{"id":3630,"date":"2026-08-27T15:51:56","date_gmt":"2026-08-27T12:51:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3630"},"modified":"2026-08-27T15:51:56","modified_gmt":"2026-08-27T12:51:56","slug":"3-2-1908-1918-kitlesel-goc-ve-salginlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/3-2-1908-1918-kitlesel-goc-ve-salginlar\/","title":{"rendered":"1908-1918 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Ya\u015fanan Kitlesel G\u00f6\u00e7 ve Salg\u0131nlar | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih &#8211; Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>S\u0131n\u0131f:<\/strong> 11. S\u0131n\u0131f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ders:<\/strong> Tarih<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00dcnite:<\/strong> SAVA\u015eLAR SARMALINDA OSMANLI (1908-1918)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> 1908-1918 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Ya\u015fanan Kitlesel G\u00f6\u00e7 ve Salg\u0131nlar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu,\n.tk-ders-notu * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n.tk-ders-notu {\n  --tk-lacivert: #173b67;\n  --tk-turkuaz: #087f8c;\n  --tk-bordo: #8a2638;\n  --tk-altin: #d9a514;\n  --tk-acik-mavi: #eef7ff;\n  --tk-acik-turkuaz: #e9fbfa;\n  --tk-acik-sari: #fff8dc;\n  --tk-metin: #1f2937;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 1100px;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 auto;\n  color: var(--tk-metin);\n  font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n  font-size: 17px;\n  line-height: 1.72;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  hyphens: auto;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-iz {\n  position: sticky;\n  top: 0;\n  z-index: 20;\n  width: 100%;\n  height: 6px;\n  overflow: hidden;\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  background: #dce8f2;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-cubugu {\n  display: block;\n  width: 0;\n  height: 100%;\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--tk-turkuaz), var(--tk-altin));\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart {\n  margin: 12px 0 22px;\n  padding: clamp(20px, 4vw, 38px);\n  border-bottom: 6px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  border-radius: 18px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #173b67, #205684);\n  box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(23, 59, 103, .16);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kod {\n  margin: 0 0 7px;\n  color: #ffdf75;\n  font-size: .85em;\n  font-weight: 800;\n  letter-spacing: .08em;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik {\n  margin: 0;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  font-size: clamp(1.55rem, 4vw, 2.35rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.22;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-seo-giris {\n  margin: 18px 0 0;\n  color: #f2f7fb;\n  font-size: 1em;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-eylem-cubugu {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n  gap: 10px;\n  margin: 0 0 18px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme {\n  min-height: 44px;\n  padding: 9px 16px;\n  border: 2px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  font: inherit;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  line-height: 1.25;\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme:hover { background: #056c76; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme:focus-visible,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a:focus-visible,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don:focus-visible {\n  outline: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  outline-offset: 3px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 24px;\n  padding: 18px 20px;\n  border: 1px solid #b9dfe1;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 14px;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-turkuaz);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-baslik {\n  margin: 0 0 8px;\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-size: 1.2em;\n  font-weight: 800;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler ul {\n  margin: 0;\n  padding-left: 1.25em;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler li { margin: 4px 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler .tk-alt-baslik-baglantisi { margin-left: 1em; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a {\n  color: #075f69;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  text-decoration-thickness: 2px;\n  text-underline-offset: 3px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a[aria-current=\"true\"] {\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  background: #fff1f3;\n  border-radius: 5px;\n  box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px #fff1f3;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 22px;\n  padding: clamp(17px, 3vw, 28px);\n  border: 1px solid #dbe6ee;\n  border-radius: 16px;\n  background: #ffffff;\n  box-shadow: 0 8px 22px rgba(23, 59, 103, .08);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart-giris { background: var(--tk-acik-mavi); }\n.tk-ders-notu h2,\n.tk-ders-notu h3 {\n  scroll-margin-top: 24px;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu h2 {\n  margin: 0 0 16px;\n  padding-bottom: 8px;\n  border-bottom: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-size: clamp(1.3rem, 3vw, 1.72rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.3;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu h3 {\n  margin: 24px 0 10px;\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font-size: clamp(1.1rem, 2.5vw, 1.35rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.35;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-metin,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-gorsel-aciklamasi { margin: 0 0 13px; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-gorsel-aciklamasi {\n  padding: 10px 14px;\n  border-left: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  color: #34495e;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-sari);\n  font-size: .95em;\n  font-style: italic;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste {\n  display: grid;\n  gap: 9px;\n  margin: 12px 0 18px;\n  padding: 0;\n  list-style: none;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li {\n  position: relative;\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 10px 12px 10px 42px;\n  border: 1px solid #cfe6e8;\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  background: #f7fcfc;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li::before {\n  content: \"\u2713\";\n  position: absolute;\n  left: 12px;\n  top: 10px;\n  width: 22px;\n  height: 22px;\n  border-radius: 50%;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 900;\n  line-height: 22px;\n  text-align: center;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-alinti {\n  margin: 16px 0;\n  padding: 15px 18px;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-bordo);\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  color: #5d1b28;\n  background: #fff1f3;\n  font-style: italic;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-kutusu {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 16px 0;\n  padding: 15px 17px;\n  border: 1px solid #ead381;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  border-radius: 12px;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-sari);\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-etiket {\n  margin: 0 0 5px;\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font-weight: 900;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-icerik > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo-kapsayici {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 18px 0;\n  overflow: visible;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  border-collapse: collapse;\n  border-spacing: 0;\n  table-layout: fixed;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu th,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu td {\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 11px 12px;\n  border: 1px solid #b8c9d6;\n  vertical-align: top;\n  text-align: left;\n  white-space: normal;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  word-break: normal;\n  hyphens: auto;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu thead th {\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-weight: 800;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tbody tr:nth-child(even) { background: