{"id":4038,"date":"2026-10-17T22:09:27","date_gmt":"2026-10-17T19:09:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=4038"},"modified":"2026-10-17T22:09:28","modified_gmt":"2026-10-17T19:09:28","slug":"turklerde-devlet-yonetimi-1-unite-turkistandan-turkiyeye-turklerde-devlet-yonetimi-ve-hukuk-maarif-modeli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/17\/turklerde-devlet-yonetimi-1-unite-turkistandan-turkiyeye-turklerde-devlet-yonetimi-ve-hukuk-maarif-modeli\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrklerde Devlet Y\u00f6netimi \/ 1. \u00dcnite: T\u00fcrkistan&#8217;dan T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye T\u00fcrklerde Devlet Y\u00f6netimi ve Hukuk | Maarif Modeli"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi dersinin <strong>1. \u00fcnitesi, \u201cT\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye T\u00fcrklerde Devlet Y\u00f6netimi ve Hukuk\u201d<\/strong> konular\u0131n\u0131 kapsar. Bu sayfada <strong>TKMT 1.1 \u201cT\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye T\u00fcrk devletlerinin y\u00f6netim yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetleyebilme\u201d<\/strong> \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131na y\u00f6nelik T\u00fcrklerde Devlet Y\u00f6netimi ders notlar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. Kut, t\u00f6re, il, kurultay, K\u0131z\u0131lelma ve devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131 gibi temel kavramlar a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 tablolarla ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk devletlerinden T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devletleri ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne, oradan Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemine uzanan y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimi ve s\u00fcreklili\u011fi incelenmektedir. \u00d6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan bu b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik ders notunda kavram listeleri, kronolojik bilgiler ve dikkat edilmesi gereken s\u0131nav ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 da bulunmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi 1. \u00fcnite konular\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken bu notlardan yararlanabilir, TYT, AYT, MS\u00dc ve KPSS i\u00e7in ilgili bilgileri tekrar edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n\/* TKMT 1.1: WordPress uyumlu, kayd\u0131rmas\u0131z tablolar *\/\n.tkmt-lesson {box-sizing:border-box;max-width:1000px;width:100%;min-width:0;margin:0 auto;color:#263244;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",Roboto,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;line-height:1.72;overflow-wrap:break-word;}\n.tkmt-lesson *, .tkmt-lesson *::before, .tkmt-lesson *::after {box-sizing:border-box;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-header {border-left:5px solid #087f93;padding:15px 20px;background:#f2f9fb;border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;margin:0 0 26px;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-kicker {margin:0 0 4px;color:#167489;font-size:.90em;font-weight:750;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-header h2 {margin:0 0 4px;color:#173b55;font-size:clamp(1.5rem,3vw,2rem);line-height:1.3;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-subtitle {margin:0;color:#537080;font-size:.98em;font-weight:600;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-preface {margin:0 0 20px;color:#52616d;}\n.tkmt-lesson h2.tkmt-section {margin:35px 0 15px;padding:0 0 10px;color:#113951;border-bottom:2px solid #b1dae4;font-size:clamp(1.25rem,2.5vw,1.55rem);line-height:1.4;}\n.tkmt-lesson h3.tkmt-subsection {margin:24px 0 12px;color:#18627a;font-size:1.12rem;line-height:1.5;}\n.tkmt-lesson p {margin:0 0 13px;}\n.tkmt-lesson ul.tkmt-points {padding-left:1.45em;margin:0 0 18px;}\n.tkmt-lesson ul.tkmt-points li {padding-left:.15em;margin:5px 0;}\n.tkmt-lesson ul.tkmt-points li::marker {color:#222222;}\n\/* Sadece dekoratif kap: yatay kayd\u0131rma YOK. *\/\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-table-scroll {display:block!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;min-width:0!important;overflow:visible!important;margin:14px 0 22px;border:1px solid #d5e2e8;border-radius:10px;}\n.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-table {display:table!important;border-collapse:collapse!important;border-spacing:0!important;table-layout:fixed!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;min-width:0!important;margin:0!important;background:#fff;font-size:.94em;}\n.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-table th {background:#e8f4f7!important;color:#12465f!important;font-weight:750;text-align:left;}\n.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-table th,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-table td {padding:10px 12px!important;vertical-align:top!important;border:1px solid #dbe5e9!important;white-space:normal!important;word-break:normal!important;overflow-wrap:break-word!important;hyphens:manual!important;line-height:1.55!important;height:auto!important;min-width:0!important;max-width:100%!important;}\n.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-table th *, .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-table td * {white-space:normal!important;word-break:normal!important;overflow-wrap:break-word!important;hyphens:manual!important;max-width:100%!important;}\n.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-table tr:nth-child(even) td {background:#f8fbfc;}\n.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-table p {margin:0 0 5px;}\n.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-table p:last-child {margin-bottom:0;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-note {border:1px solid #c7dae4;background:#f2f8fb;padding:12px 16px;border-radius:9px;margin:14px 0 22px;color:#294350;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-note.tkmt-exam {background:#fff8ec;border-color:#ecd7ae;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-note.tkmt-caution {background:#fef5f5;border-color:#efcdcd;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-note p {margin:0;}\n.tkmt-lesson strong {font-weight:730;}\n\/* \u00c7ok s\u00fctunlu tablolar tablet ve telefonda h\u00fccre h\u00fccre alt alta gelir; kayd\u0131rma olu\u015fmaz. *\/\n@media(max-width:800px) {\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 tbody,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 tbody tr,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody tr,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 tbody td,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody td {display:block!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 thead,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 thead,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 colgroup,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 colgroup {display:none!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 tbody tr,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody tr {margin:0 0 12px;border:1px solid #d2e0e7;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;background:#fff;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 tbody td,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody td {border-width:0 0 1px!important;padding:9px 12px!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 tbody td:last-child,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody td:last-child {border-bottom:0!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 tbody td::before,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody td::before {content:attr(data-label);display:block;font-size:.84em;color:#16637d;font-weight:750;margin-bottom:3px;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 tbody tr:nth-child(even) td,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody tr:nth-child(even) td {background:#fff;}\n}\n\/* \u0130ki s\u00fctunlu tablolar da telefonda sat\u0131r-kart olarak okunur, s\u00fctun daralmas\u0131 ve yatay kayd\u0131rma yok. *\/\n@media(max-width:520px) {\n .tkmt-lesson {font-size:15px;line-height:1.65;}\n .tkmt-lesson .tkmt-header {padding:13px 15px;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-table {font-size:.97em;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody tr,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td {display:block!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 thead,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 colgroup {display:none!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody tr {margin:0 0 10px;border:1px solid #d2e0e7;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;background:#fff;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td {border-width:0 0 1px!important;padding:9px 12px!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td:first-child {font-weight:650;background:#e8f4f7!important;color:#12465f;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td:last-child {border-bottom:0!important;background:#fff!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td::before {content:attr(data-label);display:block;font-size:.84em;color:#16637d;font-weight:750;margin-bottom:3px;}\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tkmt-lesson\" lang=\"tr\">\n<header class=\"tkmt-header\">\n<p class=\"tkmt-kicker\">1. \u00dcN\u0130TE: T\u00dcRK\u0130STAN\u2019DAN T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019YE T\u00dcRKLERDE DEVLET Y\u00d6NET\u0130M\u0130 VE HUKUK \u00b7 TKMT 1.1<\/p>\n<h2>1.1 T\u00dcRKLERDE DEVLET Y\u00d6NET\u0130M\u0130<\/h2>\n<p class=\"tkmt-subtitle\">B\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik \u00d6\u011frenci Ders Notu<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<p class=\"tkmt-preface\">MEB ders kitab\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve ayn\u0131 konuya ait soru-cevap sunusundaki bilgiler, tekrarlar ay\u0131klanarak ve kaynaklardaki benzersiz ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar korunarak tek ders notunda birle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Bu notta MEB kazan\u0131mlar\u0131 ve TYT-AYT \u00f6nceliklidir. MS\u00dc ve KPSS a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ay\u0131rt edici olan kavramlar gerekli yerlerde ayr\u0131ca belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-1\">Konuya Ba\u015flarken: Temel Kavramlar<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kavram<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>A\u00e7\u0131klama<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>T\u00f6re<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Toplumca benimsenen yerle\u015fik davran\u0131\u015f ve ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imleriyle gelenek, g\u00f6renek, \u00f6rf ve hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc; T\u00fcrk devlet gelene\u011finde ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fczen.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Dev\u015firme<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131 ve devlet hizmeti i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilen Hristiyan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n belirli usullerle toplan\u0131p yeti\u015ftirilmesine dayanan sistem.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Me\u015frutiyet<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Monar\u015finin, anayasa ve parlamento ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Beylik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Bir beyin y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndaki siyasi birim; emirlik, emaret veya mirlik anlamlar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Divan<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Devletin \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6neticilerinin devlet i\u015flerini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00f6netim ve dan\u0131\u015fma kurulu.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Yeni\u00e7eri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 Kap\u0131kulu te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n piyade s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>\u0130l<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrklerde devlet.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Onlu sistem<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Mete Han\u2019a atfedilen; ordunun 10, 100, 1.000 ve 10.000 ki\u015filik kademeli birliklere ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 te\u015fkilat.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>K\u0131z\u0131lelma<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>T\u00fcrk cihan h\u00e2kimiyeti idealini ve ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanan uzak hedefi sembolize eden \u00fclk\u00fc.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Kut<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdara y\u00f6netme yetkisinin ilahi bir kaynaktan verildi\u011fine dair inan\u00e7.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Kurultay \/ Toy<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrklerde devlet i\u015flerinin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp karara ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 en y\u00fcksek dan\u0131\u015fma ve karar meclisi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Sultan<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, \u00f6zellikle S\u00fcnni h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n kulland\u0131klar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k unvan\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Anayasa<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Devletin y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imini, yasama-y\u00fcr\u00fctme-yarg\u0131 d\u00fczenini ve yurtta\u015flar\u0131n temel haklar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen en \u00fcst hukuk metni.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Ka\u011fan<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesinden itibaren T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 unvan.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Kut = me\u015fruiyetin ilahi kayna\u011f\u0131; t\u00f6re = iktidar\u0131n hukuki ve toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131. Bu iki kavram ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-2\">1. Do\u011fu\u2019da ve Bat\u0131\u2019da Siyasi G\u00fcc\u00fcn Me\u015fruiyet Kayna\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">1.1. Me\u015fruiyet Nedir?<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcn me\u015fruiyet kayna\u011f\u0131, y\u00f6netme hakk\u0131n\u0131n hangi esasa dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve halk taraf\u0131ndan hangi gerek\u00e7eyle kabul edildi\u011fini ifade eder.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcllerden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar; halk\u0131n itaatini sa\u011flamak, y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n deste\u011fini kazanmak ve otoritelerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in y\u00f6netme haklar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yaln\u0131zca zor ve \u015fiddet kullanmak, siyasi d\u00fczenin uzun s\u00fcre ayakta kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Tarih boyunca din\u00ee inan\u00e7, gelenek, t\u00f6re, hanedan, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n ki\u015fisel \u00f6zellikleri ve adaletli y\u00f6netim me\u015fruiyet kaynaklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde modern demokratik anlay\u0131\u015fta siyasi me\u015fruiyetin temel kayna\u011f\u0131 halk\u0131n iradesi ve tercihleridir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">1.2. K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>K\u00fclt\u00fcr, bir toplumun tarihsel geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan maddi ve manevi de\u011ferlerin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Medeniyet, farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin bir araya gelerek olu\u015fturdu\u011fu daha geni\u015f ve evrensel bir birikim d\u00fczeyidir.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet; siyasi, toplumsal ve ekonomik boyutlar\u0131 bulunan tarihsel bir birikimin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyeti T\u00fcrkistan bozk\u0131rlar\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, \u0130slamiyet\u2019le yeni unsurlar kazanm\u0131\u015f ve modern d\u00fcnyayla etkile\u015fim sonucunda bir sentez h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cK\u00fclt\u00fcr\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Latince \u201ccultura\u201ddan Frans\u0131zca \u201cculture\u201d yoluyla T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir; k\u00f6keninde topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleme, ekip bi\u00e7me ve \u00fcretme anlamlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cMedeniyet\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Arap\u00e7a \u201c\u015fehir\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki \u201cmed\u00eene\u201d ile ili\u015fkilidir. Bat\u0131 dillerindeki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ccivilization\u201dd\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">1.3. \u0130bn Haldun\u2019un Me\u015fruiyet Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>\u0130bn Haldun; tarih\u00e7i, sosyolog ve filozoftur. Devleti me\u015fruiyet ve i\u015fleyi\u015f bak\u0131m\u0131ndan incelemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Devletleri canl\u0131 bir organizmaya benzetmi\u015f; do\u011fma, b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve sona erme a\u015famalar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel bir yap\u0131 i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Devlet idaresini yaln\u0131zca g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesi de\u011fil, par\u00e7alar\u0131 birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir sistem olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; bir par\u00e7ada bozulma b\u00fct\u00fcn sistemi etkileyebilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Otorite T\u00fcr\u00fc<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Temel \u00d6zelli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Otorite T\u00fcr\u00fc\"><p>Tabii m\u00fclk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>\u00dcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kurma ve zor kullanmaya dayal\u0131 y\u00f6netim.