919\u2019da teslim edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Sonu\u00e7: Fahreddin Pa\u015fa M\u0131s\u0131r ve Malta\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc; savunma boyunca halk\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve ia\u015fesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Medine M\u00fcdafaas\u0131 - tablo 30\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>Medine yakla\u015f\u0131k iki bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l savunuldu ve Mondros\u2019tan sonra da direni\u015f s\u00fcrd\u00fc; \u015fehir 10 Ocak 1919\u2019da teslim edildi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-kafkas-islam-ordusu-ve-baku\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-kafkas-islam-ordusu-ve-baku\"><strong>Kafkas<\/strong><strong> \u0130slam <\/strong><strong>Ordusu<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>ve<\/strong><strong> Bak\u00fc<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Brest-Litovsk: Kars, Ardahan ve Batum Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni tehdit: Ruslar\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ermeni birlikleri yerle\u015fimleri tahrip etti; Osmanl\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi yeniden denetledi.<\/li>\n<li>Kafkasya: G\u00fcrcistan, Ermenistan ve Azerbaycan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z oldu; Bak\u00fc 18 Mart 1918\u2019de Rus-Ermeni g\u00fc\u00e7lerince i\u015fgal edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Yard\u0131m \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131: Azerbaycan ve di\u011fer T\u00fcrk-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden destek istedi.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu: Enver Pa\u015fa yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 bin ki\u015filik orduyu kurdu; Nuri ve Halil Pa\u015falar\u0131 g\u00f6revlendirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Bak\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kurtulu\u015fu: \u015eehir 15 Eyl\u00fcl 1918\u2019de al\u0131nd\u0131; Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/li>\n<li>Sonraki d\u00f6nem: Mondros\u2019la \u00e7ekilme; \u0130ngiliz ve 1920 Bol\u015fevik i\u015fgalleri ya\u015fand\u0131. 1918-1920 deneyimi, 1991 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hat\u0131rland\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-ermeni-sorununun-ortaya-cikisi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-ermeni-sorununun-ortaya-cikisi\"><strong>Ermeni Sorununun Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Birlikte ya\u015fam: Ermeniler XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren T\u00fcrklerle yan yana ya\u015fad\u0131 ve \u201cmillet-i sad\u0131ka\u201d olarak nitelendirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Millet sistemi: Dil, din ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini koruma imk\u00e2n\u0131 buldular.<\/li>\n<li>Toplumsal konum: Ticaret, zanaat, sarrafl\u0131k ve bankac\u0131l\u0131k yapt\u0131; devlet ve saray \u00e7evresinde g\u00f6rev ald\u0131lar.<\/li>\n<li>Islahat sonras\u0131: Ermeni b\u00fcrokratlar bakanl\u0131k, el\u00e7ilik ve mebusluk d\u00fczeyine kadar y\u00fckseldi.<\/li>\n<li>Milliyet\u00e7ilik etkisi: Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 kayb\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin politikalar\u0131 ve misyoner okullar\u0131 ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 fikirleri besledi.<\/li>\n<li>1877-1878 Sava\u015f\u0131: Baz\u0131 Ermeni gruplar\u0131 Rusya ile i\u015f birli\u011fi yapt\u0131; Ayastefanos\u2019taki d\u00fczenleme itirazlarla ge\u00e7ersiz kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Vil\u00e2yet-i Sitte\u2019de \u0131slahat maddesiyle Ermeni Sorunu uluslararas\u0131 bir mesele h\u00e2line geldi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-komitalar-isyanlar-ve-i-dunya-savasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-komitalar-isyanlar-ve-i-dunya-savasi\"><strong>Komitalar, \u0130syanlar ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>H\u0131n\u00e7ak: 1887\u2019de Cenevre\u2019de kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Ta\u015fnaksutyun: 1890\u2019da Tiflis\u2019te kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Faaliyet: Propaganda, karga\u015fa ve g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlama amac\u0131yla \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerde olaylar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1890-1896: Kumkap\u0131; Sason, Kayseri, Yozgat, \u00c7orum; B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li; Zeytun; Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131 olaylar\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1897-1909: \u0130kinci Sason, II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019e suikast giri\u015fimi, Adana ve D\u00f6rtyol isyanlar\u0131 meydana geldi.