{"id":4045,"date":"2026-10-17T22:24:07","date_gmt":"2026-10-17T19:24:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=4045"},"modified":"2026-10-17T22:24:08","modified_gmt":"2026-10-17T19:24:08","slug":"turklerde-hukuk-1-unite-turkistandan-turkiyeye-turklerde-devlet-yonetimi-ve-hukuk-maarif-modeli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/17\/turklerde-hukuk-1-unite-turkistandan-turkiyeye-turklerde-devlet-yonetimi-ve-hukuk-maarif-modeli\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrklerde Hukuk \/ 1. \u00dcnite: T\u00fcrkistan&#8217;dan T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye T\u00fcrklerde Devlet Y\u00f6netimi ve Hukuk | Maarif Modeli"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maarif Modeli T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi dersinin <strong>1. \u00fcnitesi, \u201cT\u00fcrkistan&#8217;dan T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye T\u00fcrklerde Devlet Y\u00f6netimi ve Hukuk\u201d<\/strong> kapsam\u0131nda, TKMT 1.2 \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 T\u00fcrk hukuk sisteminin tarihsel de\u011fi\u015fimini ele al\u0131r. Bu T\u00fcrklerde Hukuk ders notlar\u0131nda \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesinde t\u00f6renin \u00f6zellikleri, kaynaklar\u0131 ve temel ilkeleri a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devletlerinde \u015fer&#8217;\u00ee ve \u00f6rf\u00ee hukuk ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nde kad\u0131, kanunnameler ve adalet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bi\u00e7imde incelenmektedir. Tanzimat ve Islahat fermanlar\u0131, Mecelle ve Kanun-\u0131 Esasi gibi d\u00fczenlemelerin hukuk tarihindeki yeri kronolojik olarak sunulmaktad\u0131r. Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele ve Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemindeki hukuk ink\u0131laplar\u0131, T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu ve anayasal geli\u015fmeler de ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Konu tablolar\u0131, kronoloji \u00e7izelgeleri ve s\u0131nav notlar\u0131yla T\u00fcrk hukuk tarihini b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bi\u00e7imde tekrar edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n\/* TKMT 1.2: WordPress uyumlu, kayd\u0131rmas\u0131z tablolar *\/\n.tkmt-lesson {box-sizing:border-box;max-width:1000px;width:100%;min-width:0;margin:0 auto;color:#263244;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",Roboto,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;line-height:1.72;overflow-wrap:break-word;}\n.tkmt-lesson *, .tkmt-lesson *::before, .tkmt-lesson *::after {box-sizing:border-box;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-header {border-left:5px solid #087f93;padding:15px 20px;background:#f2f9fb;border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;margin:0 0 26px;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-kicker {margin:0 0 4px;color:#167489;font-size:.90em;font-weight:750;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-header h2 {margin:0 0 4px;color:#173b55;font-size:clamp(1.5rem,3vw,2rem);line-height:1.3;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-subtitle 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table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody td:last-child,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-5 tbody td:last-child {border-bottom:0!important;}\n  .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 tbody td::before,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody td::before,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-5 tbody td::before {content:attr(data-label);display:block;font-size:.84em;color:#16637d;font-weight:750;margin-bottom:3px;}\n  .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 tbody tr:nth-child(even) td,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody tr:nth-child(even) td,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-5 tbody tr:nth-child(even) td {background:#fff;}\n}\n\/* \u0130ki s\u00fctunlu tablolar da telefonda sat\u0131r-kart olarak okunur, s\u00fctun daralmas\u0131 ve yatay kayd\u0131rma yok. *\/\n@media(max-width:520px) {\n .tkmt-lesson {font-size:15px;line-height:1.65;}\n .tkmt-lesson .tkmt-header {padding:13px 15px;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-table {font-size:.97em;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody tr,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td {display:block!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 thead,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 colgroup {display:none!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody tr {margin:0 0 10px;border:1px solid #d2e0e7;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;background:#fff;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td {border-width:0 0 1px!important;padding:9px 12px!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td:first-child {font-weight:650;background:#e8f4f7!important;color:#12465f;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td:last-child {border-bottom:0!important;background:#fff!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td::before {content:attr(data-label);display:block;font-size:.84em;color:#16637d;font-weight:750;margin-bottom:3px;}\n}\n<\/style><article class=\"tkmt-lesson\" lang=\"tr\"><header class=\"tkmt-header\"><p class=\"tkmt-kicker\">1. \u00dcN\u0130TE: T\u00dcRK\u0130STAN\u2019DAN T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019YE T\u00dcRKLERDE DEVLET Y\u00d6NET\u0130M\u0130 VE HUKUK \u00b7 TKMT 1.2<\/p><h2>1.2 T\u00dcRKLERDE HUKUK<\/h2><p class=\"tkmt-subtitle\">B\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik \u00d6\u011frenci Ders Notu<\/p><\/header><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-1\">Konu Haritas\u0131: T\u00fcrk Hukukunun Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi<\/h2><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>D\u00f6nem \/ A\u015fama<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Hukuk D\u00fczeninin Temel \u00d6zelli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ A\u015fama\"><p>\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrkler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk D\u00fczeninin Temel \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>T\u00f6re; ka\u011fan buyru\u011fu, kurultay kararlar\u0131, \u00f6rf, \u00e2det ve geleneklere dayal\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fc ve ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 hukuk.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ A\u015fama\"><p>T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletleri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk D\u00fczeninin Temel \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>\u015eer\u2019i hukuk benimsenmi\u015f, t\u00f6re k\u00f6kenli uygulamalar \u00f6rfi hukuk bi\u00e7iminde s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ A\u015fama\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 Klasik D\u00f6nemi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk D\u00fczeninin Temel \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>\u015eer\u2019i ve \u00f6rfi hukuk birlikte uygulanm\u0131\u015f; kad\u0131, Div\u00e2n-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2yun, ferman ve kanunnameler hukuk d\u00fczeninde etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ A\u015fama\"><p>Tanzimat ve Islahat<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk D\u00fczeninin Temel \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Can-mal-namus g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, e\u015fitlik, a\u00e7\u0131k yarg\u0131lama ve kanuna ba\u011fl\u0131 y\u00f6netim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ A\u015fama\"><p>Mecelle ve Kanun-\u0131 Esasi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk D\u00fczeninin Temel \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Hukukun sistemli bi\u00e7imde yaz\u0131l\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve anayasal y\u00f6netime ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ A\u015fama\"><p>Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele ve Cumhuriyet<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk D\u00fczeninin Temel \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Egemenlik millete ge\u00e7mi\u015f; laik, ulusal ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 hukuk d\u00fczeni kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ A\u015fama\"><p>1926 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk D\u00fczeninin Temel \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Aile ve ki\u015fi hukukunda laiklik, resm\u00ee nik\u00e2h, tek e\u015flilik ve kad\u0131n-erkek e\u015fitli\u011fi do\u011frultusunda k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fim.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ A\u015fama\"><p>1924-1961-1982 Anayasalar\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk D\u00fczeninin Temel \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Mill\u00ee egemenlik, kuvvetler sistemi, temel haklar ve devlet-birey ili\u015fkisi d\u00f6nemlere g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>T\u00f6re \u2192 \u015eer\u2019i + \u00f6rfi hukuk \u2192 Kanunnameler \u2192 Tanzimat (1839) \u2192 Islahat (1856) \u2192 Mecelle (1869-1876) \u2192 Kanun-\u0131 Esasi (1876) \u2192 Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye (1921) \u2192 1924 Anayasas\u0131 \u2192 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu (1926) \u2192 1961 Anayasas\u0131 \u2192 1982 Anayasas\u0131<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-2\">1. Hukuk Kavram\u0131 ve Toplum Hayat\u0131ndaki Yeri<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">1.1. Hukuk Neden Ortaya \u00c7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Hukuk, toplum h\u00e2linde ya\u015faman\u0131n zorunlu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biridir; toplumsal hayat\u0131n d\u00fczen ve disiplin i\u00e7inde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/li><li>Temel amac\u0131 adaleti ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek, bireylerle toplum aras\u0131nda hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck dengesini kurmak ve hem bireyin hem toplumun yarar\u0131n\u0131 korumakt\u0131r.<\/li><li>Hukuk kurallar\u0131, sosyal olaylar\u0131 y\u00f6nlendiren ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclere ba\u011flayan normlard\u0131r.<\/li><li>Toplumsal \u015fartlar de\u011fi\u015ftik\u00e7e hukuk kurallar\u0131 da yeni ihtiya\u00e7lara uyarlanabilir; bu \u00f6zellik hukukun ya\u015fayan bir kurum oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/li><li>Mecelle\u2019deki \u201cEzman\u0131n tegayy\u00fcr\u00fc ile ahk\u00e2m\u0131n tebedd\u00fcl\u00fc ink\u00e2r olunamaz.\u201d ilkesi, zaman\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesiyle hukuk h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin de de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011fini ifade eder.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Hukukun \u00fc\u00e7 temel i\u015flevi: d\u00fczen sa\u011flamak, adaleti ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek, hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri koruyup dengelemek.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">1.2. Tarih ve Hukuk Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130li\u015fki<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Tarih; toplum ve devlet hayat\u0131ndaki olaylar\u0131 zaman, mek\u00e2n, sebep ve sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7inde inceler.<\/li><li>Hukuk ise bu olay ve ili\u015fkileri y\u00f6nlendiren kurallar\u0131 ve normlar\u0131 konu edinir.<\/li><li>Bu nedenle tarih ile hukuk birbirini tamamlayan alanlard\u0131r: Hukuki de\u011fi\u015fimlerin nedenlerini anlamak i\u00e7in tarihsel \u015fartlar\u0131, tarihsel geli\u015fmeleri a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in de d\u00f6nemin hukuk d\u00fczenini bilmek gerekir.<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Frayer Diyagram\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Hukuk Kavram\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in \u0130\u00e7erik<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Frayer Diyagram\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\"><p>Tan\u0131m<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk Kavram\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in \u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>Toplum d\u00fczenini sa\u011flayan, hak ve sorumluluklar\u0131 belirleyen ve devlet yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131yla desteklenen ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 kurallar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Frayer Diyagram\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\"><p>\u00d6zellikler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk Kavram\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in \u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>Adalet ve e\u015fitli\u011fi ama\u00e7lar; bireyi ve toplumu korur; yapt\u0131r\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fc vard\u0131r; toplumun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Frayer Diyagram\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\"><p>\u00d6rnekler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk Kavram\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in \u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>T\u00f6re, \u015fer\u2019i hukuk, \u00f6rfi hukuk, kanunnameler, anayasa, medeni kanun.