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Otorite T\u00fcr\u00fc\"><p>Siyasi m\u00fclk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Toplumun d\u00fcnyevi yarar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zeten, zararlar\u0131 uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ve akl\u0131n gereklerine g\u00f6re y\u00f6netmeyi ama\u00e7layan d\u00fczen.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Otorite T\u00fcr\u00fc\"><p>Hilafet<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>D\u00fcnya ve ahiret yarar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zeten, din\u00ee d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin gereklerine g\u00f6re y\u00f6netim.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>\u0130bn Haldun, \u0130slam filozoflar\u0131n\u0131n siyasi otorite hakk\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini de ele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">1.4. Max Weber\u2019in Me\u015fruiyet Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Max Weber\u2019e g\u00f6re siyasi d\u00fczen yaln\u0131zca \u015fiddete dayanarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez; y\u00f6netilenler nezdinde bir \u201chakl\u0131l\u0131k\u201d ve \u201cr\u0131za\u201d zemini gerekir. Bu zemine me\u015fruiyet denir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-3\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:28%\"><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:36%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Otorite T\u00fcr\u00fc<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Me\u015fruiyet Dayana\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6rnek \/ Ay\u0131rt Edici Nokta<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Otorite T\u00fcr\u00fc\"><p>Geleneksel<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Me\u015fruiyet Dayana\u011f\u0131\"><p>Tarihsel s\u00fcreklilik, gelenek, \u00f6rf ve al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f inan\u00e7lar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rnek \/ Ay\u0131rt Edici Nokta\"><p>Monar\u015fi, aristokratik ve ataerkil yap\u0131lar; sadakat aile ba\u011flar\u0131, hiyerar\u015fi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klarla g\u00fc\u00e7lenir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Otorite T\u00fcr\u00fc\"><p>Karizmatik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Me\u015fruiyet Dayana\u011f\u0131\"><p>Liderin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ki\u015fisel \u00f6zelliklerine duyulan inan\u00e7<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rnek \/ Ay\u0131rt Edici Nokta\"><p>Lider kahraman, kurtar\u0131c\u0131 veya kutsal fig\u00fcr olarak alg\u0131lanabilir. Lider \u00f6l\u00fcr, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olur veya karizmas\u0131 s\u00f6nerse k\u0131r\u0131lgand\u0131r; zamanla geleneksel ya da yasal-ussal yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Otorite T\u00fcr\u00fc\"><p>Yasal-ussal (rasyonel-hukuki)<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Me\u015fruiyet Dayana\u011f\u0131\"><p>Ak\u0131l, hukuk, kurumlar ve kurallar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rnek \/ Ay\u0131rt Edici Nokta\"><p>\u0130taat ki\u015fiye de\u011fil makama ve hukuka y\u00f6neliktir. B\u00fcrokrasi, anayasal y\u00f6netim ve demokratik temsil modern ulus-devletlerde belirgindir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>\u0130bn Haldun y\u00f6netimin amac\u0131na ve dinle ili\u015fkisine; Weber ise y\u00f6netilenlerin otoriteye hangi gerek\u00e7eyle itaat etti\u011fine odaklan\u0131r. Her ikisi de yaln\u0131z zor kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 me\u015fruiyet olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul eder.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">1.5. Me\u015fruiyetin Kayna\u011f\u0131nda D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve Ayd\u0131nlanma<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>\u0130slamiyet\u2019in kabul\u00fcyle T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan getirilen T\u00fcrk devlet gelenekleri \u0130slami y\u00f6netim ilkeleriyle kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devlet gelene\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrkler devlet y\u00f6netimi, te\u015fkilatlanma ve ordu alanlar\u0131nda \u0130slam medeniyetine katk\u0131 sa\u011flarken \u0130slamiyet de T\u00fcrk devlet felsefesini etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Sanayi Devrimi \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali ise egemenlik ve me\u015fruiyet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulatan geli\u015fmeler olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcn me\u015fruiyet kayna\u011f\u0131 zamanla ilahi irade ve hanedan hakk\u0131ndan halk\u0131n iradesi, anayasa ve hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne do\u011fru de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri devlet ve toplum d\u00fczenini teolojik a\u00e7\u0131klamalardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p ak\u0131lc\u0131 temellere oturtmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Temel G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><p>John Locke<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\"><p>Me\u015fruiyetin kayna\u011f\u0131 kutsal kitap, soy, zenginlik veya m\u00fclkiyet de\u011fil; r\u0131zaya dayal\u0131 toplum s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ve halk\u0131n onay\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><p>Montesquieu<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\"><p>\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeli; kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve denge kurulmal\u0131; kral ile parlamentonun yetkileri s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 ve toplumsal kesimler temsil edilmelidir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><p>Jean-Jacques Rousseau<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\"><p>Egemenlik devredilemez ve ko\u015fulsuz bi\u00e7imde halka aittir; egemenlik, bireyin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi vazge\u00e7ilemez bir hakt\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ortak y\u00f6n\u00fc: mutlak ve ilahi egemenli\u011fi sorgulamak, halk\u0131n r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 ve hukuki s\u0131n\u0131rlamay\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131r.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-3\">2. T\u00fcrklerde Devlet Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.1. T\u00fcrk Devlet Gelene\u011finin Tarihsel S\u00fcreklili\u011fi<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>T\u00fcrkler yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te Asya, Avrupa ve Afrika\u2019da, farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalarda ve farkl\u0131 etnik unsurlar \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da devlet kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalar ve toplumlarla temas, T\u00fcrk devletlerinin y\u00f6netiminde hem ortak \u00f6zellikler hem de d\u00f6nemlere g\u00f6re farkl\u0131la\u015fan uygulamalar meydana getirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kaynakta Kullan\u0131lan D\u00f6nemlendirme<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kapsam<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Kaynakta Kullan\u0131lan D\u00f6nemlendirme\"><p>Ka\u011fanl\u0131klar D\u00f6nemi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kapsam\"><p>\u0130skitlerden ba\u015flayarak Karahanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni de i\u00e7ine alan d\u00f6nem.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kaynakta Kullan\u0131lan D\u00f6nemlendirme\"><p>Sultanl\u0131klar D\u00f6nemi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kapsam\"><p>Gazneli ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu devletlerinden T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne uzanan geni\u015f tarihsel evre.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kaynakta Kullan\u0131lan D\u00f6nemlendirme\"><p>Cumhuriyetler D\u00f6nemi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kapsam\"><p>T\u00fcrkiye, KKTC ve Orta Asya T\u00fcrk cumhuriyetlerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 modern d\u00f6nem.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>\u201cKa\u011fanl\u0131klar-Sultanl\u0131klar-Cumhuriyetler\u201d \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ayr\u0131m\u0131, kaynakta kullan\u0131lan bir tarihsel s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmad\u0131r. MEB tarih \u00f6\u011fretiminde tek ve zorunlu d\u00f6nemlendirme olarak kabul edilmez.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.2. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Ya\u015fama \u00dclk\u00fcs\u00fc ve T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>T\u00fcrkler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ve te\u015fkilatlanmaya \u00f6nem vermi\u015f; Do\u011fu\/Japon Denizi\u2019nden Ren Nehri\u2019ne, Rus steplerinden Hindistan\u2019a, Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndan Sudan ve Fas\u2019a uzanan geni\u015f alanlarda devletler kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131 yaln\u0131z T\u00fcrkiye ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir; ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devletler, \u00f6zerk cumhuriyetler\/b\u00f6lgeler ve farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131 geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyada varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Kaynak haritas\u0131, T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 \u201cBa\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z T\u00fcrk Devletleri\u201d, \u201cT\u00fcrk Cumhuriyetleri ve T\u00fcrk B\u00f6lgeleri\u201d ile \u201cT\u00fcrk Topluluklar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Haritada \u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan Kategori<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6rnekler<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Haritada \u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan Kategori\"><p>Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z T\u00fcrk devletleri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rnekler\"><p>Kaynak haritas\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye, Azerbaycan, Kazakistan, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan, \u00d6zbekistan, T\u00fcrkmenistan ve KKTC bu geni\u015f kategori i\u00e7inde g\u00f6sterilmektedir; uluslararas\u0131 tan\u0131nma stat\u00fclerinin ayn\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat edilmelidir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Haritada \u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan Kategori\"><p>T\u00fcrk cumhuriyetleri \/ b\u00f6lgeleri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rnekler\"><p>Gagavuz Yeri, Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya, Kabardin-Balkarya, Da\u011f\u0131stan, \u00c7uva\u015fistan, Tataristan, Ba\u015fkurdistan, Karakalpakistan, Altay, Hakasya; ayr\u0131ca K\u0131r\u0131m, Tuva, Saha (Yakut), Sincan Uygur ve Nah\u00e7\u0131van gibi b\u00f6lgeler.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Haritada \u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan Kategori\"><p>T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rnekler\"><p>Avrupa\u2019daki T\u00fcrkler; Kosova, Yunanistan, Bulgaristan, Romanya T\u00fcrkleri; Suriye ve Irak T\u00fcrkmenleri; \u0130ran T\u00fcrkleri; Afganistan, Pakistan ve Hindistan T\u00fcrkmenleri; \u00c7in, Mo\u011folistan ve Rusya Federasyonu\u2019ndaki T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>Kaynak haritas\u0131 T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve siyasi stat\u00fcleri farkl\u0131 topluluklarla birlikte g\u00f6sterir. KKTC\u2019nin uluslararas\u0131 tan\u0131nma durumu di\u011fer ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z T\u00fcrk devletlerinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r; siyasi stat\u00fcler ayn\u0131 kabul edilmemelidir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.3. O\u011fuz Ka\u011fan Destan\u0131 ve Cihan H\u00e2kimiyeti Mefk\u00fbresi<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>O\u011fuz Ka\u011fan Destan\u0131, T\u00fcrk devlet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda ve sonraki nesillere aktar\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli s\u00f6zl\u00fc kaynaklardan biridir.<\/li>\n<li>Destanda O\u011fuz Ka\u011fan T\u00fcrklerin ilk atas\u0131 ve sonraki h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlara rol model olan h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak kabul edilir; soyuna kutsall\u0131k atfedilir.<\/li>\n<li>Cihan h\u00e2kimiyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi yaln\u0131z bir s\u00f6ylem olarak kalmaz; O\u011fuz\u2019un seferleri ve zaferleriyle d\u00fcnya devleti kurma \u00fclk\u00fcs\u00fc somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>O\u011fuz\u2019un d\u00fcnya h\u00e2kimiyetini sa\u011flayan g\u00fcc\u00fcn birinci temeli Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan verilen kut, ikinci temeli ise kutu korumakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kutu korumak; ilahi buyru\u011fa uygun davranmak, adaletli olmak, toplumun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak ve halk\u0131 ortak hedef etraf\u0131nda birle\u015ftirmekle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130deal h\u00fck\u00fcmdar cesur, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve te\u015fkilat\u00e7\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda adaletli ve halk\u0131n refah\u0131ndan sorumlu olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>Cihan h\u00e2kimiyeti, T\u00fcrk devlet gelene\u011finde yaln\u0131z fetih arzusunu de\u011fil; d\u00fczen kurma, halk\u0131 koruma ve adalet sa\u011flama sorumlulu\u011funu da ifade eden bir ideal olarak i\u015flenmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.4. T\u00fcrk Devlet Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftiren Unsurlar<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Ya\u015fan\u0131lan co\u011frafya ve bozk\u0131r \u015fartlar\u0131<\/li>\n<li>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi; h\u0131z, hareketlilik ve \u00e7abuk \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme<\/li>\n<li>Yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7i\u015f ve \u015fehirle\u015fme<\/li>\n<li>\u0130slamiyet\u2019in kabul\u00fc ve \u0130slami kurumlarla kayna\u015fma<\/li>\n<li>Farkl\u0131 millet ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerle ili\u015fkiler<\/li>\n<li>\u0130mparatorluk tecr\u00fcbesi ve b\u00fcrokrasinin geli\u015fmesi<\/li>\n<li>Modernle\u015fme, Bat\u0131\u2019yla yo\u011fun etkile\u015fim, anayasa ve halk egemenli\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrk devlet felsefesinin temel kaynaklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 ile O\u011fuz Ka\u011fan Destan\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar; \u0130slamiyet sonras\u0131nda bu miras \u0130slami unsurlarla kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-4\">3. Devleti Olu\u015fturan Unsurlar ve Toplumsal Te\u015fkilatlanma<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.1. Aileden Devlete: Ogu\u015f, Urug, Bod, Budun, \u0130l<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>T\u00fcrk devlet felsefesini \u015fekillendiren \u00f6nemli unsurlardan biri ya\u015fanan co\u011frafya ve ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imidir. Bozk\u0131r ve konarg\u00f6\u00e7er hayat, hareketli ve dayan\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 bir siyasi-toplumsal yap\u0131 do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Aile, T\u00fcrk toplumunun g\u00fc\u00e7 merkezi ve devletin en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6rne\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Basamak<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Anlam\u0131 \/ \u0130\u015flevi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Basamak\"><p>Ogu\u015f<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131 \/ \u0130\u015flevi\"><p>Aile; sosyal te\u015fkilatlanman\u0131n en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Basamak\"><p>Urug<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131 \/ \u0130\u015flevi\"><p>Aileler birli\u011fi \/ oba.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Basamak\"><p>Bod (Boy)<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131 \/ \u0130\u015flevi\"><p>Uruglar\u0131n birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fan boy veya kabile.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Basamak\"><p>Budun \/ Bodun<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131 \/ \u0130\u015flevi\"><p>Boylar birli\u011fi; millet.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Basamak\"><p>\u0130l<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131 \/ \u0130\u015flevi\"><p>Budun ve boylar\u0131n i\u015f birli\u011fiyle olu\u015fan, ordusu ve merkez\u00ee idaresi bulunan devlet.