var(--tk-acik-mavi); }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tbody td:first-child {\n  color: #6f1e2d;\n  font-weight: 700;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-hucre-metin { margin: 0 0 7px; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-hucre-metin:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don {\n  position: fixed;\n  right: 18px;\n  bottom: 18px;\n  z-index: 30;\n  display: none;\n  min-width: 48px;\n  min-height: 48px;\n  padding: 9px 13px;\n  border: 0;\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font: inherit;\n  font-weight: 800;\n  box-shadow: 0 8px 22px rgba(86, 20, 34, .28);\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don.tk-gorunur { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }\n@media (max-width: 720px) {\n  .tk-ders-notu { font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.65; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart { border-radius: 12px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme { flex: 1 1 145px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun table,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun thead,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tr,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun th,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun td { display: block; width: 100%; min-width: 0; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun thead { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0 0 0 0); white-space: nowrap; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody { display: grid; gap: 14px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody tr {\n    overflow: hidden;\n    border: 1px solid #b8c9d6;\n    border-radius: 12px;\n    background: #ffffff;\n    box-shadow: 0 5px 14px rgba(23, 59, 103, .08);\n  }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td { border: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce6ed; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td:last-child { border-bottom: 0; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td::before {\n    content: attr(data-label);\n    display: block;\n    margin: 0 0 4px;\n    color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n    font-weight: 900;\n  }\n}\n@media (max-width: 375px) {\n  .tk-ders-notu { font-size: 15.5px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler { padding: 15px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li { padding-left: 38px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu th,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu td { padding: 9px 8px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don { right: 10px; bottom: 10px; }\n}\n@media print {\n  .tk-ders-notu { max-width: none; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.45; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-iz,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-eylem-cubugu,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don { display: none !important; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart { color: #000000; background: #ffffff; box-shadow: none; border: 2px solid #173b67; border-bottom: 5px solid #d9a514; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kod,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-seo-giris { color: #000000; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart { break-inside: avoid-page; box-shadow: none; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu { break-inside: auto; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tr { break-inside: avoid; }\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" lang=\"tr\" id=\"tk-ders-3-2\">\n<div class=\"tk-ilerleme-iz\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div>\n<header class=\"tk-ust-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-ana-baslik\">\n<p class=\"tk-kod\">11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih \u2022 \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 3.2<\/p>\n<p class=\"tk-ana-baslik\" id=\"tk-3-2-ana-baslik\">1908-1918 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Ya\u015fanan Kitlesel G\u00f6\u00e7 ve Salg\u0131nlar<\/p>\n<p class=\"tk-seo-giris\">11. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersindeki 1908-1918 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Ya\u015fanan Kitlesel G\u00f6\u00e7 ve Salg\u0131nlar \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131, sava\u015flar\u0131n toplum hayat\u0131ndaki a\u011f\u0131r sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya odaklan\u0131r. Bu tarih ders notu, T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli kapsam\u0131nda belgedeki s\u0131ralamay\u0131 koruyarak Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6nemindeki n\u00fcfus hareketlerini, g\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckleri ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ele al\u0131r. G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin isk\u00e2n\u0131, yard\u0131m faaliyetleri, sa\u011fl\u0131k tedbirleri ve Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ayr\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klarda a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tablolar ve bilgi kutular\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7lerin nedenlerini, salg\u0131nlar\u0131n yay\u0131lma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ve devletin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemleri kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Konuyu \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken sava\u015f, g\u00fcvenlik, bar\u0131nma, beslenme ve sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n birbirini nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini; g\u00f6\u00e7lerin Anadolu\u2019nun ekonomik ve toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131nda olu\u015fturdu\u011fu sonu\u00e7larla birlikte de\u011ferlendirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"tk-eylem-cubugu\" aria-label=\"Ders notu ara\u00e7lar\u0131\">\n<button class=\"tk-dugme\" type=\"button\" data-tk-action=\"print\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button>\n<button class=\"tk-dugme\" type=\"button\" data-tk-action=\"toc\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere Git<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" id=\"tk-3-2-icindekiler\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\">\n<p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-konuya-giris\">Konuya Giri\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-temel-kavramlar\">Temel Kavramlar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-osmanlida-millet-sistemi\">Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Millet Sistemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-cesitlilikten-ayrilikci-hareketlere\">\u00c7e\u015fitlilikten Ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 Hareketlere<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-balkan-goclerinin-nedenleri\">Balkan G\u00f6\u00e7lerinin Nedenleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-bati-avrupa-ve-balkan-milliyetciligi\">Bat\u0131 Avrupa ve Balkan Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-baski-ve-zorunlu-goc\">Bask\u0131 ve Zorunlu G\u00f6\u00e7<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-i-balkan-savasi-ve-sivil-halk\">I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Sivil Halk<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-balkanlarda-musluman-nufus-kaybi\">Balkanlarda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman N\u00fcfus Kayb\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-goc-yollari-ve-toplanma-merkezleri\">G\u00f6\u00e7 Yollar\u0131 ve Toplanma Merkezleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-selanik-ve-edirnede-gocmenler\">Sel\u00e2nik ve Edirne\u2019de G\u00f6\u00e7menler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-gocun-insani-bilancosu\">G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn \u0130nsani Bilan\u00e7osu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-salginlarin-yayilma-nedenleri\">Salg\u0131nlar\u0131n Yay\u0131lma Nedenleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-kolera-ve-tifus\">Kolera ve Tif\u00fcs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-istanbulda-salgin-tehdidi\">\u0130stanbul\u2019da Salg\u0131n Tehdidi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-gocmenlerin-sehirlere-ulasmasi\">G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u015eehirlere