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Frayer Diyagram\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\"><p>\u00d6rnek olmayanlar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk Kavram\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in \u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>Ki\u015fisel istekler, keyf\u00ee emirler, hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 uygulamalar ve ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olmayan bireysel tercihler.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-3\">2. \u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerde T\u00f6re<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.1. T\u00f6renin Tan\u0131m\u0131 ve Ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>T\u00f6re, \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrklerde devletin kurulu\u015funu, i\u015fleyi\u015fini ve toplumsal d\u00fczeni belirleyen ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Ka\u011fan d\u00e2hil herkes t\u00f6reye uymak zorundad\u0131r. Bu durum hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netici iradesinin \u00fczerinde kabul edildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/li><li>T\u00f6re kurallar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yaz\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen toplum taraf\u0131ndan bilinmi\u015f ve ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; t\u00f6reye ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r bi\u00e7imde cezaland\u0131r\u0131labildi\u011fi belirtilir.<\/li><li>Devletin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, t\u00f6reye uygun y\u00f6netimle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00f6reye ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranan veya y\u00f6netimde ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olan ka\u011fan\u0131n g\u00f6revden al\u0131nabilece\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015fam\u0131n h\u0131z, disiplin, g\u00fcvenlik ve adalet ihtiyac\u0131 t\u00f6renin bi\u00e7imlenmesinde etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>T\u00f6re yaln\u0131z T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da kalmam\u0131\u015f, sonraki T\u00fcrk devletlerinde de\u011fi\u015ferek ve yeni kurumlarla birle\u015ferek devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Eski T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda t\u00f6re gelecek ku\u015faklara anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131 da T\u00fcrk t\u00f6resi hakk\u0131nda bilgiler vermi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.2. T\u00f6renin Kaynaklar\u0131<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kaynak<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>A\u00e7\u0131klama<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Kaynak\"><p>Ka\u011fan buyru\u011fu<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Ka\u011fan, devlet ve toplum d\u00fczeni i\u00e7in kurallar koyar; t\u00f6renin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda merkezi bir role sahiptir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kaynak\"><p>Kurultay kararlar\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Devletin dan\u0131\u015fma ve karar organ\u0131nda al\u0131nan kararlar t\u00f6renin par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line gelir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kaynak\"><p>Yosun \/ gelenek-g\u00f6renek<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Toplum i\u00e7inde zamanla olu\u015fan \u00f6rf ve \u00e2detlerdir. Kaynakta, yosunun t\u00f6re niteli\u011fi kazanmas\u0131nda kurucu ka\u011fan\u0131n iradesinin gerekli oldu\u011fu belirtilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kaynak\"><p>Ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi ve toplumsal ihtiya\u00e7<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Orta Asya bozk\u0131r hayat\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenlik, hareketlilik, dayan\u0131\u015fma ve d\u00fczen ihtiyac\u0131 hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.3. T\u00f6renin De\u011fi\u015fmeyen Temel \u0130lkeleri<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kavram<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Anlam\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>K\u00f6nilik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131\"><p>Adalet; kararlar\u0131n do\u011fruluk ve hakkaniyete dayanmas\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Uzluk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131\"><p>Faydal\u0131l\u0131k; d\u00fczenlemelerin toplum yarar\u0131na hizmet etmesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>T\u00fczl\u00fck<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131\"><p>E\u015fitlik; hukuk d\u00fczeninde denge ve e\u015fit muamele d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Ki\u015filik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131\"><p>\u0130nsanl\u0131k \/ evrensel insanl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi; insan de\u011ferini g\u00f6zeten yakla\u015f\u0131m.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>T\u00f6renin de\u011fi\u015fmeyen unsurlar\u0131: k\u00f6nilik (adalet), uzluk (faydal\u0131l\u0131k), t\u00fczl\u00fck (e\u015fitlik), ki\u015filik (insanl\u0131k).<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.4. Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019nda \u0130l ve T\u00f6re<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019nda \u201cil\u201d (devlet) ile \u201ct\u00f6re\u201d s\u0131k s\u0131k birlikte an\u0131l\u0131r; devletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortak hukuk d\u00fczeninin korunmas\u0131na ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/li><li>Bumin Ka\u011fan ve \u0130stemi Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n devleti kurup t\u00f6reyi d\u00fczenledikleri; Bilge Ka\u011fan ve di\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n da t\u00f6reyi koruma ve yeniden tesis etme g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlendikleri vurgulan\u0131r.<\/li><li>Devletin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131, milletin esirle\u015fmesi ve sosyal d\u00fczenin bozulmas\u0131 t\u00f6reden uzakla\u015fma ile ili\u015fkilendirilir; devletin yeniden kurulmas\u0131 ise t\u00f6renin yeniden i\u015fler h\u00e2le getirilmesiyle birlikte anlat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li><li>Ka\u011fanlar\u0131n bilgili, cesur ve do\u011fru olmas\u0131; t\u00f6renin adaletli uygulanmas\u0131, devletin korunmas\u0131 ve halk\u0131n g\u00fcveninin s\u00fcrmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Yaz\u0131tlarda bat\u0131da Demir Kap\u0131\u2019ya kadar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen asker\u00ee faaliyetler ve \u00e7evredeki topluluklar\u0131n itaat alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 da il ve t\u00f6renin korunmas\u0131yla birlikte anlat\u0131l\u0131r; siyasi-asker\u00ee ba\u015far\u0131 ile hukuk d\u00fczeni birbirinden ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmez.<\/li><li>K\u00fcl Tigin\u2019in on alt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131nda amcas\u0131 ka\u011fan\u0131n ilini ve t\u00f6resini korumaya katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anlat\u0131lmas\u0131, t\u00f6renin gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta \u00fcstlenilen asker\u00ee ve siyasi sorumluluklarla da ili\u015fkilendirildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/li><li>\u201c\u00dcstte g\u00f6k basmasa, altta yer delinmese&#8230;\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, T\u00fcrk milletinin ilini ve t\u00f6resini kendi i\u00e7indeki bozulma d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kolayca kaybetmemesi gerekti\u011fini anlat\u0131r; ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, devlet d\u00fczeni ve hukuk aras\u0131nda ba\u011f kurar.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>NEDEN <\/strong><strong>\u00d6NEML\u0130?:<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131, T\u00fcrk hukuk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde \u201cy\u00f6netici de kurala ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r\u201d ve \u201cdevlet-t\u00f6re birlikteli\u011fi\u201d fikrinin erken \u00f6rneklerini g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.5. T\u00f6reden Sonraki D\u00f6nemlere Kalan Miras<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n hukuka ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve halk\u0131 adaletle y\u00f6netmesi gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi sonraki T\u00fcrk devletlerine ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>T\u00f6re, \u0130slamiyet sonras\u0131nda tamamen ortadan kalkmam\u0131\u015f; \u015fer\u2019i hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmayan y\u00f6nleriyle \u00f6rfi hukuk ve devlet gelene\u011fi i\u00e7inde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>S\u00f6zl\u00fc ve gelenek temelli yap\u0131 zamanla yaz\u0131l\u0131 kanunnamelere, anayasalara ve modern kanunlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f; ancak adalet, e\u015fitlik, kamu d\u00fczeni ve y\u00f6neticinin sorumlulu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-4\">3. T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletlerinde \u015eer\u2019i ve \u00d6rfi Hukuk<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.1. \u0130slamiyet\u2019in Kabul\u00fcyle Hukukta De\u011fi\u015fim<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>\u0130slamiyet\u2019in kabul\u00fcyle T\u00fcrklerin t\u00f6re temelli hukuk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0130slam hukukuyla birle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Karahanl\u0131lar, Gazneliler, Sel\u00e7uklular ve Osmanl\u0131larda \u0130slam hukuku temel hukuk kayna\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2line gelirken eski T\u00fcrk devlet gelene\u011finin baz\u0131 unsurlar\u0131 da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrk hukuk sistemi bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te bir kopu\u015ftan \u00e7ok sentez ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f; yeni din\u00ee kaynaklarla eski devlet ve toplum uygulamalar\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.2. \u015eer\u2019i Hukuk<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>\u015eer\u2019i hukukun temel kaynaklar\u0131 Kur\u2019an, s\u00fcnnet, icma ve k\u0131yast\u0131r.<\/li><li>Din\u00ee ve toplumsal ili\u015fkileri, aile, miras, ibadet, bor\u00e7 ve benzeri alanlar\u0131 d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman h\u00fck\u00fcmdar, \u015fer\u2019i hukukun kayna\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil; onun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zeten ve koruyan y\u00f6netici olarak kabul edilir.<\/li><li>Padi\u015fah\u0131n \u015feriata ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranamayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar yetkisini s\u0131n\u0131rlayan unsurlardan biri olmu\u015ftur. \u015eeyh\u00fclislamlar\u0131n fetvalar\u0131 da devlet kararlar\u0131nda etkili olabilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.3. \u00d6rfi Hukuk<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>\u00d6rfi hukuk, \u015fer\u2019i hukukun do\u011frudan d\u00fczenlemedi\u011fi alanlarda devletin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n koydu\u011fu kurallar\u0131 ifade eder.<\/li><li>Vergi, askerlik, idare, kamu d\u00fczeni, ekonomi ve cezai d\u00fczenlemelerin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6rfi hukuk kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>\u00d6rfi hukuk; \u00f6rf ve \u00e2detler, T\u00fcrk t\u00f6resi, padi\u015fah fermanlar\u0131 ve kanunnamelerden beslenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Kaynaklarda T\u00fcrk t\u00f6resinin \u0130slamiyet sonras\u0131nda \u201c\u00f6rf\u201d bi\u00e7iminde yeni bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm kazanarak s\u00fcreklilik g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi vurgulan\u0131r.