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Boylar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren, hak ve adaleti g\u00f6zeten, boyun \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyan ve gerekti\u011finde silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanabilen beyler bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc aile ba\u011flar\u0131, dayan\u0131\u015fma ve d\u00fczenli \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme T\u00fcrklerin farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalarda h\u0131zl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde devlet kurmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Toplumsal te\u015fkilatlanma s\u0131ras\u0131: Ogu\u015f \u2192 Urug \u2192 Bod (Boy) \u2192 Budun \u2192 \u0130l. S\u0131ralama sorular\u0131nda basamaklar\u0131n yerini kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131n.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.2. Boylar Birli\u011fi Sisteminin G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve Zay\u0131f Y\u00f6nleri<\/h3>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:50%\"><col style=\"width:50%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Olumlu Y\u00f6nler<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Olumsuz Y\u00f6nler<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Birlik ve dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Boylar aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu Y\u00f6nler\"><p>H\u0131zl\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve seferberlik sa\u011flar.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Merkez\u00ee otorite zay\u0131flayabilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Savunma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Boy beyleri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket edebilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Geni\u015f alanlarda te\u015fkilatlanmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Birli\u011fin bozulmas\u0131 devletin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131na veya y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019nda ka\u011fanlar\u0131n boylar\u0131 bir arada tutmaya ve t\u00f6reye uymaya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmas\u0131, siyasi birli\u011fin devletin devam\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemini g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.3. \u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerde Devletin Temel Unsurlar\u0131<\/h3>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Unsur<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>A\u00e7\u0131klama<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Unsur\"><p>Oks\u0131zl\u0131k (\u0130stiklal)<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Ba\u015fka bir devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 olmadan tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ya\u015fama anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131. Bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hayati bir ihtiya\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f; T\u00fcrkleri gittikleri yerlerde siyasi birlik kurmaya y\u00f6neltmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Unsur\"><p>Ulu\u015f (\u00dclke)<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n egemenlik yetkisini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafi alan. \u00dclke h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ailesinin \u015fahsi m\u00fclk\u00fc de\u011fil, milletin ortak topra\u011f\u0131 say\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; hem halk\u0131 hem \u00fclkeyi kapsayan siyasi-toplumsal bir kavram olmu\u015ftur.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Unsur\"><p>K\u00fcn (Halk)<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>T\u00fcrk toplumunda halk, devletin pasif unsuru de\u011fildir. Ki\u015fisel hak ve ekonomik serbestlik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi; kat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fla\u015fmadan \u00e7ok dayan\u0131\u015fma ve g\u00f6rev payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Unsur\"><p>T\u00f6re<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n g\u00f6revlerini, halk\u0131n taleplerini, sosyal hayat\u0131 ve ceza h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini d\u00fczenleyen hukuk kurallar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc. H\u0131z, disiplin ve adalet ihtiyac\u0131ndan beslenmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Unsur\"><p>Ordu<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Boylar\u0131 ortak emir-komuta zincirinde birle\u015ftiren, devletin siyasi birli\u011fini ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyan temel kurum. Onlu sistem ve ordu-millet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 bu yap\u0131n\u0131n merkezindedir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Unsur\"><p>\u0130l<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Ordusu ve merkez\u00ee idaresi bulunan, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funda budun ve boylar\u0131n i\u015f birli\u011fiyle olu\u015fan devlet.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Oks\u0131zl\u0131k = ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k; ulu\u015f = \u00fclke; k\u00fcn = halk; t\u00f6re = hukuk; il = devlet. Bu kavramlar \u201cdevletin temel unsurlar\u0131\u201d ba\u011flam\u0131nda birlikte sorulabilir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-5\">4. T\u00fcrklerde Me\u015fruiyetin Kayna\u011f\u0131: Kut Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.1. Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk Devlet Felsefesi<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti d\u00f6neminde Bilge Ka\u011fan, K\u00fcl Tigin ve Bilge Vezir Tonyukuk ad\u0131na dikilen Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131, T\u00fcrk tarihinin ve T\u00fcrk dilinin bilinen en eski temel yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yaz\u0131tlar bug\u00fcn Mo\u011folistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indedir ve \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ilk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yaz\u0131l\u0131 metinler aras\u0131nda kabul edilir.<\/li>\n<li>Devlet ve y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar-halk sorumluluklar\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k tutkusu, kut ve adalet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi hakk\u0131nda do\u011frudan bilgiler verir.<\/li>\n<li>Bumin Ka\u011fan ve \u0130stemi Ka\u011fan; bilgili ve cesur y\u00f6neticiler olarak anlat\u0131l\u0131r, devleti ve t\u00f6reyi d\u00fczenledikleri vurgulan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bilge Ka\u011fan kendi y\u00f6netimini Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n verdi\u011fi kutla a\u00e7\u0131klar; milleti i\u00e7in gece uyumad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz oturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, seferlerle halk\u0131 toparlay\u0131p besledi\u011fini belirtir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\u2605 D\u00fczeltme: <\/strong>Kaynak Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan \u201csiyasetname t\u00fcr\u00fc\u201d olarak adland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Akademik olarak yaz\u0131tlar daha \u00e7ok hitabet, hat\u0131rat ve siyasi \u00f6\u011f\u00fct niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan kitabeler kabul edilir; devlet felsefesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan siyasetname i\u015flevi g\u00f6sterdikleri s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.2. Kutun \u0130lahi ve Hukuki Boyutu<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk devletlerinde siyasi me\u015fruiyetin ilahi kayna\u011f\u0131 kut, hukuki kayna\u011f\u0131 t\u00f6re kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Kut anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re y\u00f6netme yetkisi G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan hanedana verilir ve hanedan \u00fcyeleri bu haktan pay al\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kut yaln\u0131zca y\u00f6netme yetkisi sa\u011flamaz; h\u00fck\u00fcmdara g\u00f6rev ve sorumluluk da y\u00fckler.<\/li>\n<li>Ka\u011fan; a\u00e7 milleti doyurmak, \u00e7\u0131plak milleti giydirmek, az milleti \u00e7o\u011faltmak, devleti ve t\u00f6reyi korumakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar g\u00f6revlerini yerine getiremezse kutun geri al\u0131nabilece\u011fine ve y\u00f6netme hakk\u0131n\u0131 kaybedebilece\u011fine inan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bu nedenle h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n ki\u015fisel ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, adaleti, halk\u0131 korumas\u0131 ve t\u00f6reye ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 me\u015fruiyetin devam\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>Kut h\u00fck\u00fcmdara yetki verir; t\u00f6re bu yetkinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar. \u201cKut var, o h\u00e2lde h\u00fck\u00fcmdar s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zd\u0131r\u201d \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-6\">5. \u0130slamiyet\u2019in Kabul\u00fcyle T\u00fcrk Devlet Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Sentez<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.1. Yerle\u015fik Hayat, Karahanl\u0131lar ve T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devlet Gelene\u011fi<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>\u0130slamiyet\u2019in kabul\u00fcyle T\u00fcrklerin devlet y\u00f6netimi, sosyal hayat ve hukuk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olmu\u015f; ancak T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan gelen gelenekler tamamen ortadan kalkmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er hayat zamanla yerle\u015fik hayata y\u00f6nelmi\u015f; \u015fehirler, kal\u0131c\u0131 kurumlar ve daha d\u00fczenli bir b\u00fcrokrasi geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130slam dininin sosyal ve hukuki h\u00fck\u00fcmleri siyasi yap\u0131ya yans\u0131m\u0131\u015f; y\u00f6netim, vergi ve hukuk i\u015fleri daha kurumsal h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Karahanl\u0131lar, T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu bir b\u00f6lgede \u0130slami \u00e7izgide siyasi ve hukuki yap\u0131 kurarak T\u00fcrk devlet gelene\u011fi ile \u0130slamiyet aras\u0131nda k\u00f6pr\u00fc olu\u015fturan ilk \u00f6nemli T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devleti \u00f6rne\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.2. Cihan H\u00e2kimiyeti, Nizam-\u0131 \u00c2lem, Cihat ve K\u0131z\u0131lelma<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Kaynakta, devletin s\u00fcreklili\u011fi fikri \u201cDevlet-i Ebed M\u00fcddet\u201d, \u0130slamiyet sonras\u0131nda d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni ideali ise \u201cNizam-\u0131 \u00c2lem\u201d kavram\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrk cihan h\u00e2kimiyeti mefk\u00fbresi \u0130slamiyet\u2019le birlikte cihat ve ilay\u0131kelimetullah d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleriyle yeni bir i\u00e7erik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015flar\u0131n yaln\u0131z toprak kazanma de\u011fil, \u0130slamiyet\u2019i yayma ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 koruma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lay\u0131kelimetullah ve K\u0131z\u0131lelma idealleri Anadolu ve Balkanlardaki ilerleyi\u015fle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015f; \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi \u00f6nemli bir sembolik \u00f6rnek say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinden sonra K\u0131z\u0131lelma idealinin Bat\u0131\u2019ya y\u00f6neldi\u011fi ve Viyana\u2019ya kadar uzanan siyasi-asker\u00ee hedeflerle ili\u015fkilendirildi\u011fi anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>\u201cDevlet-i Ebed M\u00fcddet\u201d ve \u201cNizam-\u0131 \u00c2lem\u201d, uzun s\u00fcreli T\u00fcrk devlet gelene\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan tarihsel-siyasi kavramlard\u0131r. \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk devletlerinin bu ifadeleri ayn\u0131 kelimelerle kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmemelidir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.3. Kut Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u0130slami D\u00f6nemde Devam\u0131<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Kut anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0130slamiyet\u2019le tamamen ortadan kalkmam\u0131\u015f, \u0130slami de\u011ferlerle yeniden yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Y\u00f6netme yetkisinin kayna\u011f\u0131 G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 yerine Allah olarak ifade edilmi\u015f; Karahanl\u0131, Gazneli, Sel\u00e7uklu ve Osmanl\u0131larda ilahi me\u015fruiyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devletlerinde Abbasi halifesinin manevi tan\u0131mas\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki me\u015fruiyetini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren bir unsur olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Hilat, men\u015fur, hutbe okutma ve sikke bast\u0131rma gibi h\u00e2kimiyet alametleri h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k iddias\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130slami siyaset d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n \u201cAllah\u2019\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki g\u00f6lgesi\u201d oldu\u011fu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, ilahi me\u015fruiyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin kullan\u0131lan ifadelerinden biri h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Kaynakta kut anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin son d\u00f6nemlerine kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc; padi\u015fah\u0131n y\u00f6netme yetkisinin Allah taraf\u0131ndan verildi\u011fine ve bu hakk\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 soyuna ait oldu\u011funa inan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu nedenle hanedana kutsall\u0131k atfedildi\u011fi belirtilir.<\/li>\n<li>Modernle\u015fme ve Bat\u0131 ile etkile\u015fim ilerledik\u00e7e kut temelli me\u015fruiyet gerilemi\u015f; demokrasi, anayasa, me\u015frutiyet ve cumhuriyet kavramlar\u0131 T\u00fcrk devlet felsefesinde belirleyici h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulu\u015f s\u00fcrecinde devlet felsefesi demokratik, laik ve sosyal hukuk devleti ilkeleriyle \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-3\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:28%\"><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:36%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Me\u015fruiyet kayna\u011f\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi\"><p>G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n verdi\u011fi kut<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131\"><p>Allah\u2019\u0131n verdi\u011fi y\u00f6netme yetkisi; ilk d\u00f6nemlerde halifenin manevi onay\u0131 da \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi\"><p>Kut hanedana aittir; b\u00fct\u00fcn erkek \u00fcyeler aday olabilir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131\"><p>Hanedan ilkesi s\u00fcrer; \u0130slami unvan ve semboller eklenir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>G\u00f6rev ve sorumluluk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi\"><p>T\u00f6reyi uygulamak, halk\u0131 doyurmak, devleti korumak.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131\"><p>Adalet, kamu d\u00fczeni, dini ve halk\u0131 korumak.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rma<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi\"><p>T\u00f6re, halk\u0131n deste\u011fi ve kutun kaybedilmesi.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131\"><p>\u015eer\u2019i ve \u00f6rfi hukuk, adalet ve me\u015fruiyet \u015fartlar\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.4. Kutadgu Bilig ve Siyasetname: Adalet ve Liyakat<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Kutadgu Bilig, Yusuf Has Hacib taraf\u0131ndan Hakaniye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esiyle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Karahanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemine ait siyasetname t\u00fcr\u00fcnde bir eserdir. Ad\u0131 \u201cMutluluk Veren Bilgi \/ Saadet Bilgisi\u201d anlam\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Eserde adalet, yasa, do\u011fruluk ve d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck devletin temel ilkeleri olarak vurgulan\u0131r; h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n t\u00f6reyi yaymas\u0131, d\u00fczenlemesi ve adaleti h\u00e2kim k\u0131lmas\u0131 beklenir.<\/li>\n<li>Kaynak g\u00f6rselinde Kutadgu Bilig\u2019e ait XII. y\u00fczy\u0131l el yazmas\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011finin Abdel Kader Haidara\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zel k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinde bulundu\u011fu bilgisi verilir.