Ula\u015fmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-barinma-ve-gecici-iskan\">Bar\u0131nma ve Ge\u00e7ici \u0130sk\u00e2n<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-iskan-duzenlemeleri-ve-kurumlar\">\u0130sk\u00e2n D\u00fczenlemeleri ve Kurumlar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-kalici-iskan-ve-muhacir-koyleri\">Kal\u0131c\u0131 \u0130sk\u00e2n ve Muhacir K\u00f6yleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-muhacir-ve-multeci-ayrimi\">Muhacir ve M\u00fclteci Ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-devlet-ve-halk-yardimlari\">Devlet ve Halk Yard\u0131mlar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-hilal-i-ahmer-cemiyetinin-faaliyetleri\">Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer Cemiyetinin Faaliyetleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-salginlara-karsi-onlemler\">Salg\u0131nlara Kar\u015f\u0131 \u00d6nlemler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-asi-tecrit-ve-sevk-tedbirleri\">A\u015f\u0131, Tecrit ve Sevk Tedbirleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-ekonomik-ve-mali-etkiler\">Ekonomik ve Mali Etkiler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-uzun-vadeli-ekonomik-katkilar\">Uzun Vadeli Ekonomik Katk\u0131lar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-demografik-ve-siyasi-donusum\">Demografik ve Siyasi D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-i-dunya-savasinda-kafkas-gocleri\">I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Kafkas G\u00f6\u00e7leri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-dogu-ve-karadeniz-goc-hatlari\">Do\u011fu ve Karadeniz G\u00f6\u00e7 Hatlar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-dogu-vilayetlerinden-sevk-ve-iskan\">Do\u011fu Vilayetlerinden Sevk ve \u0130sk\u00e2n<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-i-dunya-savasinda-salginlar-ve-donus\">I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Salg\u0131nlar ve D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-3-2-donus-ve-yeniden-kurulus-cabalari\">D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ve Yeniden Kurulu\u015f \u00c7abalar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-konuya-giris\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-konuya-giris\"><strong>Konuya Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, 1908-1918 aras\u0131nda sava\u015flar\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7lerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131, kitlesel n\u00fcfus hareketlerini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7ler, g\u00fcvenlik kayg\u0131lar\u0131, bask\u0131lar ve merkez\u00ee otoritenin bozulmas\u0131yla artt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin uzun ve zorlu yolculuklar\u0131 Anadolu\u2019ya y\u00f6neldi.<\/li>\n<li>Salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar g\u00f6\u00e7menleri, askerleri ve \u015fehirleri do\u011frudan etkiledi.<\/li>\n<li>Devlet, isk\u00e2n, yard\u0131m ve sa\u011fl\u0131k alanlar\u0131nda yeni d\u00fczenlemeler yapmak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-temel-kavramlar\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-temel-kavramlar\">Temel Kavramlar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Kolera: Kirli su ve g\u0131dalarla bula\u015fan, ishal ve su kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7an hastal\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Tif\u00fcs: Bit ve pire \u0131s\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ge\u00e7en, ate\u015fli ve tehlikeli bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Karantina: Salg\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in uygulanan tecrit tedbiridir.<\/li>\n<li>Muhacir: Anla\u015fmayla ba\u015fka devlete terk edilen topraklardan gelen ki\u015fidir.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fclteci: Sava\u015f ve i\u015fgal nedeniyle hudut gerisine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan ki\u015fidir.<\/li>\n<li>Hudut, salg\u0131n ve g\u00f6\u00e7 kavramlar\u0131 d\u00f6nemin sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 anlamada anahtar kavramlard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Temel Kavramlar - tablo 1\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA! <\/strong>Muhacir, anla\u015fmayla ba\u015fka devlete b\u0131rak\u0131lan topraklardan gelir; m\u00fclteci ise sava\u015f ve i\u015fgal nedeniyle hudut gerisine s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-osmanlida-millet-sistemi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-osmanlida-millet-sistemi\">Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Millet Sistemi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti geni\u015f co\u011frafyada farkl\u0131 din\u00ee ve etnik gruplar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Millet sistemi, gayrim\u00fcslimlere kendi din\u00ee hukuklar\u0131na g\u00f6re ya\u015fama serbestli\u011fi tan\u0131d\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Farkl\u0131 din\u00ee cemaatler ayn\u0131 devlet i\u00e7inde birlikte ya\u015fama imk\u00e2n\u0131 buldu.<\/li>\n<li>Etnik ve din\u00ee \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin nedeni geni\u015f topraklar ve isk\u00e2n politikas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Devlet, ihtiya\u00e7 olduk\u00e7a Anadolu\u2019daki halklar\u0131 farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere sevk etti.<\/li>\n<li>Balkanlara Anadolu\u2019dan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfus yerle\u015ftirildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-cesitlilikten-ayrilikci-hareketlere\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-cesitlilikten-ayrilikci-hareketlere\">\u00c7e\u015fitlilikten Ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 Hareketlere<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nin etkisiyle milliyet\u00e7ilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Etnik ve din\u00ee \u00e7e\u015fitlilik, ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 hareketlere zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Balkanlardaki sava\u015flar Osmanl\u0131 toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ba\u015flayan g\u00f6\u00e7men sorunu yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7ler ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kaybedilen topraklardaki T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfus az\u0131nl\u0131k durumuna d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"\u00c7e\u015fitlilikten Ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 Hareketlere - tablo 2\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali \u2192 milliyet\u00e7ilik \u2192 ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 hareketler \u2192 toprak kayb\u0131 ve kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7 ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kur.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-balkan-goclerinin-nedenleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-balkan-goclerinin-nedenleri\">Balkan G\u00f6\u00e7lerinin Nedenleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Kaybedilen Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda yeni ulus-devletler kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131, din\u00ee ve etnik topluluklar aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ticaret burjuvazisi, e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 ve kiliseler mill\u00ee bilinci g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015flar\u0131 toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerinde yeni ulus-devletlerin kurulmas\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfus bask\u0131lar nedeniyle Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na y\u00f6neldi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-bati-avrupa-ve-balkan-milliyetciligi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-bati-avrupa-ve-balkan-milliyetciligi\">Bat\u0131 Avrupa ve Balkan Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Bat\u0131 Avrupa ve Balkan Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi - tablo 3\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Bat\u0131 Avrupa Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Balkan Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Bat\u0131 Avrupa Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Ak\u0131l, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve e\u015fitlik ilkeleriyle \u015fekillendi.