<\/li><li>Osmanl\u0131lardan \u00f6nce Delhi T\u00fcrk Sultanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015feriat yan\u0131nda \u201czav\u00e2bit\u201d ad\u0131 verilen devlet kanunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131, \u00f6rfi d\u00fczenleme gelene\u011finin T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda daha eski \u00f6rnekleri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.4. \u015eer\u2019i ve \u00d6rfi Hukukun Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-3\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:28%\"\/><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u015eer\u2019i Hukuk<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6rfi Hukuk<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Kaynak<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u015eer\u2019i Hukuk\"><p>Kur\u2019an, s\u00fcnnet, icma, k\u0131yas<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rfi Hukuk\"><p>\u00d6rf, \u00e2det, T\u00fcrk t\u00f6resi, padi\u015fah fermanlar\u0131 ve kanunnameler<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Temel ama\u00e7<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u015eer\u2019i Hukuk\"><p>\u0130lahi adaleti ve din\u00ee-toplumsal d\u00fczeni sa\u011flamak<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rfi Hukuk\"><p>Devlet d\u00fczenini, kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 ve otoriteyi korumak<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Devlet-birey ili\u015fkisi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u015eer\u2019i Hukuk\"><p>Din esasl\u0131; bireyin hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri belirgindir<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rfi Hukuk\"><p>Devlet ve kamu d\u00fczeni merkezlidir<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Aile hukuku<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u015eer\u2019i Hukuk\"><p>Din esasl\u0131 nik\u00e2h ve aile kurallar\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rfi Hukuk\"><p>Genellikle \u015fer\u2019i hukuka ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Miras<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u015eer\u2019i Hukuk\"><p>\u015eer\u2019i esaslara g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenir; vasiyet hakk\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rfi Hukuk\"><p>Genellikle \u015fer\u2019i hukuka ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Ceza<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u015eer\u2019i Hukuk\"><p>\u015eer\u2019i esaslara dayanan cezalar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rfi Hukuk\"><p>Padi\u015fah\u0131n kanunnameleri ve kamu d\u00fczenine ili\u015fkin yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Ekonomi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u015eer\u2019i Hukuk\"><p>Faiz ve al\u0131m-sat\u0131mda hile gibi konular din\u00ee kurallarla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rfi Hukuk\"><p>Vergi ve devletin ekonomik d\u00fczenine ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Yarg\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u015eer\u2019i Hukuk\"><p>\u015eer\u2019i mahkemelerde kad\u0131lar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rfi Hukuk\"><p>Divan kararlar\u0131 ve \u00f6rfi d\u00fczenlemeler<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>De\u011fi\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u015eer\u2019i Hukuk\"><p>\u0130cma ve k\u0131yasla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yorum ve geli\u015fme<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rfi Hukuk\"><p>Y\u00f6netim ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha esnek d\u00fczenleme<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!:<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>\u015eer\u2019i hukuk ile \u00f6rfi hukuk birbirini tamamen d\u0131\u015flayan iki sistem de\u011fildir. Osmanl\u0131 uygulamas\u0131nda birlikte kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; farkl\u0131 alanlarda birbirini tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>Kaynaklardan biri, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc padi\u015fahlar ve yetkin \u015feyh\u00fclislamlar d\u00f6neminden sonra f\u0131k\u0131h yorumlar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 yenilik ve geli\u015fmeleri yava\u015flatabildi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcren ele\u015ftirel bir de\u011ferlendirme yapmaktad\u0131r. Bu, kayna\u011f\u0131n tarihsel yorumudur; tek ve tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z bir a\u00e7\u0131klama olarak de\u011fil, bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f olarak okunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-5\">4. Osmanl\u0131 Yarg\u0131 D\u00fczeni ve Adalet Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.1. Kad\u0131 ve \u015euhud\u00fcl-h\u00e2l<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Kad\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 mahkemelerinde yarg\u0131lama yapan h\u00e2kimdir; \u015fer\u2019i hukuk yan\u0131nda yerel uygulama ve \u00f6rfi gelenekler konusunda da bilgiye ihtiya\u00e7 duyabilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>\u015euhud\u00fcl-h\u00e2l, Osmanl\u0131 mahkemelerinde haz\u0131r bulunan ve yarg\u0131laman\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, denetimi ve g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan rol oynayan m\u00fc\u015fahit\/dan\u0131\u015fman grubudur.<\/li><li>\u015euhud\u00fcl-h\u00e2l \u00fcyeleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla b\u00f6lgenin ileri gelenleri aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmi\u015f; ticaret, zanaat, maliye ve arazi gibi yerel uygulamalar konusunda kad\u0131ya bilgi vermi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na isimleri yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; h\u00fckm\u00fcn dava zapt\u0131na uygunlu\u011funu g\u00f6zleyerek yarg\u0131laman\u0131n denetlenmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kaynakta, \u0130slam kad\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn teoride ve uygulamada iki \u015fahit taraf\u0131ndan tasdik edilmesinden sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi; Osmanl\u0131 mahkemelerinde \u015fuhud\u00fcl-h\u00e2lin bu \u015fahitlik ve g\u00f6zetim i\u015flevini \u00fcstlendi\u011fi belirtilir.<\/li><li>Bu g\u00f6rev s\u00fcrekli bir memuriyet de\u011fildir; dava ve taraflarla ilgili farkl\u0131 ki\u015filer g\u00f6rev alabilmi\u015ftir. \u015euhud\u00fcl-h\u00e2l \u00fcyelerinin genellikle dava ve taraflarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 yerel ki\u015filerden olu\u015ftu\u011fu da aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kad\u0131 \u00fczerinde olu\u015fabilecek bask\u0131 ve m\u00fcdahalelerin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ve yarg\u0131 denetimine katk\u0131da bulunduklar\u0131 kabul edilir.<\/li><li>Kaynakta, \u015fuhud\u00fcl-h\u00e2lin bu denetim rol\u00fcn\u00fcn baz\u0131 durumlarda istinaf ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 azaltm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi belirtilmektedir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>\u015euhud\u00fcl-h\u00e2l = mahkemenin a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve denetimiyle ili\u015fkili m\u00fc\u015fahit\/dan\u0131\u015fman grubu. Kad\u0131 = yarg\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131 veren h\u00e2kim.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.2. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n \u015eik\u00e2yet Dinleme G\u00f6revi<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>\u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131ndan Orhan Bey ve II. Murad\u2019\u0131n sabahlar\u0131 saray kap\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde halk\u0131n \u015fik\u00e2yetlerini do\u011frudan dinledi\u011fi aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li><li>Div\u00e2n-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2yunun en eski ve temel g\u00f6revlerinden biri mazlumlar\u0131n \u015fik\u00e2yet ve adalet taleplerini dinlemek olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Padi\u015fahlar divana do\u011frudan ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etmeyi b\u0131rakt\u0131ktan sonra da Kasr-\u0131 Ad\u00e2let \/ Adalet K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc gibi yerlerden divan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerini takip edebilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>IV. Mehmed\u2019in Edirne Saray\u0131\u2019nda adalet taleplerini dinleyebilmek amac\u0131yla bir Adalet K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir.<\/li><li>Bu uygulamalar, y\u00f6neticinin halka kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlu olmas\u0131, \u015fik\u00e2yet hakk\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve adaletin devletin temel g\u00f6revi say\u0131lmas\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>NEDEN <\/strong><strong>\u00d6NEML\u0130?:<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 adalet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda halk\u0131n y\u00f6netime \u015fik\u00e2yetini ula\u015ft\u0131rabilmesi, devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin denetlenmesi ve y\u00f6neticinin hukukla ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131 me\u015fruiyetin \u00f6nemli par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.3. Kaynak Sayfas\u0131nda Yer Alan Ek Genel A\u011f Haberi: Modern \u0130pek Yolu<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Kaynak sayfas\u0131ndaki genel a\u011f haberi \u00f6rne\u011finde, alternatif g\u00fczerg\u00e2hlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla eski \u00f6nemini kaybeden \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nun son y\u0131llarda yeniden d\u00fcnya g\u00fcndemine gelmesi ve \u00c7in\u2019in \u201cTek Ku\u015fak, Tek Yol \/ Modern \u0130pek Yolu\u201d projesi ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/li><li>Proje, Asya-Afrika-Avrupa aras\u0131nda kara yolu, demir yolu, liman, havaalan\u0131 ve enerji nakil hatlar\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ula\u015ft\u0131rma ve altyap\u0131 a\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturmay\u0131 hedefler.<\/li><li>14-15 May\u0131s 2017\u2019de Pekin\u2019de d\u00fczenlenen zirveye 29 \u00fclkenin devlet veya h\u00fck\u00fbmet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131; projenin yakla\u015f\u0131k 65 \u00fclkeyi ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 h\u00e2le getirmesinin ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir.<\/li><li>Projede \u00c7in\u2019in yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131ktan sonra d\u00fcnya ekonomisiyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeye \u00f6nem veren Orta Asya T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyetleri ile T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130ran ve Rusya gibi \u00fclkeler de \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u201cOrta Koridor\u201d ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u201cAvrasya Ekonomik \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi\u201d giri\u015fimleriyle uyum d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine yer verilir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>Bu Modern \u0130pek Yolu haberi kaynak sayfas\u0131nda yer almakla birlikte, \u201cT\u00fcrklerde Hukuk\u201d kazan\u0131m\u0131yla do\u011frudan ili\u015fkili bir hukuk i\u00e7eri\u011fi sunmamaktad\u0131r. Bilgi kayb\u0131 olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in burada ayr\u0131 bir ek bilgi olarak verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-6\">5. Fatih ve Kanuni\u2019nin Kanunnameleri: S\u00f6zl\u00fc Gelenekten Yaz\u0131l\u0131 Hukuka<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.1. Kanunname Nedir?<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Kanunname, padi\u015fah\u0131n iradesine dayanarak devletin i\u015fleyi\u015fini d\u00fczenleyen yaz\u0131l\u0131 hukuk metnidir.<\/li><li>Osmanl\u0131 \u00f6rfi hukukunun yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve merkez\u00ee h\u00e2le gelmesinin en \u00f6nemli ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/li><li>Kanunlar \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ferman \u015feklinde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f; ni\u015fanc\u0131n\u0131n koydu\u011fu tu\u011fra h\u00fck\u00fcmdar emrinin do\u011frulu\u011funu ve resmiyetini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Osmanl\u0131 kanunlar\u0131 belirli konulara y\u00f6nelik fermanlar, belirli b\u00f6lge veya gruplara ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemeler ve b\u00fct\u00fcn imparatorlukta uygulanan genel kanunnameler bi\u00e7iminde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.2. Osman Gazi, Fatih Sultan Mehmed ve Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Kaynaklarda, devlet kurucu ve d\u00fczenleyici baz\u0131 T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n kanun koymas\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk devlet gelene\u011finin devam\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fi belirtilir.