<\/li>\n<li>Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu veziridir; Alp Arslan ve Melik\u015fah d\u00f6nemlerinde g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f, yakla\u015f\u0131k otuz y\u0131l devlet y\u00f6netiminde etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>XI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Sultan Melik\u015fah\u2019\u0131n iste\u011fiyle yaz\u0131lan Siyasetname, T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devlet gelene\u011finin \u00f6nemli kaynaklar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Kaynak g\u00f6rselinde S\u00fcleymaniye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi Molla \u00c7elebi koleksiyonundan bir sayfa \u00f6rne\u011fi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk\u2019e g\u00f6re h\u00fck\u00fcmdar, devlet g\u00f6revlilerini tek tek se\u00e7meli; ki\u015fileri yetenek ve yeterliliklerine g\u00f6re ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olabilecekleri makamlara yerle\u015ftirmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m liyakati, adaleti ve kamu d\u00fczenini g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devlet y\u00f6netiminin temeli h\u00e2line getirir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Kutadgu Bilig \u2192 Yusuf Has Hacib \/ Karahanl\u0131lar. Siyasetname \u2192 Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk \/ B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklular \/ Melik\u015fah. Her iki eser de adaletli y\u00f6netim ve devlet d\u00fczeni a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.5. Abbasi Halifesi, H\u00e2kimiyet Sembolleri, Hilat ve Nevbet<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda halifenin manevi otoritesi, ilk T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fruiyetini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren unsurlardan biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k ve h\u00e2kimiyet sembollerinin verilmesi, bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n me\u015fruiyetinin ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 anlam\u0131nda yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bu sembollerden mahrum kalan y\u00f6neticiler me\u015fruiyet sorunu ya\u015fayabilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Gazneli Mahmud\u2019un Abbasi halifesinden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201csultan\u201d unvan\u0131 ve hilat, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k gelene\u011finin \u0130slami me\u015fruiyet sembolleriyle birle\u015fmesine \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Kaynak g\u00f6rselinde Gazneli Mahmud\u2019un h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k kaftan\u0131 giymesi, Re\u015fid\u00fcddin\u2019in C\u00e2mi\u00fc\u2019t-Tev\u00e2r\u00eeh adl\u0131 eserindeki 1305-1315 tarihli minyat\u00fcrle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Hilat; halife veya h\u00fck\u00fcmdar taraf\u0131ndan \u015fereflendirme amac\u0131yla devlet adamlar\u0131na ve baz\u0131 ki\u015filere giydirilen de\u011ferli elbisedir.<\/li>\n<li>Hilat gelene\u011finin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 Hz. Peygamber\u2019in K\u00e2\u2018b b. Z\u00fcheyr\u2019e h\u0131rkas\u0131n\u0131 arma\u011fan etmesine ba\u011flayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler vard\u0131r. Gelene\u011fin Abbasilerde kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; Emevilerden, S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eelerden veya Do\u011fu Roma\u2019dan etkilendi\u011fini savunan farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler de bulunur.<\/li>\n<li>Nevbet, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n saray\u0131 veya ota\u011f\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde asker\u00ee m\u0131z\u0131ka taraf\u0131ndan icra edilen musiki ve h\u00e2kimiyet alametidir. Hun ve G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerden itibaren g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devletlerinde ve Osmanl\u0131larda s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Nevbette b\u00fcy\u00fck davul, nefir, zurna ve zil gibi \u00e7alg\u0131lar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; b\u00fcy\u00fck davullar deve veya fil \u00fczerinde ta\u015f\u0131nabilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>Hilat = h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n verdi\u011fi\/ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feref elbisesi; nevbet = h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k alameti olarak \u00e7al\u0131nan asker\u00ee musiki; hutbe ve sikke = egemenli\u011fin ilan ve tan\u0131nma ara\u00e7lar\u0131.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.6. Tu\u011frul Bey ve Halife: Din\u00ee-Siyasi G\u00f6rev Ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Abbasi Halifesi el-K\u00e2im bi-Emrill\u00e2h, 23 Ocak 1058\u2019de Tu\u011frul Bey\u2019i kabul etmi\u015f; ona yedi iklimin sembol\u00fc olarak yedi siyah hilat giydirmi\u015f, m\u00fccevherli ta\u00e7 takm\u0131\u015f ve k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Halife, Tu\u011frul Bey\u2019i \u201cdo\u011funun ve bat\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131\u201d ilan ederek Sel\u00e7uklu h\u00e2kimiyetini din\u00ee ve sembolik a\u00e7\u0131dan tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Tu\u011frul Bey de halifeye 50.000 alt\u0131n, de\u011ferli kuma\u015flar, silahlar ve se\u00e7kin atlar sunmu\u015ftur; daha sonra halifenin k\u0131z\u0131yla evlenmesi siyasi sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n Ba\u011fdat\u2019a geli\u015fiyle halife \u015eii B\u00fcveyho\u011fullar\u0131 bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtulmu\u015f; d\u00fcnyevi y\u00f6netim sultan\u0131n, din\u00ee-manevi liderlik halifenin alan\u0131 olarak belirginle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Bu g\u00f6rev payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 y\u00f6netimde iki ba\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltm\u0131\u015f; Sel\u00e7uklu sultan\u0131n\u0131n siyasi otoritesini, halifenin ise din\u00ee sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyan bir model olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>Kaynak, Tu\u011frul Bey d\u00f6nemindeki halife-sultan g\u00f6rev ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u201claiklik fikri\u201d ile ili\u015fkilendiren bir akademik yoruma yer verir. Bu tarihsel g\u00f6rev payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, modern anayasal laiklik kavram\u0131yla birebir ayn\u0131 kabul edilmemelidir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-7\">6. Kut Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan Ekber ve Er\u015fede Veraset Sistemi<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.1. \u00dcl\u00fc\u015f Sistemi<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>\u00dcl\u00fc\u015f, \u201cpay, hisse, nasip\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. Devlet topraklar\u0131n\u0131n, ganimetlerin ve siyasi iktidar yetkisinin hanedan i\u00e7inde belirli bir d\u00fczenle payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder.<\/li>\n<li>Kut anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re y\u00f6netme hakk\u0131 tek ki\u015fiye de\u011fil hanedan\u0131n tamam\u0131na verildi\u011fi i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn erkek hanedan \u00fcyeleri h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011fa aday say\u0131labilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Taht m\u00fccadelesini kazanan aday\u0131n kut sahibi oldu\u011funu ba\u015far\u0131yla kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015f; siyasi ba\u015far\u0131 me\u015fruiyetin g\u00f6stergesi say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Sel\u00e7uklularda Melik Kavurd\u2019un defalarca taht i\u00e7in isyan etmesine ra\u011fmen karde\u015fi Alp Arslan taraf\u0131ndan affedilmesi, hanedan kan\u0131na ve kut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine y\u00fcklenen kutsiyetle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Halk i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n belirli bir hanedan \u00fcyesi olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemliydi; adaylar aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, dirayetli ve adaletli olana destek verilebilirdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:50%\"><col style=\"width:50%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Olumlu Sonu\u00e7lar<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Olumsuz Sonu\u00e7lar<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>Hanedan\u0131n y\u00f6netimdeki s\u00fcreklili\u011fini korur.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>Tahta kimin \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nceden belli de\u011fildir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve yetenekli hanedan \u00fcyesinin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n verebilir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>Taht kavgalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>Hanedan \u00fcyeleri y\u00f6netim tecr\u00fcbesi kazanabilir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>Devleti par\u00e7alanma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rakabilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>Halk, adaletli ve dirayetli aday\u0131 destekleyebilir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>Merkez\u00ee otoriteyi ve i\u00e7 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 zay\u0131flatabilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.2. Osmanl\u0131 Veraset Sistemindeki De\u011fi\u015fim<\/h3>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-4\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:25%\"><col style=\"width:25%\"><col style=\"width:25%\"><col style=\"width:25%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>D\u00f6nem \/ Padi\u015fah<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Veraset Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Temel Ama\u00e7<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Padi\u015fah\"><p>Osman Gazi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Veraset Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131\"><p>Devlet hanedan \u00fcyelerinin ortak mal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel Ama\u00e7\"><p>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk gelene\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Sonu\u00e7\"><p>Padi\u015fah de\u011fi\u015fimlerinde taht kavgalar\u0131 devam etti.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Padi\u015fah\"><p>I. Murad<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Veraset Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131\"><p>Devlet padi\u015fah ve o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n ortak mal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel Ama\u00e7\"><p>Taht \u00fczerinde hak iddia edenlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Sonu\u00e7\"><p>Merkez\u00ee otorite g\u00fc\u00e7lendi; taht kavgalar\u0131 tamamen bitmedi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Padi\u015fah\"><p>Fatih Sultan Mehmed<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Veraset Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131\"><p>Devlet padi\u015fah\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fc kabul edildi.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel Ama\u00e7\"><p>Padi\u015fah\u0131n \u015fahs\u0131nda mutlak merkez\u00ee otoriteyi ve devlet birli\u011fini korumak.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Sonu\u00e7\"><p>Nizam-\u0131 \u00c2lem ve taht kavgalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleme gerek\u00e7esiyle karde\u015f katli uygulamas\u0131 kanunla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Padi\u015fah\"><p>I. Ahmed<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Veraset Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131\"><p>Ekber ve er\u015fed: hanedan\u0131n en ya\u015fl\u0131 ve olgun \u00fcyesinin tahta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel Ama\u00e7\"><p>Padi\u015fah\u0131n kim olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha belirgin h\u00e2le getirerek taht m\u00fccadelelerini azaltmak.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Sonu\u00e7\"><p>Kafes usul\u00fc yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131; \u015fehzadelerin sancakta y\u00f6netim tecr\u00fcbesi kazanmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sona erdi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>Osman Gazi: hanedan\u0131n ortak mal\u0131 \u2192 I. Murad: padi\u015fah ve o\u011fullar\u0131 \u2192 Fatih: padi\u015fah\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fc \/ karde\u015f katli \u2192 I. Ahmed: ekber ve er\u015fed \/ kafes.<\/p><\/aside>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 verasetindeki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin ortak amac\u0131: taht kavgalar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak, devletin birli\u011fini ve merkez\u00ee otoriteyi korumakt\u0131r.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.3. \u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi ve Sonras\u0131 Veraset<\/h3>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:50%\"><col style=\"width:50%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi\"><p>Kutun G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan hanedana verildi\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131\"><p>Hanedan\u0131n y\u00f6netme hakk\u0131 s\u00fcrer; yetkinin Allah\u2019tan geldi\u011fi kabul edilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi\"><p>Hanedan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn erkek \u00fcyeleri adayd\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131\"><p>Halifenin manevi onay\u0131 ve \u0130slami h\u00e2kimiyet sembolleri \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi\"><p>\u00dcl\u00fc\u015f ve ikili te\u015fkilat uygulan\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131\"><p>Osmanl\u0131larda aday say\u0131s\u0131 zamanla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi\"><p>G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc aday m\u00fccadeleyi kazanarak kutunu kan\u0131tlar.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131\"><p>Ekber ve er\u015fed sistemiyle tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f daha belirgin h\u00e2le gelir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-8\">7. \u00dcl\u00fc\u015ften \u0130dareye \u0130kili Te\u015fkilat Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">7.1. \u0130kili Te\u015fkilat\u0131n Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>\u0130kili te\u015fkilat, geni\u015f \u00fclkenin do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 olmak \u00fczere iki kanat h\u00e2linde, tek h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda y\u00f6netilmesidir.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fu kanad\u0131nda ka\u011fan bulunur ve merkez\u00ee otoriteyi temsil eder. Bat\u0131 kanad\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ka\u011fan\u0131n karde\u015fi veya o\u011flu taraf\u0131ndan \u201cyabgu\u201d unvan\u0131yla y\u00f6netilir.<\/li>\n<li>Bat\u0131 kanad\u0131 i\u00e7 i\u015flerinde belirli serbestli\u011fe sahip olsa da do\u011fudaki ka\u011fana ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrk inan\u00e7 sisteminde do\u011fuya \u00f6zel \u00f6nem verilmi\u015f; merkez ve ka\u011fan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu as\u0131l kanat genellikle do\u011fu olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130kili te\u015fkilat, \u00fcl\u00fc\u015f sisteminin devlet \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine yans\u0131yan en belirgin kurumsal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/li>\n<li>Asya Hun, I. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk ve Uygur devletlerinde ikili te\u015fkilat uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avrupa Hunlar\u0131nda sistem tam uygulanmam\u0131\u015f; Attila ve Bleda bir s\u00fcre devleti birlikte y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Karahanl\u0131lar, \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi gelene\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve do\u011fu-bat\u0131 \u015feklinde ikili te\u015fkilatla y\u00f6netilen son T\u00fcrk devleti olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Karahanl\u0131larda do\u011fuda b\u00fcy\u00fck hakan Eb\u00fb Nasr Ahmed b. Ali, bat\u0131da ona ba\u011fl\u0131 Nasr b. Ali \u00f6rne\u011fi verilir; bat\u0131 M\u00e2ver\u00e2\u00fcnnehir ve Fergana \u00e7evresini y\u00f6netmi\u015f, vilayetlerde hanedan \u00fcyeleri, naipler ve valiler g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Semerkant C\u00e2fer Tegin\u2019e verilmi\u015f, Buhara\u2019ya vali atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:50%\"><col style=\"width:50%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Olumlu Y\u00f6nler<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Olumsuz Y\u00f6nler<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Geni\u015f topraklar\u0131n y\u00f6netimini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 aras\u0131nda yetki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Yerel sorunlara daha h\u0131zl\u0131 m\u00fcdahale sa\u011flar.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Yabgu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket edebilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Bat\u0131 kanad\u0131na kontroll\u00fc y\u00f6netim serbestli\u011fi verir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Hanedan \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda rekabeti art\u0131rabilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Asker\u00ee ve siyasi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirebilir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz Y\u00f6nler\"><p>Devletin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesine zemin haz\u0131rlayabilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>\u00dcl\u00fc\u015f = iktidar ve \u00fclkenin hanedan i\u00e7inde payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ilkesi; ikili te\u015fkilat = bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n do\u011fu-bat\u0131 \u015feklindeki idari \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-9\">8. Devlet Y\u00f6netiminin Hukuki Dayanaklar\u0131: T\u00f6reden Kanuna<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.1. T\u00f6renin \u00dcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>T\u00f6re, ka\u011fan d\u00e2hil toplumun tamam\u0131n\u0131n uymas\u0131 gereken hukuk ve d\u00fczen kurallar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>E\u015fitlik ve adalet ilkelerine uygun t\u00f6re, hem ka\u011fan\u0131n iktidar\u0131n\u0131n hem de devletin s\u00fcreklili\u011finin temel ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00f6renin devletten bile \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc; t\u00f6resini kaybeden bir toplumun siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da kaybedece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ka\u011fan halka kar\u015f\u0131 sorumludur ve icraatlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak durumundad\u0131r. T\u00f6reye uymayan veya ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olan h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n g\u00f6revini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrememesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmez, donmu\u015f kal\u0131plar de\u011fildir; \u00e7evreye ve zamana g\u00f6re yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmler eklenebilir. Ancak bu t\u00fcr d\u00fczenlemelerde meclisin onay\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir.<\/li>\n<li>Ka\u011fan insan\u00fcst\u00fc ve sorumsuz bir otorite de\u011fildir. Kutla verilen yetki; halk\u0131n refah\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flama, g\u00fcvenlik-g\u0131da-bar\u0131nma ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama ve t\u00f6reye uyma sorumlulu\u011fuyla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n \u201ca\u00e7 milleti doyurma, \u00e7\u0131plak milleti giydirme, fakir milleti zengin etme\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u201cdevlet halk i\u00e7indir\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7in\u2019in G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Ka\u011fan\u0131 \u0130\u015fbara\u2019dan \u00c7in adetlerini benimsemesini istemesi \u00fczerine \u0130\u015fbara\u2019n\u0131n eski gelenekleri de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yetmeyece\u011fini bildirmesi, t\u00f6renin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n keyf\u00ee iradesinin \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Eski T\u00fcrk devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmdar s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z de\u011fildir: kut + t\u00f6re + halka kar\u015f\u0131 sorumluluk. Bu yap\u0131 \u201chukukla ba\u011fl\u0131 y\u00f6netim\u201d fikrinin tarihsel \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.2. \u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131 \u015eer\u2019i ve \u00d6rfi Hukuk<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>\u0130slamiyet\u2019in kabul\u00fcnden sonra T\u00fcrkler, din\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmayan t\u00f6re kurallar\u0131n\u0131 tamamen terk etmemi\u015f; bunlar\u0131 \u0130slami hukukla birlikte s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Karahanl\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde \u0130slamiyet yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e2lim yeti\u015fmi\u015f, din\u00ee eserler artm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130slami hukuk kurallar\u0131 y\u00f6netimde uygulanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Sel\u00e7uklular T\u00fcrk devlet gelene\u011fini \u0130slam hukukuyla sentezlemi\u015f; \u015fer\u2019i ve \u00f6rfi hukuku birlikte kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Hukuk Alan\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Konular \/ \u00d6zellikler<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Hukuk Alan\u0131\"><p>\u015eer\u2019i hukuk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Konular \/ \u00d6zellikler\"><p>Kur\u2019an, s\u00fcnnet ve f\u0131k\u0131h h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine dayan\u0131r. Evlenme, bo\u015fanma, miras, vak\u0131f, bor\u00e7lar gibi ki\u015fisel ve din\u00ee konular; davalara kad\u0131lar bakar.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Hukuk Alan\u0131\"><p>\u00d6rfi hukuk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Konular \/ \u00d6zellikler\"><p>Devletin i\u015fleyi\u015fi, kamu d\u00fczeni, vergi, ordu, idare ve maliye gibi alanlarda; \u015feriat\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcm koymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya y\u00f6netimin esneklik gerektirdi\u011fi konularda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kanun, kanunname, siyaset-i \u015fer\u2019iyye gibi adlarla an\u0131labilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklularla T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131 yerel \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki yap\u0131dan geni\u015f b\u00fcrokratik ve kurumsal imparatorluk d\u00fczenine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Kaynakta Ulu\u011f Bey\u2019in \u201cbir\u00e7ok i\u015fte yasa ve t\u00f6reye ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, eski hukuk gelene\u011finin \u0130slamiyet sonras\u0131nda da i\u015flevini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesine \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilir.<\/li>\n<li>Kad\u0131lar yaln\u0131z h\u00e2kim de\u011fil, bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde m\u00fclki idareyle ili\u015fkili g\u00f6revliler olarak da rol alm\u0131\u015f; kararlar\u0131n\u0131n hukuka uygunlu\u011fu devlet me\u015fruiyetinin g\u00fcvencesi say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.3. Osmanl\u0131larda Kanun ve Kanunnameler<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 \u00f6rfi hukukunda padi\u015fahlar\u0131n idari, mali, cezai ve di\u011fer alanlardaki emir ve fermanlar\u0131 bir araya getirilerek kanunnameler haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6rfi hukukun kanunname h\u00e2line gelmesi Fatih Sultan Mehmed d\u00f6neminde istikrar kazanm\u0131\u015f; II. Bayezid, Yavuz Sultan Selim ve Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman d\u00f6nemlerinde olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 kanunlar\u0131 T\u00fcrk, \u0130slam, Abbasi, \u0130lhanl\u0131 ve eski \u0130ran y\u00f6netim tecr\u00fcbelerinden yararlanm\u0131\u015f; \u00f6nceki devletlerin b\u00f6lgesel d\u00fczenleme ve vergi uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 yeni yap\u0131ya uyarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kanunname T\u00fcr\u00fc<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6zelli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Kanunname T\u00fcr\u00fc\"><p>Padi\u015fah h\u00fck\u00fcmleri \u015feklindeki kanunnameler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Belirli idari ihtiya\u00e7lar i\u00e7in ferman veya berat bi\u00e7iminde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r; vali ve kad\u0131lara uygulanmak \u00fczere g\u00f6nderilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kanunname T\u00fcr\u00fc\"><p>Sancak kanunnameleri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>B\u00f6lgesel d\u00fczenlemeleri ve vergileri belirler. \u0130lhanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u201ckanun-\u0131 memleket\u201d defterleri ve daha eski Abbasi-\u0130ran gelene\u011fiyle ili\u015fkilidir; padi\u015fah tu\u011fras\u0131yla onaylan\u0131r ve mufassal tahrir defterlerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda yer al\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kanunname T\u00fcr\u00fc\"><p>Belirli gruplarla ilgili kanunnameler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Belirli b\u00f6lgelerde devlete hizmet eden reaya gruplar\u0131 gibi \u00f6zel kesimler i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kanunname T\u00fcr\u00fc\"><p>Devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131 kanunnameleri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Saray, h\u00fck\u00fcmet, protokol, yetki ili\u015fkileri, r\u00fctbe, terfi, \u00fccret, emeklilik ve cezalar\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Fatih\u2019in te\u015fkilat kanunnamesi kaynakta bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak verilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kanunname T\u00fcr\u00fc\"><p>Genel kanunnameler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Devletin b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgelerinde uygulanmak \u00fczere d\u00fczenlenir; Fatih\u2019in reaya kanunnamesi sonraki genel d\u00fczenlemelere temel olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Kanun yapman\u0131n temel amac\u0131 devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131, g\u00f6revlilerin yetkilerini, vergileri ve halk\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini belirlemek; d\u00fczen, adalet ve uygulama birli\u011fi sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.4. Tanzimat ve Islahat Fermanlar\u0131: Hukuk Devletine Do\u011fru<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>1839 Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan, 1856 Islahat Ferman\u0131 ile devam eden ve 1876 I. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131na kadar uzanan s\u00fcre\u00e7 Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kanun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde geleneksel yap\u0131dan modern devlet yap\u0131s\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir a\u015fama olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 3 Kas\u0131m 1839\u2019da Hariciye Naz\u0131r\u0131 Koca Mustafa Re\u015fid Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan okunmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Tanzimat Ferman\u0131, mutlak iktidar\u0131n yetkilerini s\u0131n\u0131rlayan ve evrensel hukuk normlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karan yeni d\u00fczenlemeler getirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Can, mal ve namus g\u00fcvenli\u011fi; ki\u015fi dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131; a\u00e7\u0131k yarg\u0131lama; kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik ve yarg\u0131lanmadan ceza verilememesi ilkeleri devlet g\u00fcvencesi alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fcsadere usul\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet ve miras hakk\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015f; M\u00fcslim ve gayrim\u00fcslimlerin mal edinme ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na b\u0131rakma hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Firardaki ki\u015finin mal\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcsadere edilmemesi ve su\u00e7undan dolay\u0131 miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fclkiyet g\u00fcvencesi insanlar\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131m, \u00fcretim, ticaret ve birikim iste\u011fini art\u0131rabilecek; devlete g\u00fcven ve ekonomik canl\u0131l\u0131k \u00fczerinde olumlu etki olu\u015fturabilecek bir geli\u015fmedir.<\/li>\n<li>Islahat Ferman\u0131, Hristiyan ve di\u011fer gayrim\u00fcslimlere din ve mezhep se\u00e7me, ibadetlerini serbest\u00e7e yerine getirme ve tacize u\u011framama g\u00fcvenceleri tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Mezhep, dil veya cinsiyet ayr\u0131m\u0131na dayanan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcc\u00fc ifadelerin resm\u00ee yaz\u0131\u015fmalarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenleme getirilmi\u015f; Osmanl\u0131 uyru\u011fundaki herkesin milliyet fark\u0131 olmadan devlet memuru olabilmesi ve atamalarda liyakat esas\u0131 vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.5. T\u00f6re ve Kanunun Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/h3>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-3\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:28%\"><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:36%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>T\u00f6re<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kanun<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Yaz\u0131l\u0131 olma<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"T\u00f6re\"><p>\u00c7o\u011funlukla yaz\u0131s\u0131z; gelenek ve uygulamalara dayan\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kanun\"><p>Yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r; ferman ve kanunnamelerde toplan\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"T\u00f6re\"><p>Ka\u011fan d\u00e2hil toplumun tamam\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011flar.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kanun\"><p>Devlet g\u00f6revlileri ve halk i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Yapt\u0131r\u0131m<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"T\u00f6re\"><p>Toplumsal, siyasi ve cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7erir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kanun\"><p>Resm\u00ee yarg\u0131 ve devlet g\u00fcc\u00fcyle uygulan\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>De\u011fi\u015ftirilebilirlik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"T\u00f6re\"><p>\u0130htiyaca g\u00f6re meclis onay\u0131yla yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmler eklenebilir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kanun\"><p>Yetkili y\u00f6netim taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir ve yenilenebilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-10\">9. T\u00fcrklerde \u0130sti\u015fare K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc: Toydan Divana<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">9.1. Toy \/ Kurultay<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk devletlerinde en y\u00fcksek karar alma ve dan\u0131\u015fma organ\u0131na toy veya kurultay denmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Siyasi, asker\u00ee, ekonomik ve sosyal konular burada g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f; ka\u011fan\u0131n otoritesi boy beylerinin r\u0131zas\u0131yla birle\u015ftirilerek siyasi me\u015fruiyet g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Kurultay \u00fcyelerine \u201ctoygun\u201d denir. Ka\u011fan toplant\u0131ya ba\u015fkanl\u0131k eder; hatun da kurultaya kat\u0131labilir.<\/li>\n<li>Boy liderleri, hanedan \u00fcyeleri, y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli askerler ve teginler kurultayda yer al\u0131r. Ka\u011fan yoksa ayguc\u0131 denilen vezirler toplant\u0131ya ba\u015fkanl\u0131k edebilir.<\/li>\n<li>Kaynakta \u015faman veya bak\u015f\u0131 denilen din g\u00f6revlilerinin kurultay \u00fcyesi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>Din g\u00f6revlilerinin kurultay \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda yer almamas\u0131, siyasi karar organ\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan din adamlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Bunu modern anlamdaki \u201claiklik\u201d veya kesin bir din-devlet ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birebir \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmek do\u011fru de\u011fildir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kurultay\u0131n G\u00f6rev ve Yetkileri<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>A\u00e7\u0131klama<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Kurultay\u0131n G\u00f6rev ve Yetkileri\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar se\u00e7imi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Yeni ka\u011fana karar vermek veya mevcut ka\u011fan\u0131n me\u015fruiyetini onaylamak.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kurultay\u0131n G\u00f6rev ve Yetkileri\"><p>T\u00f6re d\u00fczenlemesi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>T\u00f6re kurallar\u0131n\u0131 koymak, de\u011fi\u015ftirmek veya g\u00fcncellemek.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kurultay\u0131n G\u00f6rev ve Yetkileri\"><p>Ekonomi ve vergi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Hayvan say\u0131m\u0131, vergi d\u00fczenlemeleri ve ekonomik planlama.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kurultay\u0131n G\u00f6rev ve Yetkileri\"><p>Y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Vatana ihanet gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck su\u00e7lar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek ve karara ba\u011flamak.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kurultay\u0131n G\u00f6rev ve Yetkileri\"><p>Sava\u015f ve bar\u0131\u015f<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Ordu stratejileri, fetih kararlar\u0131 ve diplomatik antla\u015fmalar\u0131 onaylamak.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Kurultay\u0131n G\u00f6rev ve Yetkileri\"><p>Devlet y\u00f6netimi ve denetim<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Genel asayi\u015f, boylar aras\u0131 ili\u015fkiler ve devletin gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 denetlemek.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>Kurultay, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc dengeleyen ve isti\u015fareyi kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131ran bir kontrol mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r; ka\u011fan\u0131n tek ba\u015f\u0131na keyf\u00ee karar vermesini s\u0131n\u0131rlar.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">9.2. Toydan Divana Kurumsal S\u00fcreklilik<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesinde toy ve kurultay gelene\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131, \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki divan te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde benimsemelerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. \u00d6mer d\u00f6neminde idari, asker\u00ee ve mali i\u015flerin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc divan te\u015fkilat\u0131, S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee, Do\u011fu Roma ve T\u00fcrk devlet gelenekleriyle etkile\u015fim i\u00e7inde geli\u015fmi\u015f; Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde en olgun bi\u00e7imlerinden birine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kurultaydaki isti\u015fare k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 Div\u00e2n-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2yununda farkl\u0131 kurum ve unvanlarla devam etmi\u015f; boy beylerinin yerini vezirler ve pa\u015falar alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Karahanl\u0131larda b\u00fcy\u00fck divana \u201cMeclis-i \u00c2l\u00ee\u201d denmi\u015f ve alt birimler olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Gazneliler merkez te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirerek \u201cDivan-\u0131 Vezaret\u201d ve ona ba\u011fl\u0131 alt divanlar\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Sel\u00e7uklularda Divan-\u0131 \u00c2l\u00e2 devletin en y\u00fcksek y\u00f6netim organlar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015f; ba\u015f\u0131nda vezir bulunmu\u015f ve merkezdeki b\u00fcy\u00fck memurlar toplant\u0131lara kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131ndaki B\u00fcy\u00fck Divan \/ Divan-\u0131 Saltanat, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Divan-\u0131 \u00c2l\u00e2s\u0131na benzer; genellikle Sahib-i Divan denilen vezir, bazen h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ba\u015fkanl\u0131k eder; tu\u011frainin g\u00f6revi \u00f6nemlidir.