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Balkan Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Sanayile\u015fme \u00f6ncesi ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ko\u015fullarla \u015fekillendi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Bat\u0131 Avrupa Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Sanayile\u015fme ve burjuvaziyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fti.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Balkan Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">D\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 ekonomik yap\u0131 i\u00e7inde geli\u015fti.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Bat\u0131 Avrupa Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Sek\u00fcler, merkeziyet\u00e7i ve yurtta\u015fl\u0131k temelli devletler do\u011furdu.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Balkan Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Etnik k\u00f6ken, din, mezhep ve dil birlikteli\u011fini \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Bat\u0131 Avrupa Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Ortak yurtta\u015fl\u0131k bilinci ve ak\u0131lc\u0131 gelenek \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Balkan Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Romantizmin duygusal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birikiminden beslendi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Bat\u0131 Avrupa Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Sek\u00fclerle\u015fmeyi beraberinde getirdi.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Balkan Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Din, ulusal kimli\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren ara\u00e7 oldu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Bat\u0131 Avrupa ve Balkan Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi - tablo 4\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Bat\u0131 Avrupa milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi yurtta\u015fl\u0131k ve sek\u00fclerlik; Balkan milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi etnik k\u00f6ken, din, mezhep ve dil birlikteli\u011fi \u00fczerinden ay\u0131rt edilir.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-baski-ve-zorunlu-goc\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-baski-ve-zorunlu-goc\">Bask\u0131 ve Zorunlu G\u00f6\u00e7<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Ulus\u00e7uluk ideolojisi, etnik temizli\u011fi istenen bir durum h\u00e2line getirdi.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman gruplar k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 topraklar\u0131 terk etmeye zorland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7 edenlerin para ve de\u011ferli e\u015fyalar\u0131na el kondu; zor kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Homojen n\u00fcfus olu\u015fturma amac\u0131yla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n topraklar\u0131na el kondu.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015fka yerlerden getirilen Hristiyan n\u00fcfusla birlikte ya\u015famaya zorlama uyguland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin d\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 tavr\u0131, kitleler aras\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-i-balkan-savasi-ve-sivil-halk\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-i-balkan-savasi-ve-sivil-halk\">I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Sivil Halk<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 ordusu I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir yenilgi alarak geri \u00e7ekildi.<\/li>\n<li>Geri \u00e7ekilme, b\u00f6lgedeki sivil halk\u0131n korunmas\u0131z kalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bulgar, S\u0131rp ve Yunan komitac\u0131lar ile asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7ler bask\u0131 uygulad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Binlerce ki\u015fi k\u00f6ylerden ka\u00e7\u0131p b\u00fcy\u00fck kasaba ve \u015fehirlere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Direnmeden teslim olan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu \u015fehirlerde de katliamlar s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsanlar en yak\u0131n liman ve iskelelere ak\u0131n etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-balkanlarda-musluman-nufus-kaybi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-balkanlarda-musluman-nufus-kaybi\">Balkanlarda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman N\u00fcfus Kayb\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Tablo, Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131 baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerdeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusu g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<li>Toplam fark, sava\u015f ve zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7lerin demografik etkisini ortaya koyar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Balkanlarda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman N\u00fcfus Kayb\u0131 - tablo 5\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>B\u00f6lge<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Sava\u015f \u00d6ncesi (1911)<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Sava\u015f Sonras\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Fark<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00f6lge\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Yunanistan<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sava\u015f \u00d6ncesi (1911)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">746.485<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sava\u015f Sonras\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">124.460<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Fark\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">622.025<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00f6lge\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Bulgaristan<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sava\u015f \u00d6ncesi (1911)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">327.732<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sava\u015f Sonras\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">179.176<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Fark\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">148.556<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00f6lge\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Yugoslavya<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sava\u015f \u00d6ncesi (1911)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1.241.076<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sava\u015f Sonras\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">566.478<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Fark\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">674.598<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00f6lge\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Toplam<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sava\u015f \u00d6ncesi (1911)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">2.315.293<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sava\u015f Sonras\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">870.114<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Fark\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1.445.179<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Balkanlarda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman N\u00fcfus Kayb\u0131 - tablo 6\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Tablodaki toplam fark 1.445.179\u2019dur. Bu say\u0131 sava\u015f ve zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7lerin Balkanlardaki demografik etkisini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-goc-yollari-ve-toplanma-merkezleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-goc-yollari-ve-toplanma-merkezleri\">G\u00f6\u00e7 Yollar\u0131 ve Toplanma Merkezleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7 s\u00fcrecinde halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00fcnlerce y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na ula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Maddi durumu iyi olanlar gemi ve trenlerle yolculuk etti.