<\/li><li>Eski Osmanl\u0131 rivayetlerinde Osman Gazi\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131ktan sonra kanunlar koydu\u011fu aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li><li>Fatih Sultan Mehmed, biri reayan\u0131n hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini, di\u011feri devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen iki \u00f6nemli kanunname ile hukuk d\u00fczenini sistemle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman, imparatorluk d\u00fczenini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren kanunlar\u0131 nedeniyle \u201cKanuni\u201d unvan\u0131yla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kanunnameler, t\u00f6re temelli devlet gelene\u011finin yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve merkez\u00ee hukuk bi\u00e7imine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesinin somut g\u00f6stergelerindendir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.3. Hukukta Devaml\u0131l\u0131k \u0130lkesi<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Osmanl\u0131 kanunnamelerinde \u201cbu kanun atam ve dedem kanunudur ve benim dahi kanunumdur\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki ifadeler \u00f6nceki h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n kanunlar\u0131n\u0131n yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlarca benimsenerek s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterir.<\/li><li>Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki t\u00f6renin ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lmas\u0131yla benzer bi\u00e7imde hukukta devlet haf\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u00fcreklili\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Yaz\u0131l\u0131 hukuk sayesinde vergiler, g\u00f6revler, cezalar, protokol ve halk\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri daha a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00e2le gelmi\u015f; \u00fclke genelinde uygulama birli\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.4. Kanunname-i \u00c2l-i Osman\u2019\u0131n \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Konular<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm\"><p>I. B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Konular\"><p>Merkez ve ta\u015fradaki devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin protokoldeki yerleri, padi\u015faha arz hakk\u0131, kad\u0131lar\u0131n mertebeleri.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm\"><p>II. B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Konular\"><p>Devlet ve saltanat i\u015flerinin d\u00fczeni; Divan, Has Oda te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve saray mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n bayramla\u015fma merasimleri.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm\"><p>III. B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Konular\"><p>Baz\u0131 su\u00e7lar ve cezalar\u0131, makam sahiplerinin gelirleri; ayr\u0131ca devlet g\u00f6revlileri ve hanedan mensuplar\u0131na ili\u015fkin unvan \u00f6rnekleri.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.5. Y\u00f6netim Hiyerar\u015fisi ve Halk\u0131n Korunmas\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Fatih Kanunnamesi\u2019nde veziriazam b\u00fct\u00fcn vezir ve beylerin ba\u015f\u0131, devlet i\u015flerinin en yetkili vekili olarak g\u00f6sterilir; defterdar mali i\u015flerin sorumlusu ve denetleyicisidir.<\/li><li>\u015eeyh\u00fclislam uleman\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131, padi\u015fah hocas\u0131 da ilmiye i\u00e7inde y\u00fcksek bir makam olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r; protokol ve r\u00fctbe d\u00fczeni yaz\u0131l\u0131 kurallarla belirlenir.<\/li><li>Kanuni d\u00f6nemine ait \u00f6rnekte beylerbeyi, sancak beyi, \u00e7eriba\u015f\u0131, suba\u015f\u0131 ve sipahilerin reayadan vergi ve resimleri kanuna g\u00f6re istemesi; fazlas\u0131n\u0131 talep ederek zulmetmesi h\u00e2linde cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilir.<\/li><li>Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmler siyasi otoritenin hukuk koyabildi\u011fini ancak ayn\u0131 hukukun devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin yetkilerini de s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Kanunname = \u00f6rfi hukuk ve merkez\u00ee devlet d\u00fczeniyle ili\u015fkilidir. \u015eer\u2019i hukuk kaynaklar\u0131ndan do\u011frudan t\u00fcreyen bir metin t\u00fcr\u00fc de\u011fildir.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-7\">6. Hukuk Alan\u0131nda Modernle\u015fme: Tanzimat\u2019tan Anayasal D\u00fczene<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.1. De\u011fi\u015fimin Genel Y\u00f6n\u00fc<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>T\u00fcrk hukuk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 t\u00f6re temelli s\u00f6zl\u00fc yap\u0131dan, Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u015fer\u2019i ve \u00f6rfi hukukun birlikteli\u011fine; XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda sistemli kanunla\u015ft\u0131rmaya; Cumhuriyet\u2019te laik ve ulusal hukuk d\u00fczenine do\u011fru a\u015famal\u0131 bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ani bir kopu\u015f de\u011fil; devlet yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki, toplumdaki, ekonomideki, uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerdeki ve y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimlerin sonucu olan uzun bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.<\/li><li>De\u011fi\u015fimin ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenleri aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalarda ya\u015fama, yeni toplumlarla temas, \u0130slamiyet\u2019in kabul\u00fc, devletlerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, \u015fehirle\u015fme ve ticaretin geli\u015fmesi, kamu d\u00fczeni ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, modernle\u015fme, anayasal y\u00f6netim ve bireysel haklar\u0131n \u00f6nem kazanmas\u0131 bulunur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.2. Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 (1839)<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 hukuk devletine ve anayasal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye ge\u00e7i\u015fte \u00f6nemli bir a\u015famad\u0131r; padi\u015fah\u0131n mutlak iradesini kanun ve taahh\u00fctlerle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ciddi bir ad\u0131m olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve Hristiyan b\u00fct\u00fcn tebaan\u0131n can, mal ve namus g\u00fcvenli\u011fi devlet g\u00fcvencesi alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Vergilerin herkesin \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fcne g\u00f6re ve adaletli bi\u00e7imde al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Askerli\u011fin b\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck olmas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrenin d\u00f6rt-be\u015f y\u0131l olarak d\u00fczenlenmesi hedeflenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Yarg\u0131lanmadan \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131 verilememesi, m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve devlet i\u015flerinde kanun ile hakkaniyete uyulmas\u0131 ilkeleri vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>R\u00fc\u015fvetin \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in kanun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, saraya hediye g\u00f6nderilmemesi ve b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n hediye kabul etmemesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Ceza hukukunda \u201ckanunsuz su\u00e7 ve ceza olmaz\u201d ilkesine ge\u00e7i\u015f, keyf\u00ee cezaland\u0131rman\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi ve hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011finin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi anlam\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.3. Islahat Ferman\u0131 (1856)<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Islahat Ferman\u0131 \u00f6zellikle gayrim\u00fcslim tebaan\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmi\u015f ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla Hristiyanlar aras\u0131nda e\u015fitlik sa\u011flamay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Din ve mezhep \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f; ibadet serbestli\u011fi g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve hi\u00e7 kimsenin din de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye zorlanamayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Irk, din ve dil farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 nedeniyle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 ifadelerin kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131 istenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Gayrim\u00fcslimlere devlet memurlu\u011fu ile asker\u00ee ve sivil devlet okullar\u0131na girme imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f; cemaatlerin okul a\u00e7abilmesi kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Vergilerin e\u015fitlik ve adalet temelinde toplanmas\u0131, mahkemelerin a\u00e7\u0131k usulle g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, b\u00fct\u00fcn tebaan\u0131n askerlikle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olmas\u0131 ve nakd\u00ee bedel uygulamas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Ferman Paris Kongresi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ilan edilmi\u015f ve Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 boyut kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.4. Tanzimat ve Islahat Fermanlar\u0131n\u0131n Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-3\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:28%\"\/><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Benzerlikler<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Hukuki<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Benzerlikler\"><p>Can, mal, namus g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve adalet vurgusu<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\"><p>Tanzimat yarg\u0131s\u0131z cezaland\u0131rmay\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye odaklan\u0131r; Islahat a\u00e7\u0131k mahkeme, din ve mezhep e\u015fitli\u011fini ayr\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Mali<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Benzerlikler\"><p>Verginin adalet ve e\u015fitlik esas\u0131na g\u00f6re al\u0131nmas\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\"><p>Tanzimat \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc; Islahat b\u00fct\u00fcn tebaan\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fini daha belirgin bi\u00e7imde \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>\u0130dari<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Benzerlikler\"><p>Devlet i\u015flerinin hukuk ve hakkaniyetle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\"><p>Tanzimat r\u00fc\u015fvet ve hediye uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar; Islahat gayrim\u00fcslimlere memuriyet ve e\u011fitim hakk\u0131 verir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Asker\u00ee<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Benzerlikler\"><p>B\u00fct\u00fcn tebaan\u0131n askerlik y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\"><p>Tanzimat askerlik s\u00fcresini d\u00fczenler; Islahat nakd\u00ee bedel imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Din\u00ee<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Benzerlikler\"><p>B\u00fct\u00fcn tebaan\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini koruma<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\"><p>Islahat ibadet \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, din de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye zorlanmama ve mezhep e\u015fitli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenler.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.5. \u201cKanunsuz Su\u00e7 ve Ceza Olmaz\u201d \u0130lkesinin Anlam\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Su\u00e7un ve cezan\u0131n y\u00f6neticinin keyf\u00ee karar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fil, \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f ve ilan edilmi\u015f kanunlara g\u00f6re uygulanmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li><li>Bu ilke hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fini, e\u015fitli\u011fi, a\u00e7\u0131k yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 ve devletin de hukukla ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Tanzimat = can-mal-namus g\u00fcvenli\u011fi + kanun\/hakkaniyet + yarg\u0131s\u0131z cezan\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi. Islahat = \u00f6zellikle gayrim\u00fcslim haklar\u0131, din-mezhep e\u015fitli\u011fi ve a\u00e7\u0131k yarg\u0131lama ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.6. Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Yarg\u0131 ve B\u00fcrokratik Yap\u0131n\u0131n D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda III. Selim ve II. Mahmud d\u00f6nemlerindeki merkezile\u015fme ve b\u00fcrokratikle\u015fme giri\u015fimleri Tanzimat reformlar\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Tanzimat d\u00f6neminde \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f hukuk ve yarg\u0131lama d\u00fczenine ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in yarg\u0131 b\u00fcrokrasisi, merkez\u00ee kurumlar ve e\u011fitim altyap\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Modern kurumlar kurulurken geleneksel ve yeni mahkemelerin bir arada bulunmas\u0131 adalet te\u015fkilat\u0131nda bir s\u00fcre par\u00e7al\u0131 ve ikili (d\u00fcalist) bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-8\">7. Mecelle, Kanun-\u0131 Esasi ve Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">7.1. Mecelle-i Ahk\u00e2m-\u0131 Adliyye (1869-1876)<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Mecelle, 1869-1876 aras\u0131nda kitaplar h\u00e2linde haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f; her kitap padi\u015fah iradesiyle y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>\u0130slam hukukunu daha sistemli ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 h\u00e2le getiren \u00f6nemli bir kanunla\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li>Osmanl\u0131 hukukunda yabanc\u0131 kanunlardan yararlanma hareketleri ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olsa da medeni hukuk alan\u0131nda do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 bir kanun al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f; Mecelle yerli \u0130slam hukuku birikiminden haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca bor\u00e7lar, e\u015fya ve yarg\u0131lama hukukuna ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7ermi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Yeni mahkemelerde uygulanacak f\u0131k\u0131h h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini se\u00e7ip uygulayabilecek yeterli say\u0131da uzman h\u00e2kim bulunmamas\u0131 kanunla\u015ft\u0131rma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Yabanc\u0131larla ticaretin artmas\u0131, \u015feriye mahkemelerinde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayanlar\u0131n \u015fahitli\u011fiyle ilgili s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar ve ticaret uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 da ortak ve uygulanabilir bir yaz\u0131l\u0131 metne duyulan ihtiyac\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>Kaynakta Mecelle \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ilk medeni kanunu\u201d olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Mecelle medeni hukuk alan\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir kanunla\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131r; ancak aile ve miras hukukunun tamam\u0131n\u0131 modern medeni kanunlar gibi tek metinde d\u00fczenlememi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">7.2. Kanun-\u0131 Esasi (1876)<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Kanun-\u0131 Esasi, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 anayasas\u0131d\u0131r ve me\u015fruti y\u00f6netime ge\u00e7i\u015fin temel hukuk belgesidir.<\/li><li>Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n anayasal y\u00f6netim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Server Pa\u015fa ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda asker, b\u00fcrokrat ve ulemadan olu\u015fan 28 ki\u015filik Cemiyet-i Mahsusa kurulmu\u015f; haz\u0131rl\u0131kta \u00f6nceki taslaklar ile Bel\u00e7ika, Polonya ve Prusya anayasalar\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Nihai metin Midhat Pa\u015fa ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Bakanlar Kurulunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in onay\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Kanun-\u0131 Esasi parlamentolu bir d\u00fczen \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkilerini yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir anayasa \u00e7er\u00e7evesine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f; fakat monar\u015fik ve hanedan merkezli yap\u0131 tamamen ortadan kalkmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Hukuki bi\u00e7imi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Kanun-\u0131 Esasi padi\u015fah\u0131n onay\u0131 ve iradesiyle y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren bir metindir; buna ra\u011fmen Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin modern anayasa hukukuna kat\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019nin \u0130lk Maddelerinden \u00d6rnek<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u0130\u00e7erik<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019nin \u0130lk Maddelerinden \u00d6rnek\"><p>Devletin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesi topraklar\u0131 ve eyaletleriyle b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez bir b\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019nin \u0130lk Maddelerinden \u00d6rnek\"><p>Ba\u015fkent<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>\u0130stanbul ba\u015fkenttir ve di\u011fer \u015fehirlerden ayr\u0131 bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011fa sahip de\u011fildir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019nin \u0130lk Maddelerinden \u00d6rnek\"><p>Saltanat ve hilafet<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>Saltanat ve halifelik Osmanl\u0131 Hanedan\u0131\u2019na aittir; veraset hanedan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck erkek \u00fcyesine g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019nin \u0130lk Maddelerinden \u00d6rnek\"><p>Padi\u015fah\u0131n konumu<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>Padi\u015fah \u0130slam dininin koruyucusu ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019nin \u0130lk Maddelerinden \u00d6rnek\"><p>Sorumluluk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>Kaynakta padi\u015fah\u0131n \u015fahs\u0131n\u0131n kutsal ve yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan sorumsuz oldu\u011fu h\u00fckm\u00fc aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">7.3. Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu (1921)<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>20 Ocak 1921\u2019de TBMM taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmi\u015ftir; 23 madde ve bir \u201cMadde-i M\u00fcnferide\u201dden olu\u015fur.<\/li><li>Osmanl\u0131-T\u00fcrk anayasa tarihinde ola\u011fan kanun usulleriyle yap\u0131labilen ve de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilen \u201cyumu\u015fak anayasa\u201d niteli\u011findedir.<\/li><li>TBMM, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019nin temel dayana\u011f\u0131 olarak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden T\u00fcrkiye Devleti\u2019ne ge\u00e7i\u015fi y\u00f6netmi\u015f ve yeni devletin kurucu esaslar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, 1921 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 Meclisin ve mill\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fbmetin konum, yetki ve niteli\u011fini belirleyen ilk kanun olarak nitelemi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Madde<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Temel \u0130lke<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Madde\"><p>1. madde<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel \u0130lke\"><p>Egemenlik hi\u00e7bir kay\u0131t ve \u015fart olmaks\u0131z\u0131n millete aittir; y\u00f6netim halk\u0131n kendi kaderini fiilen y\u00f6netmesi esas\u0131na dayan\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Madde\"><p>2. madde<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel \u0130lke\"><p>Yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme yetkileri milletin tek ger\u00e7ek temsilcisi olan TBMM\u2019de toplan\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Madde\"><p>3. madde<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel \u0130lke\"><p>T\u00fcrkiye Devleti TBMM taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilir; h\u00fck\u00fbmet \u201cT\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi H\u00fck\u00fbmeti\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Madde\"><p>4. madde<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel \u0130lke\"><p>TBMM, illerde halk taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen milletvekillerinden olu\u015fur.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Madde\"><p>5. madde<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel \u0130lke\"><p>Se\u00e7imler iki y\u0131lda bir yap\u0131l\u0131r; milletvekilleri b\u00fct\u00fcn milleti temsil eder ve yeniden se\u00e7ilebilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>1876 Kanun-\u0131 Esasi = me\u015frutiyet ve hanedan egemenli\u011fi devam eder. 1921 Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye = egemenlik kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z millete ge\u00e7er.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-9\">8. Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi Hukuk Devrimi ve T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.1. Hukuk Sisteminin Laik ve Ulusal Niteli\u011fe Kavu\u015fmas\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Avrupa hukuk sistemlerinden yararlan\u0131larak hukukta birlik, laiklik ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma hedeflenmi\u015ftir; ulusal ve \u00fcniter devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hukuk\u00ee temelleri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>1926\u2019da \u0130svi\u00e7re Medeni Kanunu \u00f6rnek al\u0131narak T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu; \u0130talya\u2019dan ceza kanunu ve Almanya\u2019dan ticaret kanunu al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>Kaynakta Osmanl\u0131 siyasal-hukuki d\u00fczeni baz\u0131 yerlerde \u201cteokrasiye dayal\u0131\u201d \u015feklinde \u00f6zetlenmektedir. Daha dikkatli ifade, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin \u0130slami me\u015fruiyet ve \u015fer\u2019i hukukla g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u011flar\u0131 bulunan bir monar\u015fi oldu\u011fu; bunun yan\u0131nda \u00f6rfi hukuk ve sultan\u0131n siyasi otoritesinin de belirleyici oldu\u011fudur. Sistemi yaln\u0131z din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi bir teokrasi olarak tan\u0131mlamak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 basitle\u015ftirici olur.<\/p><\/aside><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Bu d\u00fczenlemeler, din\u00ee hukuk d\u00fczeninden laik ve ulusal kanunlara dayal\u0131 bir hukuk sistemine ge\u00e7i\u015fi h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.2. T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun Toplum ve Aile Hayat\u0131na Etkileri<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>\u00c7ok e\u015flilik yerine tek e\u015flilik esas\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Evlenme i\u015flemi din\u00ee nitelikten \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak resm\u00ee nik\u00e2h ve devlet denetimine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Aile i\u00e7inde yaln\u0131z erke\u011fin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dayal\u0131 yap\u0131 yerine kad\u0131n ve erkek aras\u0131nda hukuki e\u015fitli\u011fi geli\u015ftiren d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kad\u0131nlara e\u011fitim, miras, meslek se\u00e7me ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131nda daha geni\u015f haklar tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f; bu geli\u015fme siyasal haklar\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131na da zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Ailenin kurulmas\u0131 ve sona ermesi hukuk d\u00fczeninin ve devletin denetimi alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kaynak, resm\u00ee nik\u00e2h ve yeni aile d\u00fczenine toplumdan ciddi bir genel diren\u00e7 gelmedi\u011fini; ancak sosyo-ekonomik yap\u0131dan kaynaklanan baz\u0131 yad\u0131rgama, ihlal ve ihmaller g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>NEDEN <\/strong><strong>\u00d6NEML\u0130?:<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>1926 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu, Cumhuriyet hukuk devriminin birey ve aile hayat\u0131na en do\u011frudan yans\u0131yan d\u00fczenlemelerinden biridir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.3. T\u00fcrk Kad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n Hukuki Konumundaki De\u011fi\u015fim<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>D\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kaynakta \u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan Durum<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrkler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kaynakta \u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan Durum\"><p>Kad\u0131n toplumda erkekle b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde e\u015fit konumda; miras hakk\u0131na ve y\u00f6netimde s\u00f6z hakk\u0131na sahip.