<\/li>\n<li>Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk, eski \u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n haftada iki g\u00fcn halk\u0131n \u015fik\u00e2yetlerini do\u011frudan dinleme gelene\u011fini adalet \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak g\u00f6stermi\u015f; bu uygulaman\u0131n T\u00fcrk devlet gelene\u011fiyle de uyumlu oldu\u011fu kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">9.3. Div\u00e2n-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2yun<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 Div\u00e2n-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2yunu, \u00f6nceki \u0130slam devletlerindeki merkez divanlar\u0131n\u0131n en geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6rneklerinden biridir.<\/li>\n<li>Devletin en \u00fcst siyasi ve idari karar organ\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 i\u015flevi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f; \u00f6rfi hukukun \u015fekillenmesinde etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta her g\u00fcn toplanan divan, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren haftada d\u00f6rt, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren haftada iki g\u00fcn toplanm\u0131\u015f; XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00f6nem ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yo\u011funlu\u011fu azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Toplant\u0131 sonras\u0131nda divan \u00fcyelerinin padi\u015faha bilgi vermek ve onay almak i\u00e7in huzura \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na \u201carza \u00e7\u0131kmak\u201d denmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Divan\u0131n toplant\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131, sadrazam\u0131n ve di\u011fer b\u00fcrokratik kurumlar\u0131n devlet i\u015flerinde daha etkili h\u00e2le geldi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-3\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:28%\"><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:36%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Toy \/ Kurultay<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Divan<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Temel i\u015flev<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Toy \/ Kurultay\"><p>En y\u00fcksek dan\u0131\u015fma ve karar meclisi.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Divan\"><p>Siyasi, idari, mali ve hukuki i\u015fleri y\u00fcr\u00fcten merkez kurumu.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n durumu<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Toy \/ Kurultay\"><p>Ka\u011fan ba\u015fkanl\u0131k eder; yoklu\u011funda ayguc\u0131 y\u00f6netebilir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Divan\"><p>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta h\u00fck\u00fcmdar; zamanla vezir veya sadrazam ba\u015fkanl\u0131k eder.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>\u00dcyeler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Toy \/ Kurultay\"><p>Ka\u011fan, hatun, boy beyleri, hanedan \u00fcyeleri, komutanlar ve teginler.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Divan\"><p>Vezirler ve \u00fcst d\u00fczey devlet g\u00f6revlileri.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Toplanma<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Toy \/ Kurultay\"><p>\u00d6nemli devlet meselelerinde.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Divan\"><p>Osmanl\u0131da \u00f6nce her g\u00fcn, sonra haftada d\u00f6rt ve iki g\u00fcn.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Karar s\u00fcreci<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Toy \/ Kurultay\"><p>\u0130sti\u015fare ve boy beylerinin r\u0131zas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Divan\"><p>Konular g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr; \u00f6nemli kararlar h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n onay\u0131na sunulur.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-11\">10. T\u00fcrklerde Y\u00f6netim: Monar\u015fiden Cumhuriyete<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">10.1. Y\u00f6netim \u015eekilleri<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Y\u00f6netim modelleri, siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fc kullanan ki\u015fi veya grup ile y\u00f6neticinin i\u015fba\u015f\u0131na geli\u015f \u015fekline g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Y\u00f6netim \u015eekli<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Temel \u00d6zellik<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Y\u00f6netim \u015eekli\"><p>Monar\u015fi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zellik\"><p>Egemenli\u011fin tek ki\u015fide topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netimdir. Yetki \u00e7o\u011funlukla soya dayan\u0131r; me\u015fruiyet hanedan veya ilahi kayna\u011fa ba\u011flanabilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Y\u00f6netim \u015eekli\"><p>Aristokrasi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zellik\"><p>Egemenli\u011fin soylu ve imtiyazl\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netimdir; ayr\u0131cal\u0131k asil soya dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Y\u00f6netim \u015eekli\"><p>Oligar\u015fi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zellik\"><p>Egemenli\u011fin asker\u00ee, din\u00ee veya ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc elinde tutan dar bir \u00e7evrede topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netimdir. Aristokrasiden farkl\u0131 olarak soyluluk zorunlu de\u011fildir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Y\u00f6netim \u015eekli\"><p>Cumhuriyet<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zellik\"><p>Egemenli\u011fin halka\/millete ait oldu\u011fu, y\u00f6neticilerin belirli s\u00fcreler i\u00e7in se\u00e7ildi\u011fi y\u00f6netim \u015feklidir; y\u00f6neticiler yetkilerini anayasadan al\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Cumhuriyet ile demokrasi ayn\u0131 kavram de\u011fildir. Bir cumhuriyet demokratik veya antidemokratik olabilir; ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde anayasal bir monar\u015fi demokratik \u00f6zellik g\u00f6sterebilir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Demokratik y\u00f6netim i\u00e7in yaln\u0131z \u201ccumhuriyet\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 yeterli de\u011fildir; \u00f6zg\u00fcr se\u00e7im, ger\u00e7ek temsil, temel haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u015fartlar da gerekir.<\/li>\n<li>Monar\u015fide h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu g\u00f6revde kalmas\u0131 s\u00fcreklilik ve tecr\u00fcbe sa\u011flayabilir; ancak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z y\u00f6netimin de\u011fi\u015fmesini zorla\u015ft\u0131rarak durgunluk ve keyf\u00eelik riski de olu\u015fturabilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">10.2. T\u00fcrk Devlet Gelene\u011finde Monar\u015fik Yap\u0131 ve Merkez\u00eele\u015fme<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk devletlerinde y\u00f6netim kut anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla me\u015frula\u015fan monar\u015fik yap\u0131dayd\u0131; \u0130slamiyet sonras\u0131nda bu yap\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 halifeden men\u015fur alma, kendi ad\u0131na hutbe okutma ve para bast\u0131rma gibi ara\u00e7larla me\u015fruiyetlerini peki\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 kurulu\u015fundan itibaren monar\u015fik yap\u0131y\u0131 korurken \u00f6nemli kararlarda beyli\u011fin ileri gelenleri, a\u015firet reisleri ve gazilerle isti\u015fareye \u00f6nem verdi.<\/li>\n<li>Fatih Sultan Mehmed g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc merkez\u00ee otoriteyi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 merkez te\u015fkilat\u0131 padi\u015fah, veziriazam, saray, Div\u00e2n-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2yun ve ordu \u00e7evresinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi; kul sistemi saray\u0131n otoritesini uzak b\u00f6lgelere kadar yaymay\u0131 destekledi.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7andarl\u0131lar, Mihalo\u011fullar\u0131, Evrenoso\u011fullar\u0131 ve Turhanbeyo\u011fullar\u0131 gibi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ailelerin merkez\u00ee otoriteye rakip olabilecek etkisini azaltmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlerde kul sistemi ve padi\u015faha ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Soyluluk yerine e\u011fitimli, yetenekli ve do\u011frudan padi\u015faha ba\u011fl\u0131 kullar\u0131n y\u00fckselmesi; liyakat, sadakat ve merkez\u00eele\u015fme anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131da egemenlik, eski \u201chanedan\u0131n ortak hakk\u0131\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan giderek padi\u015fah\u0131n \u015fahs\u0131nda toplanan b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez merkez\u00ee otoriteye do\u011fru d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">10.3. Me\u015frutiyete Giden Yol<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 bir anayasa de\u011fildir; ancak padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkilerini hukukla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelen s\u00fcre\u00e7, anayasal y\u00f6netime ve me\u015frutiyete giden yolu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Etken<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>A\u00e7\u0131klama<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Etken\"><p>Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Nam\u0131k Kemal, Ziya Pa\u015fa ve \u015einasi gibi ayd\u0131nlar parlamenter sistem ve anayasa fikirlerini yayd\u0131; padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkileri meclis ve anayasayla s\u0131n\u0131rlan\u0131rsa devletin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcler. Bas\u0131n ve edebiyat\u0131 kulland\u0131lar.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Etken\"><p>Ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019yla ba\u015flayan d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanma ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 1875 Ramazan Kararnamesi\u2019yle bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyemeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131; y\u00f6netime g\u00fcven sars\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Etken\"><p>D\u0131\u015f bask\u0131lar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletler Tersane Konferans\u0131 \u00fczerinden Balkan meseleleri ve az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 bask\u0131 arac\u0131 h\u00e2line getirdi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Etken\"><p>Par\u00e7alanma korkusu<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ve S\u0131rp, Karada\u011f, Bulgar isyanlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k fikrini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi; mecliste din ve \u0131rk ayr\u0131m\u0131 olmadan temsilin ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltaca\u011f\u0131 umuldu.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>23 Aral\u0131k 1876\u2019daki Tersane Konferans\u0131\u2019nda, me\u015frutiyet ilan\u0131na ra\u011fmen Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletler S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f\u2019a toprak, Bulgaristan ve Bosna-Hersek\u2019e \u00f6zerklik ve valilerin Avrupa onay\u0131yla se\u00e7ilmesi gibi taleplerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Bu durum, d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131lar\u0131n yaln\u0131z Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7iminden de\u011fil, b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin siyasi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131ndan da kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">10.4. Kanun-\u0131 Esasi ve I. Me\u015frutiyet<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Kanun-\u0131 Esasi tasla\u011f\u0131 Midhat Pa\u015fa ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki kurul taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f; padi\u015fah lehine baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklerden sonra 23 Aral\u0131k 1876\u2019da kabul edilerek I. Me\u015frutiyet ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kaynak Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019yi T\u00fcrk tarihinin ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 anayasas\u0131 olarak nitelendirir.<\/li>\n<li>Meclis-i Um\u00fbmi iki kanattan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur: Meclis-i \u00c2yan ve Meclis-i Mebusan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-3\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:28%\"><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:36%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Meclis-i \u00c2yan<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Meclis-i Mebusan<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>G\u00f6rev<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Meclis-i \u00c2yan\"><p>Padi\u015fah ad\u0131na kanun tasar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 denetler.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Meclis-i Mebusan\"><p>Kanun tekliflerini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr, b\u00fct\u00e7eyi inceler.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>\u00dcye se\u00e7imi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Meclis-i \u00c2yan\"><p>Do\u011frudan padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan atan\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Meclis-i Mebusan\"><p>\u00dcyeleri halk taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>S\u00fcre<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Meclis-i \u00c2yan\"><p>\u00d6m\u00fcr boyu.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Meclis-i Mebusan\"><p>D\u00f6rt y\u0131l.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>\u00dcye say\u0131s\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Meclis-i \u00c2yan\"><p>Mebusan \u00fcye say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te birini ge\u00e7emez.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Meclis-i Mebusan\"><p>Her 50.000 erkek n\u00fcfus i\u00e7in bir temsilci.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Sorumluluk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Meclis-i \u00c2yan\"><p>Padi\u015faha kar\u015f\u0131 sorumludur.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Meclis-i Mebusan\"><p>Halk\u0131 temsil eder; sistemde son karar \u00fczerinde padi\u015fah\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc etkisi vard\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Midhat Pa\u015fa daha demokratik bir anayasa istemi\u015f; padi\u015faha mahkemesiz s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yetkisi veren 113. maddenin eklenmesini \u00f6nleyememi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>I. Me\u015frutiyet, anayasa ve se\u00e7ilmi\u015f meclis a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan demokrasi yolunda \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131md\u0131r; ancak \u00c2yan\u0131n atanmas\u0131, padi\u015fah\u0131n geni\u015f yetkileri ve temsilin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle tam demokratik sistem de\u011fildir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">10.5. I. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019ten II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019e<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>II. Abd\u00fclhamid, 93 Harbi\u2019nin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve meclisin verimsizli\u011fini gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek 14 \u015eubat 1878\u2019de Meclis-i Mebusan\u0131 s\u00fcresiz tatil etti. Kanun-\u0131 Esasi resmen y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131; meclis 1908\u2019e kadar toplanmad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bu d\u00f6nem kaynakta Mutlakiyet D\u00f6nemi olarak de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/li>\n<li>20 May\u0131s 1878 \u00c7\u0131ra\u011fan Olay\u0131\u2019nda Ali Suavi ve \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu m\u00fcltecilerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu grup V. Murad\u2019\u0131 yeniden tahta \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131; giri\u015fim bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve Ali Suavi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Kaynak bu olay\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 tarihindeki ilk sivil darbe giri\u015fimi olarak nitelendirir.