<\/li>\n<li>Edirne ve \u0130stanbul gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirler \u00f6nemli var\u0131\u015f noktalar\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ba\u015fl\u0131ca toplanma merkezleri Arnavutluk, Sel\u00e2nik ve Edirne idi.<\/li>\n<li>Limanlar, demir yolu istasyonlar\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck kasabalar toplanma merkezlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Konvoylar uzun ve zorlu yolculuklardan sonra Anadolu\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-selanik-ve-edirnede-gocmenler\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-selanik-ve-edirnede-gocmenler\">Sel\u00e2nik ve Edirne\u2019de G\u00f6\u00e7menler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Sel\u00e2nik, 9 Kas\u0131m 1912\u2019de Yunan kuvvetlerine teslim edildi\u011finde \u015fehirde yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 bin g\u00f6\u00e7men vard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bu g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u00e7o\u011fu 1913 ba\u015f\u0131na kadar \u0130zmir, Tekirda\u011f ve Mersin\u2019e g\u00f6nderildi.<\/li>\n<li>II. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Sel\u00e2nik\u2019e yakla\u015f\u0131k 135 bin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman daha g\u00f6\u00e7 etti.<\/li>\n<li>Edirne, Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 bin g\u00f6\u00e7mene ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>26 Mart 1913\u2019te Edirne\u2019yi i\u015fgal eden Bulgar birlikleri \u015fehri \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn ya\u011fmalad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7atalca hatt\u0131na ilerleme \u00fczerine Edirne\u2019den \u0130stanbul, Gelibolu ve Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Sel\u00e2nik ve Edirne\u2019de G\u00f6\u00e7menler - tablo 7\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>9 Kas\u0131m 1912: Sel\u00e2nik teslim edildi. 26 Mart 1913: Edirne i\u015fgal edildi. Ard\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul, Gelibolu ve Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 h\u0131zland\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-gocun-insani-bilancosu\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-gocun-insani-bilancosu\">G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn \u0130nsani Bilan\u00e7osu<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Balkanlardan g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalanlar aras\u0131nda Rumlar ve Museviler de vard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bulgar milislerin bask\u0131 ve eziyeti, gayrim\u00fcslim gruplar\u0131 da yerlerinden etti.<\/li>\n<li>En fazla d\u0131\u015flanan ve zulme u\u011frayan kesim T\u00fcrkler ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 alt\u0131 hafta, II. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6rt hafta s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te 200 binden fazla M\u00fcsl\u00fcman hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 413.922 idi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn \u0130nsani Bilan\u00e7osu - tablo 8\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131nda 200 binden fazla M\u00fcsl\u00fcman hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti; g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 413.922 idi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-salginlarin-yayilma-nedenleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-salginlarin-yayilma-nedenleri\">Salg\u0131nlar\u0131n Yay\u0131lma Nedenleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131nda zorlu ula\u015f\u0131m ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmleri art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Komitac\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini daha da zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar, g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Orduda sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin yetersizli\u011fi salg\u0131nlar\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Personel eksikli\u011fi nedeniyle hastal\u0131klar askerler aras\u0131nda yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7men ve asker ak\u0131n\u0131, hastal\u0131klar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlere ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-kolera-ve-tifus\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-kolera-ve-tifus\">Kolera ve Tif\u00fcs<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Kolera ve Tif\u00fcs - tablo 9\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Hastal\u0131k<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Bula\u015fma \/ G\u00f6r\u00fclme<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Belirtiler ve Etkiler<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Hastal\u0131k\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Kolera<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bula\u015fma \/ G\u00f6r\u00fclme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Temiz su ve ki\u015fisel hijyenin yetersiz oldu\u011fu yerlerde; yiyecek ve i\u00e7eceklere bula\u015fan bakteriyle yay\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Belirtiler ve Etkiler\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u015eiddetli ishal, kusma; \u00e7ok bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Hastal\u0131k\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Tif\u00fcs<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bula\u015fma \/ G\u00f6r\u00fclme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Bit ve pire \u0131s\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoluyla ge\u00e7er; hijyen eksikli\u011fiyle yay\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Belirtiler ve Etkiler\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Pembe lekeli d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclerle beliren, ate\u015fli ve tehlikeli bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Kolera, \u0130stanbul d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki toplanma alanlar\u0131nda ve askerler aras\u0131nda en \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fclen salg\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Temiz su ve g\u0131daya eri\u015fimin zorla\u015fmas\u0131 koleran\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Karantina gibi koruyucu \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131namamas\u0131 salg\u0131nlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Kolera ve Tif\u00fcs - tablo 10\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA! <\/strong>Kolera kirli su ve g\u0131dayla; tif\u00fcs bit ve pire \u0131s\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131l\u0131r. Belirti ve bula\u015fma yollar\u0131n\u0131 birlikte \u00f6\u011fren.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-istanbulda-salgin-tehdidi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-istanbulda-salgin-tehdidi\">\u0130stanbul\u2019da Salg\u0131n Tehdidi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>20 binden fazla asker trenle \u0130stanbul\u2019a nakledildi.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131rklareli ve L\u00fcleburgaz yenilgilerinden sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk \u0130stanbul\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u0130stanbul g\u00f6\u00e7men, yaral\u0131 ve hasta ak\u0131n\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eehirdeki hastaneler dolup ta\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sarayburnu ve G\u00fclhane Park\u0131 \u00e7ad\u0131rl\u0131 ordug\u00e2h h\u00e2line getirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Okul, otel, cami ve yal\u0131lar sa\u011fl\u0131k yard\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in hizmete a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-gocmenlerin-sehirlere-ulasmasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-gocmenlerin-sehirlere-ulasmasi\">G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u015eehirlere Ula\u015fmas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehirlerine ula\u015fmas\u0131 yeni sorunlar do\u011furdu.