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015f beklentisi: Baz\u0131 Ermeni ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 \u00f6zerk ya da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devlet i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat sayd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Cephe ve cephe gerisi: Rusya\u2019n\u0131n silahland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gruplar Kafkas Cephesi\u2019nde sava\u015ft\u0131 ve isyanlarla ikmal g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehdit etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-24-nisan-genelgesi-ve-sevk-ve-iskan\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-24-nisan-genelgesi-ve-sevk-ve-iskan\"><strong>24 Nisan Genelgesi ve Sevk ve \u0130sk\u00e2n<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Gerek\u00e7e: \u00c7ete sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrmesi ve olaylar\u0131n mill\u00ee g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tehdit etmesi.<\/li>\n<li>Ge\u00e7ici tedbir: Sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerdeki Ermenilerin sava\u015f alanlar\u0131ndan uzak yerlere g\u00f6nderilmesi planland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>24 Nisan 1915: Komita merkezleri ve \u015fubeleri kapat\u0131ld\u0131; ili\u015fkili ki\u015filer ve din adamlar\u0131 tutukland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sevk b\u00f6lgeleri: Musul, Zor, Suriye ve Halep gibi sava\u015f alanlar\u0131ndan uzak g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgeleri belirlendi.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcvenlik: Yolculuk boyunca can ve mal g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flayacak \u00f6nlemler d\u00fczenlendi.<\/li>\n<li>Kay\u0131plar: Hastal\u0131klar ve \u00e7ete sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle g\u00f6\u00e7 yolunda \u00f6l\u00fcmler ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Uygulama: Karar, kaynakta fiil\u00ee isyan ve d\u00fc\u015fmanla i\u015f birli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nan ge\u00e7ici bir tedbir olarak a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-uygulama-denetim-ve-geri-donus\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-uygulama-denetim-ve-geri-donus\"><strong>Uygulama, Denetim ve Geri D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Muafiyet: Kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re 300 bin Ermeni sevkten muaf tutuldu.<\/li>\n<li>Mallar\u0131n korunmas\u0131: Mal ve e\u015fyalar korumaya al\u0131nd\u0131; sat\u0131lanlar\u0131n bedelleri mal sand\u0131klar\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yard\u0131m: Uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n sevk b\u00f6lgesinde yard\u0131m da\u011f\u0131tmas\u0131na izin verildi.<\/li>\n<li>Soru\u015fturmalar: G\u00f6revini ihmal eden veya k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanan memur ve askerler cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yarg\u0131lama: Kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re 1915-1916\u2019da 1.673 ki\u015fi Divan-\u0131 Harplerde yarg\u0131land\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f: Sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda isteyenlerin eski yerle\u015fimlerine d\u00f6nmesine izin verildi.<\/li>\n<li>Kayna\u011f\u0131n de\u011ferlendirmesi: Koruma, denetim ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f kararlar\u0131; uygulaman\u0131n bir toplulu\u011fu ortadan kald\u0131rma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesi olarak sunulur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-diaspora-faaliyetleri-ve-asala\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-diaspora-faaliyetleri-ve-asala\"><strong>Diaspora Faaliyetleri ve ASALA<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>24 Nisan: Ermeni diasporas\u0131 1915 genelgesini iddialar\u0131na dayanak olarak g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk: Kaynak, 1948 BM Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde iddialar\u0131n hukuken ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011funu savunur.<\/li>\n<li>1960\u2019lar: T\u00fcrkleri hedef alan \u015fiddet eylemleri ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1975 sonras\u0131: ASALA, b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilik, konsolosluk ve d\u0131\u015f temsilciliklere ter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fczenledi.<\/li>\n<li>Lobi: ABD ve Avrupa\u2019da iddialar\u0131n kabul\u00fc, tazminat ve toprak talepleriyle T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 kurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Parlamento kararlar\u0131: Baz\u0131 ulusal ve yerel parlamentolar diaspora iddialar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tutumu: Bu kararlara en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde tepki g\u00f6sterildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-karabag-sorunu\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-karabag-sorunu\"><strong>Karaba\u011f Sorunu<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1990\u2019lar: Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerinden \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00f6lgesel etki: Sorun T\u00fcrkiye-Ermenistan ili\u015fkilerini do\u011frudan etkiledi.<\/li>\n<li>Hocal\u0131: 1992\u2019de y\u00fczlerce kad\u0131n, ya\u015fl\u0131 ve \u00e7ocu\u011fun \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc katliam gerilimi art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Arabuluculuk: ABD ve Avrupa \u00fclkeleri ili\u015fkilerin normalle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli giri\u015fimlerde bulundu.