<\/li>\n<li>2 Haziran 1889\u2019da Mekteb-i T\u0131bbiye-i \u015eahane \u00f6\u011frencileri \u0130brahim Temo, Abdullah Cevdet, \u0130shak S\u00fck\u00fbti ve Mehmed Re\u015fid \u0130ttihad-\u0131 Osman\u00ee cemiyetini kurdu; cemiyet daha sonra \u0130ttihat ve Terakki ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kola\u011fas\u0131 Niyazi Bey Resne\u2019de, Enver Bey Selanik\u2019te me\u015frutiyet i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7ti; Rumeli\u2019deki hareket yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Rus \u00e7ar\u0131 ile \u0130ngiltere kral\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki Reval G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde Makedonya, Bo\u011fazlar ve Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimindeki Hristiyanlara y\u00f6nelik \u0131slahatlar ele al\u0131nd\u0131. \u0130\u00e7 bask\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f geli\u015fmeler sonucunda 23 Temmuz 1908\u2019de II. Me\u015frutiyet ilan edildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>1876 I. Me\u015frutiyet \u2192 1878 Meclisin tatili \/ \u00c7\u0131ra\u011fan Olay\u0131 \u2192 1889 \u0130ttihad-\u0131 Osman\u00ee \u2192 1908 II. Me\u015frutiyet \u2192 1909 Kanun-\u0131 Esasi de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri \u2192 1913 B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li Bask\u0131n\u0131.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">10.6. II. Me\u015frutiyet ve Mill\u00ee Egemenlik Fikrinin Olgunla\u015fmas\u0131<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019te Kanun-\u0131 Esasi yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015f, \u00f6zellikle 1909 de\u011fi\u015fiklikleriyle meclisin siyasi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>1908\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 siyasal hayat\u0131nda \u00e7ok partili parlamento deneyimi geli\u015fmi\u015f; \u0130ttihat ve Terakki d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Ahrar (H\u00fcrler) F\u0131rkas\u0131, H\u00fcrriyet ve \u0130tilaf F\u0131rkas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Demokrat F\u0131rkas\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 Sosyalist F\u0131rkas\u0131 gibi partiler faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>31 Mart Vakas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin etkisi artm\u0131\u015f; 1913 B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li Bask\u0131n\u0131 sonras\u0131 devlet y\u00f6netiminde belirleyici h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Trablusgarp ve Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 ile I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131 bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin daralmas\u0131na ve merkeziyet\u00e7i y\u00f6netimin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Buna ra\u011fmen parlamento ve \u00e7ok partili hayat deneyimi, Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemine miras kalacak demokratik kurum ve tecr\u00fcbelerin olu\u015fmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-12\">11. Cumhuriyetin \u0130lan\u0131na Giden Yol<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">11.1. Mill\u00ee Egemenlik Basamaklar\u0131<\/h3>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>A\u015fama<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Mill\u00ee Egemenlik A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>Amasya Genelgesi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Mill\u00ee Egemenlik A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><p>\u201cMilletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yine milletin azim ve karar\u0131 kurtaracakt\u0131r.\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla kurtulu\u015fun kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 millet iradesinde g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>Erzurum ve Sivas Kongreleri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Mill\u00ee Egemenlik A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><p>\u201cKuv\u00e2-y\u0131 Mill\u00eeye\u2019yi amil, irade-i milliyeyi h\u00e2kim k\u0131lmak esast\u0131r.\u201d ilkesiyle mill\u00ee iradenin y\u00f6netimde belirleyici olmas\u0131 vurguland\u0131; Sivas\u2019ta b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkeye yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>TBMM\u2019nin A\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Mill\u00ee Egemenlik A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><p>23 Nisan 1920\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131lan Meclis ve 24 Nisan kararlar\u0131, padi\u015fah vekilli\u011fine dayanmayan yeni siyasi otoriteyi mill\u00ee iradeye ba\u011flad\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>1921 Te\u015fkil\u00e2t-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Mill\u00ee Egemenlik A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><p>\u201cH\u00e2kimiyet bil\u00e2 kayd\u00fc \u015fart milletindir.\u201d ilkesiyle egemenli\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde millete verdi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>Saltanat\u0131n Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Mill\u00ee Egemenlik A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><p>Y\u00f6netimdeki iki ba\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sona erdirerek mill\u00ee egemenli\u011fe dayal\u0131 yeni rejimin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7an temel ad\u0131mlardan biri oldu.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\u2605 D\u00fczeltme: <\/strong>Kaynak, \u201cH\u00e2kimiyet bil\u00e2 kayd\u00fc \u015fart milletindir.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc 1921 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesi olarak vermektedir. Do\u011frusu: bu h\u00fck\u00fcm 20 Ocak 1921 tarihli Te\u015fkil\u00e2t-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu\u2019nun 1. maddesidir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">11.2. 1923\u2019te Rejimin Belirginle\u015fmesi<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>23 Nisan 1920\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131lan I. Meclis, 1 Nisan 1923\u2019te se\u00e7imlerin yenilenmesine karar verilene kadar g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>II. Meclis 11 A\u011fustos 1923\u2019te topland\u0131. 24 Temmuz 1923\u2019te imzalanan Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 23 A\u011fustos 1923\u2019te yeni meclis taraf\u0131ndan onayland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>13 Ekim 1923\u2019te Ankara ba\u015fkent kabul edildi; yeni devletin merkezi kesinle\u015fti ve rejimin ad\u0131n\u0131n konmas\u0131na giden s\u00fcre\u00e7 h\u0131zland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Cumhuriyet \u00f6ncesi TBMM\u2019de \u00fc\u00e7 yakla\u015f\u0131m \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: Halife Abd\u00fclmecid\u2019i devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 yaparak me\u015fruti d\u00fczeni s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek isteyenler; anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini uzun tart\u0131\u015fmalarla yapmak ve halifeye geni\u015f yetki vermek isteyenler; Cumhuriyetin s\u00fcratle ilan\u0131n\u0131 savunan Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa ve arkada\u015flar\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa 22 Eyl\u00fcl 1923\u2019te Wiener Neue Freie Presse muhabirine verdi\u011fi deme\u00e7te \u201cCumhuriyet\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde g\u00fcndeme getirdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">11.3. Ekim Bunal\u0131m\u0131 ve Cumhuriyetin \u0130lan\u0131<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Meclis h\u00fck\u00fbmeti sisteminde Meclis Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 konumundayd\u0131 ve bakanlar TBMM taraf\u0131ndan tek tek se\u00e7iliyordu.<\/li>\n<li>Bakanlar\u0131n topluca istifas\u0131 sonras\u0131 yeni h\u00fck\u00fbmetin kurulamamas\u0131, Ekim 1923\u2019te \u201cEkim Bunal\u0131m\u0131\u201d olarak an\u0131lan y\u00f6netim krizini do\u011furdu.<\/li>\n<li>28 Ekim 1923\u2019te Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa arkada\u015flar\u0131na \u201cYar\u0131n Cumhuriyet ilan edece\u011fiz.\u201d diyerek anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi tasla\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>29 Ekim 1923\u2019te teklif TBMM\u2019de kabul edildi; Cumhuriyet ilan edildi ve Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa 158 \u00fcyenin oyuyla Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ildi.<\/li>\n<li>30 Ekim\u2019de Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 \u0130smet Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 Ba\u015fbakan olarak g\u00f6revlendirdi; Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131 telgrafla \u00fclkeye duyuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Halk\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Cumhuriyeti co\u015fkuyla kar\u015f\u0131larken saltanat ve hilafet yanl\u0131lar\u0131 ile Rauf Bey, K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa, Ali Fuat Pa\u015fa gibi baz\u0131 Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele arkada\u015flar\u0131 s\u00fcrecin aceleye getirildi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyerek ele\u015ftiri y\u00f6neltti.<\/li>\n<li>Cumhuriyet, mill\u00ee egemenli\u011fin siyasi sonucu olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fbmet kurma krizine \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getiren idari bir d\u00fczenleme i\u015flevi de g\u00f6rd\u00fc; cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, ba\u015fbakan ve kabine sistemi daha belirgin h\u00e2le geldi.<\/li>\n<li>Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ildikten sonra TBMM\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin \u201cmesut, muvaffak ve muzaffer\u201d olaca\u011f\u0131na dair hedefini ifade etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>23 Nisan 1920 TBMM \u2192 1921 Anayasas\u0131 \u2192 Saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u2192 24 Temmuz 1923 Lozan \u2192 13 Ekim Ankara ba\u015fkent \u2192 Ekim Bunal\u0131m\u0131 \u2192 29 Ekim 1923 Cumhuriyet.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">11.4. Monar\u015fi, Me\u015frutiyet ve Cumhuriyet Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h3>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-4\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:25%\"><col style=\"width:25%\"><col style=\"width:25%\"><col style=\"width:25%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Monar\u015fi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Me\u015frutiyet<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Cumhuriyet<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Egemenlik kayna\u011f\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Monar\u015fi\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar, hanedan veya ilahi dayanak.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Me\u015frutiyet\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k ile anayasal temsil birlikte.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Cumhuriyet\"><p>Millet \/ halk iradesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Y\u00f6neticinin i\u015fba\u015f\u0131na geli\u015fi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Monar\u015fi\"><p>Genellikle soy ve veraset.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Me\u015frutiyet\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar verasetle; milletvekilleri se\u00e7imle.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Cumhuriyet\"><p>Y\u00f6neticiler se\u00e7imle ve belirli s\u00fcre i\u00e7in.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Halk\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Monar\u015fi\"><p>Yok veya \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Me\u015frutiyet\"><p>Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f meclis arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131m.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Cumhuriyet\"><p>Se\u00e7imler ve meclis yoluyla kat\u0131l\u0131m.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Anayasa ve hukuk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Monar\u015fi\"><p>Anayasa zorunlu de\u011fildir; h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n yetkisi geni\u015f olabilir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Me\u015frutiyet\"><p>Anayasa h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n yetkilerini s\u0131n\u0131rlar.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Cumhuriyet\"><p>Anayasa ve hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00f6netimin temelidir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Yasama<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Monar\u015fi\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar veya ona ba\u011fl\u0131 kurullar.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Me\u015frutiyet\"><p>Meclis; h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n da baz\u0131 yetkileri olabilir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Cumhuriyet\"><p>Halk\u0131n se\u00e7ti\u011fi meclis.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Y\u00f6netim s\u00fcresi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Monar\u015fi\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Me\u015frutiyet\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu; meclis belirli s\u00fcreli.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Cumhuriyet\"><p>Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f y\u00f6neticiler belirli s\u00fcreli.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-13\">12. Devlet Y\u00f6netiminin Ordu Te\u015fkilat\u0131na Yans\u0131malar\u0131<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">12.1. Ordu-Millet Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Onlu Sistem<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrklerde ordu toplumdan ayr\u0131 bir kurum de\u011fildi; askerlik ayr\u0131 bir meslek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyip her T\u00fcrk\u00fcn gerekti\u011finde sava\u015fa haz\u0131r olmas\u0131 beklenirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Kad\u0131n ve erkeklerin temel asker\u00ee beceriler kazanmas\u0131, konarg\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015fam\u0131n hareketlilik ve m\u00fccadele \u015fartlar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu, hem devletin siyasi temelini hem halk\u0131n ortak g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc temsil etmi\u015f; millet bilinci ve askerlik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 birbiriyle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Asya Hun h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Mete Han d\u00f6neminde M\u00d6 209\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclen onlu te\u015fkilat, ordunun d\u00fczenli emir-komuta zincirine ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Birlik<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Yakla\u015f\u0131k Mevcudu \/ Komutanl\u0131k<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Birlik\"><p>T\u00fcmen<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Yakla\u015f\u0131k Mevcudu \/ Komutanl\u0131k\"><p>10.000 ki\u015fi; t\u00fcmen ba\u015f\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Birlik\"><p>Binlik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Yakla\u015f\u0131k Mevcudu \/ Komutanl\u0131k\"><p>1.000 ki\u015fi; binba\u015f\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Birlik\"><p>Y\u00fczl\u00fck<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Yakla\u015f\u0131k Mevcudu \/ Komutanl\u0131k\"><p>100 ki\u015fi; y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Birlik\"><p>Onluk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Yakla\u015f\u0131k Mevcudu \/ Komutanl\u0131k\"><p>10 ki\u015fi; onba\u015f\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Onlu sistem boylardan gelen askerleri ortak disiplin i\u00e7inde birle\u015ftirmi\u015f, h\u0131zl\u0131 seferberlik ve koordinasyon sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, merkez\u00ee otoriteyi ve devlet g\u00fcvenli\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrk Kara Kuvvetlerinin kurulu\u015f tarihi, Mete Han\u2019\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve onlu te\u015fkilat\u0131 kurdu\u011fu kabul edilen M\u00d6 209 y\u0131l\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kaynakta T\u00fcrk Kara Kuvvetleri armas\u0131, T\u00fcrk ordusunun tarih\u00ee s\u00fcreklili\u011fini, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc simgeleyen g\u00f6rsel olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Mete Han \u2013 M\u00d6 209 \u2013 onlu sistem. T\u00fcmen = 10.000 ki\u015filik birlik. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 bilgi birlikte sorulabilir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">12.2. Turan Takti\u011fi<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>T\u00fcrkler bozk\u0131r\u0131n hareketli ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131, atl\u0131 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, demir i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fini ve h\u0131zl\u0131 manevra kabiliyetini asker\u00ee stratejiyle birle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\u2605 D\u00fczeltme: <\/strong>Kaynak \u201cat\u0131 ehlile\u015ftirip\u201d ifadesiyle at\u0131n ehlile\u015ftirilmesini do\u011frudan T\u00fcrklere ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcncel arkeogenetik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar modern evcil atlar\u0131n k\u00f6kenini Bat\u0131 Avrasya bozk\u0131rlar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirir; at\u0131n ilk kez T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan ehlile\u015ftirildi\u011fi kesin bir tarihsel bilgi de\u011fildir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Turan takti\u011fi; hilal takti\u011fi, kurt oyunu veya sahte geri \u00e7ekilme adlar\u0131yla da bilinir. Temeli sahte ricat ve ani ku\u015fatmad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ama\u00e7 say\u0131ca \u00fcst\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k arazide geri \u00e7ekiliyormu\u015f gibi yaparak tuza\u011fa \u00e7ekmek, ard\u0131ndan kanatlardan ku\u015fat\u0131p imha etmektir.