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eehir n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 g\u0131da kaynaklar\u0131na eri\u015fimi zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede un stoklar\u0131 t\u00fckendi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130stanbul\u2019a gelenlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u015fehirde kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Bursa, \u0130zmir, Karasi, Band\u0131rma, \u00c7anakkale ve Antalya\u2019ya sevk edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Adana, Eski\u015fehir, Konya, Ankara, Samsun ve Sivas da sevk edilen \u015fehirler aras\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-barinma-ve-gecici-iskan\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-barinma-ve-gecici-iskan\">Bar\u0131nma ve Ge\u00e7ici \u0130sk\u00e2n<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fbmeti, \u0130stanbul\u2019a ula\u015fan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin bar\u0131nma sorunu i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7ti.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 camilere, medreselere, hanlara ve bo\u015f binalara yerle\u015ftirildi.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eehir d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki arazilere ah\u015fap barakalar kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130stanbul\u2019da \u015fehremaneti, ta\u015frada muhacir komisyonlar\u0131 g\u00f6revlendirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Komisyonlar ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 ve kal\u0131c\u0131 isk\u00e2nla ilgilendi.<\/li>\n<li>Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ge\u00e7ici bar\u0131nmadan kal\u0131c\u0131 yerle\u015fime ge\u00e7mesini ama\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-iskan-duzenlemeleri-ve-kurumlar\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-iskan-duzenlemeleri-ve-kurumlar\">\u0130sk\u00e2n D\u00fczenlemeleri ve Kurumlar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Mevcut kanunlar yetersiz kal\u0131nca 1913\u2019te \u0130sk\u00e2n-\u0131 Muhacirin Nizamnamesi yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ge\u00e7ici isk\u00e2n, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti ve yard\u0131m da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fczenlendi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015f temini ve arazi tahsisi gibi konular karara ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ta\u015fra idarelerinden isk\u00e2n b\u00f6lgeleri hakk\u0131nda rapor istendi.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin iklim ve meslek \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re yerle\u015ftirilmesi hedeflendi.<\/li>\n<li>1914 ba\u015flar\u0131nda A\u015fair ve Muhacirin M\u00fcd\u00fcriyeti Umumisi kuruldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"\u0130sk\u00e2n D\u00fczenlemeleri ve Kurumlar - tablo 11\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>1913: \u0130sk\u00e2n-\u0131 Muhacirin Nizamnamesi. 1914 ba\u015flar\u0131: A\u015fair ve Muhacirin M\u00fcd\u00fcriyeti Umumisi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-kalici-iskan-ve-muhacir-koyleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-kalici-iskan-ve-muhacir-koyleri\">Kal\u0131c\u0131 \u0130sk\u00e2n ve Muhacir K\u00f6yleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Komisyonlar ve kadastro memurlar\u0131 bo\u015f arazileri tespit etti.<\/li>\n<li>Maliye Nezareti \u00e7iftlik arazileri sat\u0131n ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Arazilerin g\u00f6\u00e7menlere nas\u0131l da\u011f\u0131t\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 belirlendi.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7menler mevcut k\u00f6y ve mahallelere yerle\u015ftirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni yerle\u015fimler ve gayrim\u00fcslimlerden bo\u015falan yerler de isk\u00e2n alan\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n<li>Eski\u015fehir, \u0130zmir ve Adana gibi \u015fehirlerde muhacir k\u00f6yleri kuruldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-muhacir-ve-multeci-ayrimi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-muhacir-ve-multeci-ayrimi\">Muhacir ve M\u00fclteci Ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Balkan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerini hukuki d\u00fczenlemelerle iki gruba ay\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yard\u0131m ve isk\u00e2n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 stat\u00fcye g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Muhacir ve M\u00fclteci Ayr\u0131m\u0131 - tablo 12\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Stat\u00fc<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Tan\u0131m<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Uygulama<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Stat\u00fc\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Muhacir<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Anla\u015fma ile ba\u015fka devlete terk edilmi\u015f topraklardan gelenler.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Uygulama\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Yard\u0131mlara ula\u015fmas\u0131 ve isk\u00e2n edilmesi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Stat\u00fc\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">M\u00fclteci<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Sava\u015f h\u00e2li nedeniyle d\u00fc\u015fman istilas\u0131na u\u011frayan yerlerden hudut gerisine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nanlar.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Uygulama\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u0130\u015fgaller sona erince geri d\u00f6nme ihtimali i\u015flemleri yava\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Stat\u00fc\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Ortak Nokta<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Her iki grup da sava\u015f ve i\u015fgal ortam\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Uygulama\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Devlet, bar\u0131nma, yard\u0131m ve isk\u00e2n s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Muhacir ve M\u00fclteci Ayr\u0131m\u0131 - tablo 13\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA! <\/strong>Muhacirlerin isk\u00e2n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131; m\u00fcltecilerin geri d\u00f6nme ihtimali i\u015flemleri yava\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-devlet-ve-halk-yardimlari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-devlet-ve-halk-yardimlari\">Devlet ve Halk Yard\u0131mlar\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7menlere g\u0131da, k\u0131yafet, bar\u0131nma, e\u015fya ve i\u015f imk\u00e2n\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda yard\u0131m yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Belediyeler ve gazeteler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla halktan yard\u0131m istendi.<\/li>\n<li>Yerli halk\u0131n getirdi\u011fi yiyecek ve k\u0131yafetler g\u00f6\u00e7menlere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130mk\u00e2n\u0131 olan \u015fehir sakinleri evlerini ve arazilerini g\u00f6\u00e7menlere a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 halk\u0131 yan\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r ve Hindistan gibi \u00fclkelerden de yard\u0131mlar geldi.<\/li>\n<li>Yard\u0131mlar\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer Cemiyeti \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-hilal-i-ahmer-cemiyetinin-faaliyetleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-hilal-i-ahmer-cemiyetinin-faaliyetleri\">Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer Cemiyetinin Faaliyetleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Cemiyet, yaral\u0131 ve hasta askerlere yard\u0131m etmek amac\u0131yla kurulmu\u015ftu.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7men sivillerin yiyecek, giyecek ve bar\u0131nma ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130stanbul\u2019da ve cephelerde hastaneler kurdu.<\/li>\n<li>Yaral\u0131lar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in vapurlar kiralad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fcy\u00fck istasyonlarda \u00e7ayhaneler a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kolera ve tif\u00fcs salg\u0131nlar\u0131yla m\u00fccadele etti; yakla\u015f\u0131k 55.000 ki\u015fi muayene ve tedavi edildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer Cemiyetinin Faaliyetleri - tablo 14\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130? <\/strong>Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer; asker\u00ee sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetinin yan\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin bar\u0131nma, beslenme ve salg\u0131nla m\u00fccadele ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00fcstlendi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-salginlara-karsi-onlemler\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-salginlara-karsi-onlemler\">Salg\u0131nlara Kar\u015f\u0131 \u00d6nlemler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 salg\u0131nlar k\u0131smen kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>II. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Edirne geri al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra Rumeli\u2019de salg\u0131nlar yeniden g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Seyyar t\u00fcts\u00fcleme ve temizleme makineleri kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Tecrithaneler kurularak karantina uyguland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130stanbul\u2019a gelen askerler muayene sonras\u0131 karantina merkezlerinde g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131nda tutuldu.<\/li>\n<li>Mikroplu suya kar\u015f\u0131 kaynat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f su da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131 ve temizlik uyar\u0131lar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-asi-tecrit-ve-sevk-tedbirleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-asi-tecrit-ve-sevk-tedbirleri\">A\u015f\u0131, Tecrit ve Sevk Tedbirleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Demirkap\u0131 hastanesi yetersiz kal\u0131nca Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131 i\u00e7inde barakalar kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>1913\u2019te G\u00fclhane\u2019de haz\u0131rlanan kolera a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 orduda kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Tekirda\u011f\u2019da kolera vakalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi sevk i\u015flemlerini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Nisan 1913\u2019te g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yerel y\u00f6neticilerin denetiminde s\u0131hhiye komisyonlar\u0131 kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Ekim 1914\u2019te Rumeli\u2019den gelen t\u00fcm g\u00f6\u00e7men ve yolcular a\u015f\u0131lanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"A\u015f\u0131, Tecrit ve Sevk Tedbirleri - tablo 15\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>1913: Kolera a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 orduda kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Nisan 1913: G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ekim 1914: Rumeli\u2019den gelenlerin a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-ekonomik-ve-mali-etkiler\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-ekonomik-ve-mali-etkiler\">Ekonomik ve Mali Etkiler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131\u2019ndan asker\u00ee yenilgi yan\u0131nda ekonomik kay\u0131pla \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Balkanlar tar\u0131msal i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc, \u00fcretim kapasitesi ve ticari potansiyel a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemliydi.<\/li>\n<li>Sel\u00e2nik gibi dokuma sanayisi geli\u015fmi\u015f \u015fehirler kaybedildi.<\/li>\n<li>Balkanlar\u0131n kayb\u0131 ve kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7ler mali politikalar\u0131 sarst\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bar\u0131nma, ia\u015fe ve isk\u00e2n giderleri Osmanl\u0131 maliyesi \u00fczerinde a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fck olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n<li>Ziraat Bankas\u0131 kredileri sevk, ia\u015fe, konut, ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7, tohum ve arazi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-uzun-vadeli-ekonomik-katkilar\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-uzun-vadeli-ekonomik-katkilar\">Uzun Vadeli Ekonomik Katk\u0131lar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7men ak\u0131nlar\u0131 ilk y\u0131llarda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni zor durumda b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Uzun vadede baz\u0131 olumlu geli\u015fmelerin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Balkanlarda kullan\u0131lan pulluk ve yayl\u0131 araba gibi ara\u00e7lar Anadolu\u2019da yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7menler sayesinde patates \u00fcretimine ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Tar\u0131msal faaliyetler canland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sel\u00e2nik\u2019ten gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menler \u0130stanbul\u2019da dokuma sanayisi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman giri\u015fimcilere katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Uzun Vadeli Ekonomik Katk\u0131lar - tablo 16\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130? <\/strong>G\u00f6\u00e7ler ilk a\u015famada mali y\u00fck olu\u015fturdu; uzun vadede tar\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131, patates \u00fcretimi, dokuma sanayisi ve giri\u015fimcilik \u00fczerinde olumlu etki yapt\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-demografik-ve-siyasi-donusum\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-demografik-ve-siyasi-donusum\">Demografik ve Siyasi D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7ler Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehir ve k\u00f6ylerindeki n\u00fcfus da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin bo\u015f arazilere yerle\u015ftirilmesi k\u0131rsal n\u00fcfusu art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131r\u0131m, Balkan ve Kafkas tipi k\u00f6y yerle\u015fimleri yeni toplumsal yap\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n<li>Balkanlardaki T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfus azal\u0131rken Anadolu\u2019da h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7ler, \u00fclkedeki n\u00fcfus kayb\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde telafi etti.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe y\u00f6nelmesinde etkili oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Demografik ve Siyasi D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm - tablo 17\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>G\u00f6\u00e7lerin sonucu yaln\u0131z demografik de\u011fildir; \u0130ttihat ve Terakki taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe y\u00f6nelmesinde de etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-i-dunya-savasinda-kafkas-gocleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-i-dunya-savasinda-kafkas-gocleri\">I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Kafkas G\u00f6\u00e7leri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>29 Ekim 1914\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131 Rus hedeflerini bombalad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Rus ordusu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Aral\u0131k 1914-Ocak 1915\u2019te Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu.<\/li>\n<li>Bu durum, Erzurum-Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f hatt\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusun bat\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesine neden oldu.<\/li>\n<li>Salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar, \u00f6zellikle tif\u00fcs, ordu ve sivil halk aras\u0131nda yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ocak-Kas\u0131m 1915 d\u00f6neminde Kafkas Cephesi\u2019nde salg\u0131nlar yakla\u015f\u0131k 70.000 can kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Kafkas G\u00f6\u00e7leri - tablo 18\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>29 Ekim 1914: Rus hedefleri bombaland\u0131. 1 Kas\u0131m: Rus ordusu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ge\u00e7ti. Aral\u0131k 1914-Ocak 1915: Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-dogu-ve-karadeniz-goc-hatlari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-dogu-ve-karadeniz-goc-hatlari\">Do\u011fu ve Karadeniz G\u00f6\u00e7 Hatlar\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f yenilgisi sonras\u0131 Artvin, Bor\u00e7ka ve Acara halk\u0131 Trabzon\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Trabzon\u2019un bombalanmas\u0131yla kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar da g\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Trabzon\u2019daki g\u00f6\u00e7 ak\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcy\u00fcnce insanlar kara ve deniz yoluyla Giresun ve Ordu\u2019ya ge\u00e7ti.