<\/li>\n<li>2020: II. Karaba\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131 Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n zaferiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni s\u00fcre\u00e7: Sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan do\u011frudan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-i-dunya-savasinin-sonu\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-i-dunya-savasinin-sonu\"><strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Sonu<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Dengenin de\u011fi\u015fmesi: Ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7, insan kayna\u011f\u0131, asker\u00ee sanayi ve ABD\u2019nin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u0130tilaf \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 geri \u00e7ekili\u015fi: Filistin-Suriye, Irak ve Hicaz\u2019da geni\u015f topraklar kaybedildi; Medine savunulmaya devam etti.<\/li>\n<li>Bulgaristan: Sava\u015ftan \u00e7ekilince Almanya ile kara ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 koptu.<\/li>\n<li>Ate\u015fkes: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 30 Ekim 1918\u2019de Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>7. madde: \u0130tilaf Devletlerine g\u00fcvenliklerini tehdit eden bir durumda stratejik noktalar\u0131 i\u015fgal etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 verdi.<\/li>\n<li>24. madde: Vil\u00e2yet-i Sitte\u2019de kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde i\u015fgal yolu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Genel sonu\u00e7: Yirmi be\u015f maddelik antla\u015fma Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fgalini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Sonu - tablo 31\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Mondros\u2019un 7. maddesi stratejik noktalar\u0131n, 24. maddesi Vil\u00e2yet-i Sitte\u2019nin i\u015fgaline zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-paris-baris-duzeni\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-paris-baris-duzeni\"><strong>Paris Bar\u0131\u015f <\/strong><strong>D\u00fczeni<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Teslimler: Avusturya 3 Kas\u0131m, Almanya 11 Kas\u0131m 1918\u2019de teslim oldu.<\/li>\n<li>Paris Konferans\u0131: 18 Ocak 1919\u2019da kal\u0131c\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f ve ma\u011flup devletlerin \u015fartlar\u0131 i\u00e7in topland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Wilson \u0130lkeleri: G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, 8 Ocak 1918\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan 14 madde \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Belirleyici g\u00fc\u00e7ler: Antla\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r bast\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmalar\u0131: Almanya-Versailles, Avusturya-Saint-Germain, Macaristan-Trianon, Bulgaristan-Neuilly.<\/li>\n<li>Milletler Cemiyeti: Uluslararas\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 korumak amac\u0131yla kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Sevr: 10 A\u011fustos 1920\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m esaslar\u0131 belirlendi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Paris Bar\u0131\u015f D\u00fczeni - tablo 32\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>Almanya-Versailles, Avusturya-Saint-Germain, Macaristan-Trianon, Bulgaristan-Neuilly; Osmanl\u0131-Sevr.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-i-dunya-savasinin-genel-sonuclari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-i-dunya-savasinin-genel-sonuclari\"><strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Genel Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u0130nsan kayb\u0131: Cepheler, g\u00f6\u00e7ler, salg\u0131nlar, a\u00e7l\u0131k ve yoksulluk milyonlarca asker ve sivilin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130spanyol gribi: Sava\u015f\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl salg\u0131n d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunu daha da azaltt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fc\u00e7 dengesi: Uluslararas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 dengeleri de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131n\u0131rlar: Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n siyasi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 yeniden \u00e7izildi.<\/li>\n<li>Manda y\u00f6netimleri: Kuzey Afrika ve Orta Do\u011fu\u2019nun baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni devletler: Almanya, Osmanl\u0131 ve Avusturya-Macaristan topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yeni devletler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Genel Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 - tablo 33\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>Sava\u015f milyonlarca insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n yeniden \u00e7izilmesine, manda y\u00f6netimlerine ve yeni devletlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-tarihsel-akis-1908-1913\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-tarihsel-akis-1908-1913\"><strong>TAR\u0130HSEL AKI\u015e \u2022 1908-1913<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"TAR\u0130HSEL AKI\u015e \u2022 1908-1913 - tablo 34\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1908<\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">II. Me\u015frutiyet ilan edildi; anayasa ve Meclis yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi, \u00e7ok partili hayat ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1908\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1909<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"II. Me\u015frutiyet ilan edildi; anayasa ve Meclis yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi, \u00e7ok partili hayat ba\u015flad\u0131.