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kaynakta \u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan Durum\"><p>Toplumsal ve hukuki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar nedeniyle erkek daha belirgin bi\u00e7imde \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>Cumhuriyet \/ G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kaynakta \u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan Durum\"><p>Medeni Kanun ve anayasal d\u00fczenlemelerle kad\u0131n-erkek hukuki e\u015fitli\u011fi, resm\u00ee nik\u00e2h, e\u011fitim ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma haklar\u0131; daha sonra se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme haklar\u0131 anayasal ve yasal g\u00fcvenceye kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-10\">9. Hukuk Belgelerinin Korudu\u011fu ve S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Haklar<\/h2><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-3\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:28%\"\/><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Hukuki Kaynak \/ \u0130lke<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Korunan Hak veya D\u00fczen<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lan Yetki \/ Uygulama<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Hukuki Kaynak \/ \u0130lke\"><p>T\u00fcrk T\u00f6resi &#8211; \u201cBeyleri de milleti de do\u011fru&#8230;\u201d<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Korunan Hak veya D\u00fczen\"><p>Milletin haklar\u0131 ve devlet d\u00fczeni<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lan Yetki \/ Uygulama\"><p>Beylerin keyf\u00ee davranma yetkisi<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Hukuki Kaynak \/ \u0130lke\"><p>Kanunname-i \u00c2l-i Osman &#8211; zulm\u00fcn \u00f6nlenmesi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Korunan Hak veya D\u00fczen\"><p>Mazlumlar\u0131n ve halk\u0131n haklar\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lan Yetki \/ Uygulama\"><p>Zalim devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin keyf\u00eeli\u011fi<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Hukuki Kaynak \/ \u0130lke\"><p>Kanunname-i \u00c2l-i Osman &#8211; vergi d\u00fczeni<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Korunan Hak veya D\u00fczen\"><p>Reayan\u0131n kanuna uygun vergi \u00f6deme hakk\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lan Yetki \/ Uygulama\"><p>Beyler ve sipahilerin fazladan vergi istemesi<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Hukuki Kaynak \/ \u0130lke\"><p>Islahat Ferman\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Korunan Hak veya D\u00fczen\"><p>Din ve mezhep \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lan Yetki \/ Uygulama\"><p>Din de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye zorlama ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Hukuki Kaynak \/ \u0130lke\"><p>T.C. Anayasas\u0131 &#8211; e\u011fitim hakk\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Korunan Hak veya D\u00fczen\"><p>Herkesin e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011frenim hakk\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lan Yetki \/ Uygulama\"><p>E\u011fitimi engelleyen uygulamalar<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Hukuki Kaynak \/ \u0130lke\"><p>Kanunname-i \u00c2l-i Osman &#8211; veziriazam\u0131n konumu<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Korunan Hak veya D\u00fczen\"><p>Devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131nda g\u00f6rev ve yetki d\u00fczeni<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lan Yetki \/ Uygulama\"><p>Di\u011fer g\u00f6revlilerin r\u00fctbe ve yetki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Hukuki Kaynak \/ \u0130lke\"><p>Kur\u2019an, \u00c2l-i \u0130mr\u00e2n 3\/92<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Korunan Hak veya D\u00fczen\"><p>\u0130htiya\u00e7 sahiplerinin yarar\u0131 ve payla\u015fma<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lan Yetki \/ Uygulama\"><p>Mal\u0131 yaln\u0131z ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131kar i\u00e7in kullanma anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Hukuki Kaynak \/ \u0130lke\"><p>Tanzimat Ferman\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Korunan Hak veya D\u00fczen\"><p>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve Hristiyan tebaan\u0131n can, mal ve namus g\u00fcvenli\u011fi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lan Yetki \/ Uygulama\"><p>Devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin keyf\u00ee m\u00fcdahalesi<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Hukuki Kaynak \/ \u0130lke\"><p>Mecelle &#8211; m\u00fclkiyet ilkesi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Korunan Hak veya D\u00fczen\"><p>M\u00fclk sahibinin tasarruf hakk\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lan Yetki \/ Uygulama\"><p>Ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n izinsiz m\u00fcdahalesi<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Hukuki Kaynak \/ \u0130lke\"><p>1924 Anayasas\u0131 &#8211; mill\u00ee egemenlik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Korunan Hak veya D\u00fczen\"><p>Milletin egemenlik hakk\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lan Yetki \/ Uygulama\"><p>Ki\u015fisel ve hanedana dayal\u0131 egemenlik<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Hukuki Kaynak \/ \u0130lke\"><p>T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu &#8211; hak ehliyeti<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Korunan Hak veya D\u00fczen\"><p>B\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar\u0131n hukuk d\u00fczeni i\u00e7inde e\u015fit hak ehliyeti<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lan Yetki \/ Uygulama\"><p>Ayr\u0131mc\u0131 ve e\u015fitsiz uygulamalar<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-11\">10. Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi Anayasalar\u0131: 1924, 1961 ve 1982<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">10.1. 1924 Anayasas\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele ve 1921 Anayasas\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan ulusal egemenlik s\u00fcrecini kal\u0131c\u0131 devlet d\u00fczenine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren temel anayasal metindir.<\/li><li>\u201cEgemenlik kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z milletindir.\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, g\u00fcc\u00fcn merkezinde TBMM yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kaynak, 1924 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funluk\u00e7u ve b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc demokrasi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na daha yak\u0131n bir metin olarak de\u011ferlendirmektedir.<\/li><li>Kaynakta anayasan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131ya \u00f6d\u00fcn vermek amac\u0131yla de\u011fil, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019nin ve ulusal devlet kurma s\u00fcrecinin yerli dinamikleriyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulan\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kuvvetler birli\u011fi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr; yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki parlamenter sisteme ge\u00e7i\u015f \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\u2605 D\u00fczeltme: <\/strong>1924 Anayasas\u0131 1924\u2019te kabul edildi\u011fi ilk h\u00e2liyle \u201claik\u201d bir anayasa de\u011fildi; metinde \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Devletinin dini \u0130slam\u2019d\u0131r.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc bulunuyordu. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm 1928\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131, laiklik ilkesi 1937\u2019de anayasaya girdi. Bu nedenle laikle\u015fme s\u00fcreci 1924 sonras\u0131nda a\u015famal\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\u2605 D\u00fczeltme: <\/strong>1924 Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cmeclis h\u00fck\u00fbmeti sistemi\u201d ifadesi tek ba\u015f\u0131na eksik kal\u0131r. MEB \u00f6\u011fretiminde 1924 Anayasas\u0131 genellikle \u201ckuvvetler birli\u011fi ve g\u00f6revler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d \/ parlamenter sisteme yak\u0131n karma yap\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r; 1921 Anayasas\u0131 ise meclis h\u00fck\u00fbmeti sisteminin daha belirgin \u00f6rne\u011fidir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">10.2. 1961 Anayasas\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>27 May\u0131s 1960 asker\u00ee m\u00fcdahalesinden sonra haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve 9 Temmuz 1961\u2019de halk oylamas\u0131yla kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>1924\u2019teki kuvvetler birli\u011fi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan uzakla\u015f\u0131p yumu\u015fak kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayal\u0131 parlamenter sistemi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Egemenli\u011fin millet ad\u0131na yaln\u0131z TBMM taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, anayasan\u0131n belirledi\u011fi yetkili organlar eliyle kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Egemenli\u011fin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n belli bir ki\u015fiye, z\u00fcmreye veya s\u0131n\u0131fa b\u0131rak\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131; hi\u00e7bir ki\u015fi veya organ\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Anayasa\u2019dan almayan bir devlet yetkisi kullanamayaca\u011f\u0131 ilkeleri vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Anayasa Mahkemesi, Mill\u00ee G\u00fcvenlik Kurulu, \u00fcniversiteler, TRT ve DPT gibi kurumlarla iktidar\u0131n denetlenmesi ve devlet organlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yetki payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere geni\u015f yer vermi\u015f; siyasi partileri \u00e7o\u011fulcu toplum yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n unsuru olarak hukuki g\u00fcvenceye kavu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Devletin g\u00f6revi bireyin \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesini ve sosyal haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bi\u00e7imde geni\u015fletilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">10.3. 1982 Anayasas\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 asker\u00ee darbesinden sonra se\u00e7imle olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015f kurullar\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 metin, halk oylamas\u0131yla kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesi s\u00fcrmekle birlikte g\u00fcvenlik, devlet otoritesi ve y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi daha belirgin h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Sava\u015f, seferberlik, s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2llerde temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin durdurulabilece\u011fine ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Siyasi partiler, dernekler, sendikalar ve kamu kurulu\u015flar\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar nedeniyle kaynakta daha az kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 ve daha devlet merkezli bir demokrasi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/li><li>Kaynak, 1982 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilk h\u00e2linde idari i\u015flemlerin yarg\u0131 denetimine istisnalar getirilmesi ve sivil yarg\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda asker\u00ee yarg\u0131 bulunmas\u0131 gibi konular\u0131 hukuk devleti ve yarg\u0131 birli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele\u015ftirel bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferlendirmektedir.<\/li><li>18. Kaynak, 1982 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 d\u00f6nemin toplumuna \u201cdar gelen bir elbise\u201d benzetmesiyle ele\u015ftiren; devlet\u00e7i ve otoriter y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn demokrasi, hukuk devleti ve insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunan bir de\u011ferlendirme sunar. Bu ifadeler kayna\u011f\u0131n yorumudur.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>1982 Anayasas\u0131 1982\u2019den g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u00e7ok say\u0131da de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kaynakta asker\u00ee yarg\u0131 ve baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalarla ilgili de\u011ferlendirmeler b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde anayasan\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemdeki yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r; g\u00fcncel anayasal d\u00fczenle birebir ayn\u0131 kabul edilmemelidir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">10.4. \u00dc\u00e7 Anayasan\u0131n Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-4\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>1924<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>1961<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>1982<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Haz\u0131rlanma ba\u011flam\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1924\"><p>Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele sonras\u0131 yeni devletin kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1961\"><p>27 May\u0131s 1960 m\u00fcdahalesi sonras\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1982\"><p>12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 darbesi sonras\u0131<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Egemenlik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1924\"><p>Millete ait; TBMM merkezli<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1961\"><p>Millete ait; anayasal yetkili organlar eliyle kullan\u0131l\u0131r<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1982\"><p>Millete ait; anayasal organlar eliyle kullan\u0131l\u0131r<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Kuvvetler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1924\"><p>Kuvvetler birli\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc; g\u00f6revler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \/ parlamenterle\u015fme<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1961\"><p>Yumu\u015fak kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve parlamenter sistem<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1982\"><p>Kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131; y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve devlet otoritesi daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1924\"><p>Genel \u00e7er\u00e7eve; \u00e7o\u011funluk\u00e7u anlay\u0131\u015f<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1961\"><p>Daha geni\u015f, \u00e7o\u011fulcu ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc d\u00fczenleme<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1982\"><p>Haklar ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131; g\u00fcvenlik ve s\u0131n\u0131rlama h\u00fck\u00fcmleri daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Siyasi\/toplumsal kat\u0131l\u0131m<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1924\"><p>TBMM merkezli, \u00e7o\u011funluk\u00e7u<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1961\"><p>Siyasi partiler ve \u00f6zerk kurumlarla \u00e7o\u011fulculuk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"1982\"><p>Kaynakta daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ve devlet merkezli kat\u0131l\u0131m vurgusu<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!:<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>\u201cHaklar\u0131n daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 yaz\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d her zaman \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin daha geni\u015f olmas\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na gelmez. 1982 Anayasas\u0131 haklar\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fczenlerken \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131rlama h\u00fck\u00fcmleri de i\u00e7ermi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-12\">11. Hukuk Sisteminin De\u011fi\u015fiminde Halk\u0131n ve Y\u00f6neticilerin Rol\u00fc<\/h2><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Hukuk de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinin toplum taraf\u0131ndan kabul g\u00f6rmesi i\u00e7in yaln\u0131z y\u00f6neticilerin iradesi yeterli de\u011fildir; halk\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, temsil ve a\u00e7\u0131k tart\u0131\u015fma me\u015fruiyeti g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir.<\/li><li>Anayasa yap\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde halk\u0131n kat\u0131lmas\u0131 demokratikle\u015fme, toplumsal bar\u0131\u015f ve me\u015fruiyet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/li><li>Halk\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in her \u00fclkeye uygulanabilecek tek bir y\u00f6ntem yoktur; \u00fclkenin yap\u0131s\u0131, kapasitesi, ge\u00e7mi\u015f deneyimi, anayasan\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve mevcut kaynaklar dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li>\u0130yi tasarlanm\u0131\u015f kat\u0131l\u0131m farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin uzla\u015fmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flarken, \u00fclke \u015fartlar\u0131 hesaba kat\u0131lmadan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen s\u00fcre\u00e7ler kutupla\u015fma ve kaynak kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/li><li>Y\u00f6neticilerin adaletli, \u015feffaf ve uzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 davranmas\u0131; halk\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 sorumluluk bilinciyle kullanmas\u0131 toplumsal bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n korunmas\u0131na katk\u0131 verir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">11.1. 100-150 Kelimelik Etkinlikte Kullan\u0131lan Kavramlar\u0131n Anlaml\u0131 Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kavram<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Hukuk Sistemindeki Rol\u00fc<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Hukuk sistemi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk Sistemindeki Rol\u00fc\"><p>Toplumsal d\u00fczeni ve haklar\u0131 belirleyen kurumsal yap\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>De\u011fi\u015fim<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk Sistemindeki Rol\u00fc\"><p>T\u00f6reden anayasal ve laik hukuka uzanan tarihsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Y\u00f6neticiler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk Sistemindeki Rol\u00fc\"><p>Kanunla\u015ft\u0131rma ve anayasal reformlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan, uygulayan siyasi akt\u00f6rler.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Halk\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk Sistemindeki Rol\u00fc\"><p>Me\u015fruiyetin, temsilin ve d\u00fczenlemelerin toplumsal ihtiya\u00e7lara uygunlu\u011funun g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Me\u015fruiyetin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk Sistemindeki Rol\u00fc\"><p>Hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n toplum taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmesi ve y\u00f6netimin hakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Demokratikle\u015fme<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk Sistemindeki Rol\u00fc\"><p>Kat\u0131l\u0131m, temsil, haklar ve denetim mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Toplumsal bar\u0131\u015f<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukuk Sistemindeki Rol\u00fc\"><p>Farkl\u0131 kesimlerin hukuk \u00f6n\u00fcnde g\u00fcven ve uzla\u015fma i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayabilmesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-13\">12. D\u00f6nemlere G\u00f6re T\u00fcrk Hukuk Sisteminin Genel Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h2><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-5\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:20%\"\/><col style=\"width:20%\"\/><col style=\"width:20%\"\/><col style=\"width:20%\"\/><col style=\"width:20%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>D\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Hukukun Temeli<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Yarg\u0131 Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczle Ba\u011flant\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrkler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukukun Temeli\"><p>T\u00f6re<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kaynaklar\"><p>Ka\u011fan buyru\u011fu, kurultay, \u00f6rf, \u00e2det, gelenek<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Yarg\u0131 Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131\"><p>H\u0131zl\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla s\u00f6zl\u00fc yarg\u0131lama; adalet ve toplumsal denge<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczle Ba\u011flant\u0131\"><p>Yaz\u0131l\u0131 hukuk esas olsa da adalet, e\u015fitlik ve kamu d\u00fczeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi s\u00fcrer.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>\u0130lk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk Devletleri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukukun Temeli\"><p>\u0130slam hukuku + t\u00f6re<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kaynaklar\"><p>\u015eeriat kurallar\u0131 ve \u00f6rf<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Yarg\u0131 Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131\"><p>Kad\u0131lar\u0131n yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczle Ba\u011flant\u0131\"><p>Din kurallar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hukuk kayna\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildir; \u00f6rf ve \u00e2det yard\u0131mc\u0131 kaynak olabilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 Klasik D\u00f6nemi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukukun Temeli\"><p>\u015eer\u2019i + \u00f6rfi hukuk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kaynaklar\"><p>Kur\u2019an, s\u00fcnnet, icma, k\u0131yas, ferman ve kanunnameler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Yarg\u0131 Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131\"><p>Kad\u0131 merkezli yarg\u0131; divan ve padi\u015fah denetimi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczle Ba\u011flant\u0131\"><p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde anayasa ve kanunlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 esast\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukukun Temeli\"><p>Modernle\u015fen karma hukuk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kaynaklar\"><p>Fermanlar, Mecelle, Avrupa hukuk etkileri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Yarg\u0131 Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131\"><p>Mahkemeler \u00e7e\u015fitlenmi\u015f, yaz\u0131l\u0131 hukuk g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczle Ba\u011flant\u0131\"><p>Kanunla\u015ft\u0131rma ve modern yarg\u0131 kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n temelleri.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>Cumhuriyetin \u0130lk Y\u0131llar\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukukun Temeli\"><p>Laik ve ulusal hukuk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kaynaklar\"><p>TBMM ve modern kanunlar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Yarg\u0131 Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131\"><p>Hukuk birli\u011fi hedeflenmi\u015ftir<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczle Ba\u011flant\u0131\"><p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz sisteminin temel omurgas\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrkiyesi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hukukun Temeli\"><p>Laik, anayasal hukuk sistemi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Kaynaklar\"><p>Anayasa, kanunlar, uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Yarg\u0131 Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131\"><p>Yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 anayasal ilkedir<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczle Ba\u011flant\u0131\"><p>T\u00f6reden ba\u015flayan s\u00fcre\u00e7 hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve anayasal haklar anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-14\">13. Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Hukukta De\u011fi\u015fim: Tematik Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma<\/h2><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-4\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Kad\u0131n haklar\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi\"><p>Kad\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde e\u015fit; miras ve y\u00f6netimde s\u00f6z hakk\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\"><p>Toplumsal ve hukuki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar kad\u0131nlar\u0131n konumunu s\u0131n\u0131rlar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\"><p>Kad\u0131n-erkek hukuken e\u015fit; se\u00e7me-se\u00e7ilme ve di\u011fer haklar anayasal g\u00fcvence alt\u0131nda<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Evlilik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi\"><p>T\u00f6re ve geleneklere g\u00f6re<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\"><p>Din esasl\u0131 nik\u00e2h; \u00e7ok e\u015flilik m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\"><p>Resm\u00ee nik\u00e2h ve tek e\u015flilik esast\u0131r<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Ceza anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi\"><p>T\u00f6reye g\u00f6re h\u0131zl\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla s\u00f6zl\u00fc yarg\u0131lama<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\"><p>\u015eer\u2019i esaslar ve padi\u015fah kanunnameleri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\"><p>Su\u00e7 ve ceza \u00f6nceden yaz\u0131l\u0131 kanunla belirlenir<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Hukukun kayna\u011f\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi\"><p>T\u00f6re, ka\u011fan buyru\u011fu, kurultay, \u00f6rf ve \u00e2det<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\"><p>Kur\u2019an, s\u00fcnnet, icma, k\u0131yas, ferman ve kanunnameler<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\"><p>Anayasa, kanunlar ve uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Devlet-birey ili\u015fkisi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi\"><p>Ka\u011fan t\u00f6reye ba\u011fl\u0131; adalet ve toplumsal denge<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\"><p>Devlet merkezli; padi\u015fah otoritesi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc fakat hukuk\u00ee\/din\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131rlar vard\u0131r<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\"><p>Birey haklar\u0131 anayasal g\u00fcvence alt\u0131nda; hukuk devleti ilkesi esas<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-15\">14. T\u00fcrk Hukuk Sisteminin Tarihsel Ak\u0131\u015f \u015eemas\u0131<\/h2><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>A\u015fama<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Temel De\u011fi\u015fim<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>1. \u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>T\u00f6re; ka\u011fan buyru\u011fu, kurultay kararlar\u0131, \u00f6rf ve \u00e2detlerden olu\u015fan gelenek temelli hukuk.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>2. T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletleri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>\u015eer\u2019i hukuk benimsenir; t\u00f6re \u00f6rfi hukuk bi\u00e7iminde ya\u015famaya devam eder.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>3. Osmanl\u0131 Klasik D\u00f6nemi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>\u015eer\u2019i ve \u00f6rfi hukuk birlikte uygulan\u0131r; kad\u0131, Div\u00e2n-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2yun, ferman ve kanunnameler etkili olur.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>4. Fatih ve Kanuni<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>Devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131, vergi, ceza ve kamu d\u00fczenine ili\u015fkin kurallar kanunnamelerle sistemli bi\u00e7imde yaz\u0131l\u0131la\u015f\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>5. Tanzimat ve Islahat<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>Can-mal-namus g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, e\u015fitlik, a\u00e7\u0131k yarg\u0131lama ve kanuna ba\u011fl\u0131 y\u00f6netim ilkeleri g\u00fc\u00e7lenir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>6. Mecelle<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>\u0130slam \u00f6zel hukukunun \u00f6nemli alanlar\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve sistemli bir hukuk metnine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>7. Kanun-\u0131 Esasi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>Me\u015frutiyet ve parlamento d\u00fczeni ba\u015flar; padi\u015fah yetkileri anayasal \u00e7er\u00e7eveye ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>8. 1921 ve 1924<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>Egemenlik millete ge\u00e7er; yeni devletin ulusal ve anayasal yap\u0131s\u0131 kurumsalla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>9. 1926 Medeni Kanun<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>Resm\u00ee nik\u00e2h, tek e\u015flilik ve kad\u0131n-erkek e\u015fitli\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren laik medeni hukuk d\u00fczeni.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>10. 1961 ve 1982<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>Kuvvetler sistemi, temel haklar, devlet-birey dengesi ve demokratik kat\u0131l\u0131m d\u00f6nemlere g\u00f6re farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-16\">15. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Hukuk Sisteminin Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe G\u00f6re \u00c7\u00f6zd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve Devam Eden Sorunlar<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">15.1. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclen \/ B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcde A\u015f\u0131lan Sorunlar<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>S\u00f6zl\u00fc ve ki\u015fiye ba\u011fl\u0131 hukuk uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n yerine yaz\u0131l\u0131, ortak ve denetlenebilir kanunlar ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Anayasa ve kanunlar y\u00f6neticilerin yetkilerini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran genel bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Kad\u0131n-erkek e\u015fitli\u011fi, resm\u00ee nik\u00e2h, e\u011fitim, miras, m\u00fclkiyet ve siyasal haklar hukuki g\u00fcvenceye ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>\u201cKanunsuz su\u00e7 ve ceza olmaz\u201d ilkesi keyf\u00ee cezaland\u0131rmay\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Hukuk birli\u011fi ve modern mahkeme sistemi farkl\u0131 hukuk d\u00fczenlerinden kaynaklanan karma\u015fay\u0131 azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">15.2. Hukukun S\u00fcrekli Geli\u015ftirilmesini Gerektiren Alanlar<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Kanunlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, haklar\u0131n uygulamada herkes taraf\u0131ndan e\u015fit kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na garanti etmez.<\/li><li>Yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi, davalar\u0131n makul s\u00fcrede sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 ve herkesin hukuka eri\u015febilmesi \u00f6nemini korur.<\/li><li>Demokratik kat\u0131l\u0131m ve temsil zay\u0131f kal\u0131rsa hukuk d\u00fczeninin me\u015fruiyeti ve toplumsal g\u00fcven zarar g\u00f6rebilir.<\/li><li>Bu nedenle hukuk, de\u011fi\u015fen toplumsal ihtiya\u00e7lara uyarlan\u0131rken adalet, e\u015fitlik, insan haklar\u0131 ve hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkeleri korunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-17\">16. S\u0131nav Odakl\u0131 Genel Tekrar<\/h2><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kavram \/ Belge<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram \/ Belge\"><p>T\u00f6re<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi\"><p>Ka\u011fan d\u00e2hil herkesi ba\u011flayan \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk hukuk d\u00fczeni.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram \/ Belge\"><p>K\u00f6nilik &#8211; Uzluk &#8211; T\u00fczl\u00fck &#8211; Ki\u015filik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi\"><p>T\u00f6renin de\u011fi\u015fmeyen adalet, faydal\u0131l\u0131k, e\u015fitlik ve insanl\u0131k ilkeleri.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram \/ Belge\"><p>\u015eer\u2019i hukuk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi\"><p>Kur\u2019an, s\u00fcnnet, icma, k\u0131yas; din\u00ee ve toplumsal alan.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram \/ Belge\"><p>\u00d6rfi hukuk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi\"><p>T\u00f6re, \u00f6rf-\u00e2det, ferman, kanunname; kamu d\u00fczeni ve devlet ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram \/ Belge\"><p>\u015euhud\u00fcl-h\u00e2l<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 mahkemesinde a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k, m\u00fc\u015fahitlik, dan\u0131\u015fma ve denetime katk\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram \/ Belge\"><p>Kanunname<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi\"><p>Padi\u015fah iradesiyle olu\u015fan yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rfi hukuk d\u00fczenlemesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram \/ Belge\"><p>Tanzimat Ferman\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi\"><p>Can-mal-namus g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, kanun ve hakkaniyet, yarg\u0131s\u0131z cezan\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram \/ Belge\"><p>Islahat Ferman\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi\"><p>Gayrim\u00fcslim haklar\u0131, din-mezhep e\u015fitli\u011fi, a\u00e7\u0131k yarg\u0131lama.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram \/ Belge\"><p>Mecelle<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi\"><p>1869-1876; \u0130slam hukukunun \u00f6nemli \u00f6zel hukuk alanlar\u0131n\u0131 sistemli yaz\u0131l\u0131 metne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram \/ Belge\"><p>Kanun-\u0131 Esasi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi\"><p>1876; ilk Osmanl\u0131 anayasas\u0131, me\u015frutiyet.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram \/ Belge\"><p>Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi\"><p>1921; egemenlik kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z millete aittir, meclis h\u00fck\u00fbmeti.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram \/ Belge\"><p>T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi\"><p>1926; laik aile hukuku, resm\u00ee nik\u00e2h, tek e\u015flilik, kad\u0131n-erkek e\u015fitli\u011fi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram \/ Belge\"><p>1961 Anayasas\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi\"><p>Yumu\u015fak kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesi ve daha \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc\/\u00e7o\u011fulcu yap\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram \/ Belge\"><p>1982 Anayasas\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"En Ay\u0131rt Edici Bilgi\"><p>G\u00fcvenlik ve devlet otoritesi vurgusu daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc; temel haklarda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Tarihsel ana y\u00f6n: hukuk kayna\u011f\u0131 ve egemenlik giderek ki\u015fisel\/hanedan ve din\u00ee dayanaklardan yaz\u0131l\u0131 anayasa, mill\u00ee egemenlik, laik hukuk ve bireysel haklara do\u011fru d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k adalet ve d\u00fczen fikri s\u00fcreklilik g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside><\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Maarif Modeli T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi dersinin 1. \u00fcnitesi, \u201cT\u00fcrkistan&#8217;dan T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye T\u00fcrklerde Devlet Y\u00f6netimi ve Hukuk\u201d kapsam\u0131nda, TKMT 1.2 \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 T\u00fcrk hukuk sisteminin <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/17\/turklerde-hukuk-1-unite-turkistandan-turkiyeye-turklerde-devlet-yonetimi-ve-hukuk-maarif-modeli\/\" title=\"T\u00fcrklerde Hukuk \/ 1. \u00dcnite: T\u00fcrkistan&#8217;dan T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye T\u00fcrklerde Devlet Y\u00f6netimi ve Hukuk | Maarif 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