<\/li>\n<li>Rus ilerleyi\u015fi \u00fczerine Giresun ve Ordu halk\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlerle birlikte Samsun\u2019a y\u00f6neldi.<\/li>\n<li>1916 sonunda Samsun \u00e7evresindeki g\u00f6\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131 85 bini a\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00f6lgede bar\u0131nma, k\u0131tl\u0131k ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-dogu-vilayetlerinden-sevk-ve-iskan\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-dogu-vilayetlerinden-sevk-ve-iskan\">Do\u011fu Vilayetlerinden Sevk ve \u0130sk\u00e2n<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1915-1916\u2019da Van, Bitlis, Mu\u015f, Erzurum, Erzincan, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane ve Trabzon i\u015fgal edildi.<\/li>\n<li>A\u011fr\u0131, Pasinler ve Erzurum \u00e7evresinden baz\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar Sivas\u2019a ge\u00e7ti.<\/li>\n<li>1916 sonunda Sivas\u2019taki g\u00f6\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131 300 bine ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Ankara, \u00c7orum, Yozgat, Kayseri, Ni\u011fde, K\u0131r\u015fehir ve Konya\u2019ya sevk edildi.<\/li>\n<li>El\u00e2z\u0131\u011f, Malatya, Mara\u015f, Antep, Diyarbak\u0131r ve Urfa da g\u00f6\u00e7 alan yerler oldu.<\/li>\n<li>Diyarbak\u0131r-Urfa hatt\u0131ndaki g\u00f6\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131 200 bini buldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-i-dunya-savasinda-salginlar-ve-donus\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-i-dunya-savasinda-salginlar-ve-donus\">I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Salg\u0131nlar ve D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda s\u0131tma, kolera ve tif\u00fcs s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131tma vakalar\u0131 \u00fcretim g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc ve \u00f6l\u00fcmleri art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131hhiye Nezareti s\u0131tmayla m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in kinin tabletleri da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle salg\u0131nlar\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na almak zor oldu.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fu vilayetlerinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,6 milyon M\u00fcsl\u00fcmandan 1 milyonu hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/li>\n<li>1916 sonu itibar\u0131yla 800 bin ki\u015fi m\u00fclteci durumuna d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Salg\u0131nlar ve D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f - tablo 19\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda s\u0131tma, kolera ve tif\u00fcs \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. S\u0131tmayla m\u00fccadelede S\u0131hhiye Nezareti kinin tabletleri da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-3-2-donus-ve-yeniden-kurulus-cabalari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-3-2-donus-ve-yeniden-kurulus-cabalari\">D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ve Yeniden Kurulu\u015f \u00c7abalar\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Aral\u0131k 1917\u2019de Rus ordusunun \u00e7ekilmesiyle g\u00f6\u00e7menler evlerine d\u00f6nmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>May\u0131s 1920\u2019ye kadar M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n sadece 300 bini geri d\u00f6nebildi.<\/li>\n<li>627 bin ki\u015fi gittikleri yerlerde m\u00fclteci durumunda kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00f6nenlerin \u00e7o\u011fu evleri yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in harabelerde ve ge\u00e7ici bar\u0131naklarda ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1922 b\u00fct\u00e7esinden halka ev yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in kereste yard\u0131m\u0131 ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim i\u00e7in \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere tohum da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131; Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer b\u00f6lgede m\u00fccadeleyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ve Yeniden Kurulu\u015f \u00c7abalar\u0131 - tablo 20\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>Aral\u0131k 1917: D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131. May\u0131s 1920: Yaln\u0131z 300 bin ki\u015fi d\u00f6nebildi. 1922: Ev ve \u00fcretim i\u00e7in kereste ve tohum deste\u011fi verildi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<button class=\"tk-basa-don\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunun ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\">Ba\u015fa D\u00f6n<\/button>\n<\/article>\n<script>\n(() => {\n  'use strict';\n  document.querySelectorAll('.tk-ders-notu').forEach((root) => {\n    if (root.dataset.tkReady === 'true') return;\n    root.dataset.tkReady = 'true';\n    const printButton = root.querySelector('[data-tk-action=\"print\"]');\n    const tocButton = root.querySelector('[data-tk-action=\"toc\"]');\n    const toc = root.querySelector('.tk-icindekiler');\n    const topButton = root.querySelector('.tk-basa-don');\n    const progress = root.querySelector('.tk-ilerleme-cubugu');\n    const headings = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('h2[id], h3[id]'));\n    const tocLinks = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('.tk-icindekiler a[href^=\"#\"]'));\n\n    if (printButton) printButton.addEventListener('click', () => window.print());\n    if (tocButton && toc) tocButton.addEventListener('click', () => toc.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }));\n    if (topButton) topButton.addEventListener('click', () => root.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }));\n\n    tocLinks.forEach((link) => {\n      link.addEventListener('click', (event) => {\n        const id = link.getAttribute('href').slice(1);\n        const target = root.querySelector(`#${id}`);\n        if (!target) return;\n        event.preventDefault();\n        target.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' });\n        if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) window.history.replaceState(null, '', `#${id}`);\n      });\n    });\n\n    const update = () => {\n      const start = root.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.scrollY;\n      const distance = Math.max(root.scrollHeight - window.innerHeight, 1);\n      const percent = Math.min(100, Math.max(0, ((window.scrollY - start) \/ distance) * 100));\n      if (progress) progress.style.width = `${percent}%`;\n      if (topButton) topButton.classList.toggle('tk-gorunur', window.scrollY > start + 500);\n\n      let active = headings[0] || null;\n      headings.forEach((heading) => {\n        if (heading.getBoundingClientRect().top <= 150) active = heading;\n      });\n      tocLinks.forEach((link) => {\n        const current = Boolean(active && link.getAttribute('href') === `#${active.id}`);\n        if (current) link.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true');\n        else link.removeAttribute('aria-current');\n      });\n    };\n\n    let ticking = false;\n    const requestUpdate = () => {\n      if (ticking) return;\n      ticking = true;\n      window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {\n        update();\n        ticking = false;\n      });\n    };\n    window.addEventListener('scroll', requestUpdate, { passive: true });\n    window.addEventListener('resize', requestUpdate);\n    update();\n  });\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>S\u0131n\u0131f: 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Ders: Tarih \u00dcnite: SAVA\u015eLAR SARMALINDA OSMANLI (1908-1918) \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131: 1908-1918 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Ya\u015fanan Kitlesel G\u00f6\u00e7 ve Salg\u0131nlar 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih \u2022 \u00d6\u011frenme <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/3-2-1908-1918-kitlesel-goc-ve-salginlar\/\" title=\"1908-1918 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Ya\u015fanan Kitlesel G\u00f6\u00e7 ve Salg\u0131nlar | 11. 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