\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">31 Mart Olay\u0131 bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131; II. Abd\u00fclhamit tahttan indirildi ve Meclisin yetkileri art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1908\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1911-1912<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"II. Me\u015frutiyet ilan edildi; anayasa ve Meclis yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi, \u00e7ok partili hayat ba\u015flad\u0131.\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda Kuzey Afrika\u2019daki son Osmanl\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131 kaybedildi; Rodos ve On \u0130ki Ada \u0130talya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1908\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1912-1913<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"II. Me\u015frutiyet ilan edildi; anayasa ve Meclis yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi, \u00e7ok partili hayat ba\u015flad\u0131.\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131yla Rumeli\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kaybedildi; Edirne geri al\u0131nd\u0131, yo\u011fun g\u00f6\u00e7ler ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1908\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1913<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"II. Me\u015frutiyet ilan edildi; anayasa ve Meclis yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi, \u00e7ok partili hayat ba\u015flad\u0131.\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li Bask\u0131n\u0131yla h\u00fck\u00fbmet devrildi ve \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin y\u00f6netimdeki etkisi g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-tarihsel-akis-1914-1915\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-tarihsel-akis-1914-1915\"><strong>TAR\u0130HSEL AKI\u015e \u2022 1914-1915<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"TAR\u0130HSEL AKI\u015e \u2022 1914-1915 - tablo 35\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1914<\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Almanya ile ittifak kuruldu; Rus limanlar\u0131n\u0131n bombalanmas\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na girdi.<\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1914\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1914-1915<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Almanya ile ittifak kuruldu; Rus limanlar\u0131n\u0131n bombalanmas\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na girdi.\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu; 3. Ordu a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131p verdi ve Kafkas cephesinde savunmaya \u00e7ekildi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1914\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1915<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Almanya ile ittifak kuruldu; Rus limanlar\u0131n\u0131n bombalanmas\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na girdi.\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u00c7anakkale\u2019de deniz ve kara zaferleri kazan\u0131ld\u0131; \u0130tilaf Devletleri Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 ge\u00e7emedi ve sava\u015f uzad\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1914\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1915<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Almanya ile ittifak kuruldu; Rus limanlar\u0131n\u0131n bombalanmas\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na girdi.\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Sevk ve \u0130sk\u00e2n Kanunu uygulanarak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma b\u00f6lgelerindeki Ermeniler ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6nderildi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-1-tarihsel-akis-1916-1918\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-1-tarihsel-akis-1916-1918\"><strong>TAR\u0130HSEL AKI\u015e \u2022 1916-1918<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"TAR\u0130HSEL AKI\u015e \u2022 1916-1918 - tablo 36\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1916<\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">K\u00fbt\u00fcl\u2019am\u00e2re\u2019de bir \u0130ngiliz kolordusu teslim al\u0131nd\u0131; Osmanl\u0131 ordusu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir moral kazand\u0131.<\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1916\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1916-1918<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"K\u00fbt\u00fcl\u2019am\u00e2re\u2019de bir \u0130ngiliz kolordusu teslim al\u0131nd\u0131; Osmanl\u0131 ordusu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir moral kazand\u0131.