<\/li>\n<li>Takti\u011fin geli\u015fmesinde T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n geni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131k bozk\u0131rlar\u0131, atl\u0131 birliklerin h\u0131z\u0131 ve konarg\u00f6\u00e7er hayat\u0131n hareketlili\u011fi etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015far\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fcvarilerin h\u0131zl\u0131, \u00e7evik, disiplinli, koordineli; at binme, ok kullanma, ani y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015ftirme ve emirleri bozmadan uygulama becerisine sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li>\n<li>Turan takti\u011fi Sel\u00e7uklularda, \u00f6zellikle Malazgirt Zaferi\u2019nde etkili bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; Osmanl\u0131larda da baz\u0131 sava\u015flarda sipahi ve ak\u0131nc\u0131 kanatlar\u0131yla uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">12.3. Karahanl\u0131 ve Gazneli Ordular\u0131nda S\u00fcreklilik ve De\u011fi\u015fim<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Karahanl\u0131 ordusu; saray muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131, hassa ordusu, hanedan \u00fcyeleri-valiler-devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n kuvvetleri ve devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 T\u00fcrk te\u015fekk\u00fcllerinin kuvvetleri olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt ana unsurdan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:64%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Karahanl\u0131 Asker\u00ee Terimi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>G\u00f6rev \/ Anlam<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Karahanl\u0131 Asker\u00ee Terimi\"><p>Yatgak<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00f6rev \/ Anlam\"><p>Gece n\u00f6bet tutan saray muhaf\u0131z\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Karahanl\u0131 Asker\u00ee Terimi\"><p>Turgak<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00f6rev \/ Anlam\"><p>G\u00fcnd\u00fcz g\u00f6rev yapan muhaf\u0131z.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Karahanl\u0131 Asker\u00ee Terimi\"><p>Yezek<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00f6rev \/ Anlam\"><p>Seferde ordunun \u00f6n\u00fcnden giden kuvvet.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Karahanl\u0131 Asker\u00ee Terimi\"><p>Yelim<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00f6rev \/ Anlam\"><p>Yezekten de \u00f6nde giden \u00f6nc\u00fc ke\u015fif kolu.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Karahanl\u0131 Asker\u00ee Terimi\"><p>Tutgak<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00f6rev \/ Anlam\"><p>Gece d\u00fc\u015fman g\u00f6zc\u00fclerini yakalamakla g\u00f6revli birlik.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Karahanl\u0131 Asker\u00ee Terimi\"><p>Han toy\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00f6rev \/ Anlam\"><p>Ordunun konaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer \/ ordug\u00e2h.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Karahanl\u0131 Asker\u00ee Terimi\"><p>Sak\u00e7\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00f6rev \/ Anlam\"><p>Ordug\u00e2h n\u00f6bet\u00e7isi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Karahanl\u0131 Asker\u00ee Terimi\"><p>\u0130m<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00f6rev \/ Anlam\"><p>Parola.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Karahanl\u0131 Asker\u00ee Terimi\"><p>Bas\u0131mc\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00f6rev \/ Anlam\"><p>D\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ans\u0131z\u0131n basan kuvvet.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Bu kavramlar ve ordu unsurlar\u0131, Karahanl\u0131lardan Sel\u00e7uklulara uzanan asker\u00ee kurum s\u00fcreklili\u011finin g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/li>\n<li>Gazneliler Karahanl\u0131larla ba\u015flayan T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devlet gelene\u011fini Afganistan, Horasan ve Hindistan co\u011frafyas\u0131nda daha merkez\u00ee, g\u00f6rkemli ve imparatorluk karakterli bir yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Gazneli ordusunda geleneksel T\u00fcrk sava\u015f taktikleri yan\u0131nda profesyonelle\u015ftirilen gulam askerleri ve Hindistan seferlerinde hara\u00e7\/ganimet yoluyla elde edilen sava\u015f filleri kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kaynak, sava\u015f fillerini d\u00f6nemin \u201cOrta \u00c7a\u011f tanklar\u0131\u201dna benzetir: Turan takti\u011finin h\u0131z ve esnekli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 filler daha statik, y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ve psikolojik g\u00fc\u00e7 sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n<li>Gazneli Mahmud\u2019un bozk\u0131r s\u00fcvari gelene\u011fi ile Hindistan\u2019\u0131n fil g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc birle\u015ftirmesi, farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerden yararlanabilen yenilik\u00e7i ve imparatorluk karakterli asker\u00ee te\u015fkilat\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cGulam\u201d Arap\u00e7a k\u00f6kenli olup erkek \u00e7ocuk, delikanl\u0131, azat edilmi\u015f k\u00f6le, gen\u00e7 hizmetk\u00e2r veya efendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 muhaf\u0131z anlamlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">12.4. Gulam, Pen\u00e7ik ve Dev\u015firme Sistemleri<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Gulam sistemi, Orta \u00c7a\u011f \u0130slam devletlerinde asker\u00ee ve idari g\u00f6revliler yeti\u015ftiren \u00f6nemli bir kurumdur; s\u0131radan k\u00f6le asker kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak sistemli e\u011fitim ve kariyer d\u00fczenine dayan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Esir veya k\u00f6le olarak hizmete al\u0131nan ki\u015filer yetenekleri do\u011frultusunda e\u011fitilir; asker veya idareci olarak daim\u00ee ve maa\u015fl\u0131 devlet hizmetinde g\u00f6revlendirilebilir.<\/li>\n<li>Sel\u00e7uklularda kullan\u0131lan gulam sistemi, Osmanl\u0131larda merkez\u00ee otoriteyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren dev\u015firme sistemine uzanan kurumsal s\u00fcreklilik i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Pen\u00e7ik sisteminde sava\u015f esirlerinin be\u015fte biri devlet pay\u0131 olarak al\u0131n\u0131r, Acemi Oca\u011f\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilir ve daha sonra Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131nda hizmet edebilirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Pen\u00e7ik sisteminin yetersiz kalmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki Hristiyan tebaadan belirli esaslarla \u00e7ocuk ve gen\u00e7lerin se\u00e7ildi\u011fi dev\u015firme sistemi uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Dev\u015firilenler T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7inde yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015f; nitelikli e\u011fitim alanlardan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc asker\u00ee veya idari devlet g\u00f6revlerine getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Gulam ve dev\u015firme sistemleri, do\u011frudan h\u00fck\u00fcmdara ba\u011fl\u0131 e\u011fitimli ve maa\u015fl\u0131 kadrolar olu\u015fturarak yerel beyler ve soylu ailelere ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltm\u0131\u015f; merkez\u00ee ordu, b\u00fcrokrasi ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdar otoritesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>Gulam \u2192 Sel\u00e7uklu\/T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam gelene\u011fi; pen\u00e7ik ve dev\u015firme \u2192 Osmanl\u0131. Sistemler aras\u0131nda s\u00fcreklilik vard\u0131r ancak kaynak, i\u015fleyi\u015f ve insan kayna\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 uygulama de\u011fildir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">12.5. Osmanl\u0131 Asker\u00ee Modernle\u015fmesi<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticileri sava\u015f yenilgilerini durdurmak, kaybedilen topraklar\u0131 geri almak, gelirleri ve toplumsal refah\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ordunun g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesini \u00f6ncelikli g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>III. Selim ve II. Mahmud d\u00f6nemleri, Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 asker\u00ee modernle\u015fmenin en k\u00f6kl\u00fc a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>III. Selim\u2019in kurdu\u011fu Nizam-\u0131 Cedit ordusu, Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 talim, tek tip k\u0131yafet, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ceket ve mavi pantolonla geleneksel asker\u00ee yap\u0131dan kopu\u015fun simgesi olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Nizam-\u0131 Cedit, yaln\u0131z yeni bir asker\u00ee birlik de\u011fil, i\u015flevini yitiren Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda devleti yeniden g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme ve Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesidir; II. Mahmud\u2019un As\u00e2kir-i Mans\u00fbre-i Muhammediyye ordusuna zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra II. Mahmud 1826\u2019da As\u00e2kir-i Mans\u00fbre-i Muhammediyye\u2019yi kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni orduda fes ve Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 k\u0131yafet kullan\u0131m\u0131, asker\u00ee te\u015fkilat\u0131n daha d\u00fczenli, merkez\u00ee ve profesyonel yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr sembollerinden olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">12.6. Cumhuriyet D\u00f6neminde Modern Ordu<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tkmt-points\">\n<li>Cumhuriyetin kurulu\u015f s\u00fcrecinde T\u00fcrk ordusu modern ulus-devletin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re kurumsal ve teknolojik bak\u0131mdan yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>3 May\u0131s 1920\u2019de Erk\u00e2n-\u0131 Harbiye-i Um\u00fbmiye Vek\u00e2leti kurulmu\u015f; modern komuta ve te\u015fkilat yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n temelleri olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu; m\u00fcfetti\u015flikler, kolordular ve t\u00fcmenler bi\u00e7iminde disiplinli bir hiyerar\u015fiye kavu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Atat\u00fcrk d\u00f6nemindeki asker\u00ee d\u00fczenlemeler \u201cYurtta sulh, cihanda sulh\u201d ilkesiyle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015f; bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 koruyan, cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc y\u00fcksek modern savunma mekanizmas\u0131 hedeflenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu-millet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki yans\u0131malar\u0131 aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrk Kara Kuvvetlerinin tarihini M\u00d6 209\u2019a dayand\u0131rmas\u0131, t\u00fcmen-binba\u015f\u0131-y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131-onba\u015f\u0131 gibi kademeli asker\u00ee \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin s\u00fcrmesi, ordunun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve ortak g\u00fc\u00e7 sembol\u00fc olmas\u0131 ve modern bar\u0131\u015f\/cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6revi say\u0131labilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-14\">13. Genel Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma: \u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesinden Cumhuriyete T\u00fcrk Devlet Y\u00f6netimi<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tkmt-table-scroll\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-3\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:28%\"><col style=\"width:36%\"><col style=\"width:36%\"><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Alan<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk Devletleri<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131 ve Modern D\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Me\u015fruiyet<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk Devletleri\"><p>G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n verdi\u011fi kut; t\u00f6re hukuki dayanak.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131 ve Modern D\u00f6nem\"><p>Allah\u2019\u0131n verdi\u011fi yetki ve ilk T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devletlerinde halifenin manevi onay\u0131; modern d\u00f6nemde halk\/millet iradesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk Devletleri\"><p>Ka\u011fan; t\u00f6reye uymak, halk\u0131 korumak ve devleti ya\u015fatmakla sorumlu.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131 ve Modern D\u00f6nem\"><p>Sultan\/padi\u015fah; hilat, men\u015fur, hutbe, sikke gibi semboller. Me\u015frutiyetle yetki anayasa ve meclisle s\u0131n\u0131rlan\u0131r; Cumhuriyetle egemenlik millete ge\u00e7er.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Veraset<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk Devletleri\"><p>Hanedan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn erkek \u00fcyeleri aday; \u00fcl\u00fc\u015f taht m\u00fccadelelerine yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131 ve Modern D\u00f6nem\"><p>Hanedan ilkesi s\u00fcrer; Osmanl\u0131da adaylar s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, ekber ve er\u015fed sistemi geli\u015fir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>\u0130dare<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk Devletleri\"><p>Do\u011fu-bat\u0131 ikili te\u015fkilat; ka\u011fan-yabgu.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131 ve Modern D\u00f6nem\"><p>Yerle\u015fik b\u00fcrokrasi ve divanlar g\u00fc\u00e7lenir; merkez\u00ee y\u00f6netim geli\u015fir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Hukuk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk Devletleri\"><p>T\u00f6re ka\u011fan d\u00e2hil herkesi ba\u011flar.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131 ve Modern D\u00f6nem\"><p>\u015eer\u2019i hukuk ile t\u00f6reden geli\u015fen \u00f6rfi hukuk birlikte; kanunnameler ve modern anayasalar.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>\u0130sti\u015fare<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk Devletleri\"><p>Toy\/kurultay, boy beylerinin r\u0131zas\u0131 ve dan\u0131\u015fma.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131 ve Modern D\u00f6nem\"><p>Divanlar, Div\u00e2n-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2yun, parlamento ve TBMM.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Ordu<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk Devletleri\"><p>Ordu-millet, onlu sistem, atl\u0131 sava\u015f ve Turan takti\u011fi.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131 ve Modern D\u00f6nem\"><p>Gulam, ikta; Osmanl\u0131da t\u0131mar, pen\u00e7ik\/dev\u015firme; Nizam-\u0131 Cedit ve As\u00e2kir-i Mans\u00fbre; Cumhuriyet\u2019te modern profesyonel savunma yap\u0131s\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-15\">14. S\u0131nav \u0130\u00e7in Toplu Hat\u0131rlatmalar<\/h2>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Kut \u2192 ilahi me\u015fruiyet; t\u00f6re \u2192 hukuki s\u0131n\u0131r; kurultay \u2192 isti\u015fare\/denetim; \u00fcl\u00fc\u015f \u2192 hanedan ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve taht m\u00fccadelesi; ikili te\u015fkilat \u2192 do\u011fu ka\u011fan \/ bat\u0131 yabgu.<\/p><\/aside>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Kutadgu Bilig \u2013 Yusuf Has Hacib; Siyasetname \u2013 Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk; Kanun-\u0131 Esasi \u2013 1876; II. Me\u015frutiyet \u2013 1908; Cumhuriyet \u2013 29 Ekim 1923.<\/p><\/aside>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>Monar\u015fi\/cumhuriyet y\u00f6netim \u015feklidir; demokrasi ise iktidar\u0131n kullan\u0131m bi\u00e7imi ve kat\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fczeyiyle ilgilidir. Cumhuriyet ad\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na demokrasiyi kan\u0131tlamaz.<\/p><\/aside>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>T\u00f6re ve kut \u2192 T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam sentezi \u2192 \u015fer\u2019i + \u00f6rfi hukuk \/ divan \u2192 Tanzimat ve Islahat \u2192 I. ve II. Me\u015frutiyet \u2192 TBMM ve 1921 Anayasas\u0131 \u2192 Cumhuriyet.<\/p><\/aside>\n<aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>T\u00fcrk devlet gelene\u011finin temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi \u201cs\u00fcreklilik i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fim\u201ddir: eski kurumlar tamamen yok olmak yerine yeni din, co\u011frafya, b\u00fcrokrasi, anayasa ve modern devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla yeniden bi\u00e7imlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-16\">Kaynak Kullan\u0131m\u0131 Notu<\/h2>\n<p>Bu ders notu,  1.1-b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fcs.pdf ders kitab\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile 1.1 T\u00fcrklerde Devlet Y\u00f6netimi Soru-Cevaplar\u0131 sunusundaki t\u00fcm benzersiz konu bilgileri birle\u015ftirilerek haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  Harita, tablo ve bilgi g\u00f6rsellerindeki tarihsel i\u00e7erikler de metne aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kaynaklarda akademik do\u011fruluk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klama gerektiren noktalar, ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn hemen alt\u0131nda \u201c\u2605 D\u00fczeltme\u201d veya \u201c\u2605 Not\u201d kutular\u0131yla g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi dersinin 1. \u00fcnitesi, \u201cT\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye T\u00fcrklerde Devlet Y\u00f6netimi ve Hukuk\u201d konular\u0131n\u0131 kapsar. 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