\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Fahreddin Pa\u015fa Medine\u2019yi yakla\u015f\u0131k iki bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l savundu; m\u00fcdafaa ate\u015fkesten sonra 10 Ocak 1919\u2019a kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1916\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1918<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"K\u00fbt\u00fcl\u2019am\u00e2re\u2019de bir \u0130ngiliz kolordusu teslim al\u0131nd\u0131; Osmanl\u0131 ordusu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir moral kazand\u0131.\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Kafkas \u0130slam Ordusu Bak\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc kurtard\u0131 ve Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fiilen g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"1916\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">30 Ekim 1918<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"K\u00fbt\u00fcl\u2019am\u00e2re\u2019de bir \u0130ngiliz kolordusu teslim al\u0131nd\u0131; Osmanl\u0131 ordusu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir moral kazand\u0131.\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131; Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 \u00e7ekildi ve Anadolu\u2019daki i\u015fgallerin \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<button class=\"tk-basa-don\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunun ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\">Ba\u015fa D\u00f6n<\/button>\n<\/article>\n<script>\n(() => {\n  'use strict';\n  document.querySelectorAll('.tk-ders-notu').forEach((root) => {\n    if (root.dataset.tkReady === 'true') return;\n    root.dataset.tkReady = 'true';\n    const printButton = root.querySelector('[data-tk-action=\"print\"]');\n    const tocButton = root.querySelector('[data-tk-action=\"toc\"]');\n    const toc = root.querySelector('.tk-icindekiler');\n    const topButton = root.querySelector('.tk-basa-don');\n    const progress = root.querySelector('.tk-ilerleme-cubugu');\n    const headings = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('h2[id], h3[id]'));\n    const tocLinks = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('.tk-icindekiler a[href^=\"#\"]'));\n\n    if (printButton) printButton.addEventListener('click', () => window.print());\n    if (tocButton && toc) tocButton.addEventListener('click', () => toc.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }));\n    if (topButton) topButton.addEventListener('click', () => root.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }));\n\n    tocLinks.forEach((link) => {\n      link.addEventListener('click', (event) => {\n        const id = link.getAttribute('href').slice(1);\n        const target = root.querySelector(`#${id}`);\n        if (!target) return;\n        event.preventDefault();\n        target.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' });\n        if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) window.history.replaceState(null, '', `#${id}`);\n      });\n    });\n\n    const update = () => {\n      const start = root.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.scrollY;\n      const distance = Math.max(root.scrollHeight - window.innerHeight, 1);\n      const percent = Math.min(100, Math.max(0, ((window.scrollY - start) \/ distance) * 100));\n      if (progress) progress.style.width = `${percent}%`;\n      if (topButton) topButton.classList.toggle('tk-gorunur', window.scrollY > start + 500);\n\n      let active = headings[0] || null;\n      headings.forEach((heading) => {\n        if (heading.getBoundingClientRect().top <= 150) active = heading;\n      });\n      tocLinks.forEach((link) => {\n        const current = Boolean(active && link.getAttribute('href') === `#${active.id}`);\n        if (current) link.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true');\n        else link.removeAttribute('aria-current');\n      });\n    };\n\n    let ticking = false;\n    const requestUpdate = () => {\n      if (ticking) return;\n      ticking = true;\n      window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {\n        update();\n        ticking = false;\n      });\n    };\n    window.addEventListener('scroll', requestUpdate, { passive: true });\n    window.addEventListener('resize', requestUpdate);\n    update();\n  });\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>S\u0131n\u0131f: 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Ders: Tarih \u00dcnite: SAVA\u015eLAR SARMALINDA OSMANLI (1908-1918) \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131: 1908-1918 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Meydana Gelen Siyasi ve Asker\u00ee Geli\u015fmeler 11. S\u0131n\u0131f <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/3-1-1908-1918-osmanli-siyasi-askeri-gelismeler\/\" title=\"1908-1918 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Meydana Gelen Siyasi ve Asker\u00ee Geli\u015fmeler | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih &#8211; Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1340,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[231],"class_list":["post-3628","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-11-sinif-tarih-ders-notlari","tag-11-sinif-tarih-3"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>1908-1918 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Meydana Gelen Siyasi ve Asker\u00ee Geli\u015fmeler | 11. 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