{"id":4047,"date":"2026-10-17T22:31:07","date_gmt":"2026-10-17T19:31:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=4047"},"modified":"2026-10-17T22:31:08","modified_gmt":"2026-10-17T19:31:08","slug":"turklerde-toplumsal-yapi-2-unite-turkistandan-turkiyeye-turklerde-toplumsal-ve-ekonomik-hayat-maarif-modeli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/17\/turklerde-toplumsal-yapi-2-unite-turkistandan-turkiyeye-turklerde-toplumsal-ve-ekonomik-hayat-maarif-modeli\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrklerde Toplumsal Yap\u0131 \/ 2. \u00dcnite: T\u00fcrkistan&#8217;dan T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye T\u00fcrklerde Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Hayat | Maarif Modeli"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi dersinin <strong>2. \u00fcnitesi, \u201cT\u00fcrkistan&#8217;dan T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye T\u00fcrklerde Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Hayat\u201d<\/strong> konular\u0131n\u0131 kapsar. Bu sayfada <strong>TKMT 2.1 \u201cT\u00fcrkistan&#8217;dan T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye T\u00fcrklerin toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131nda meydana gelen de\u011fi\u015fime ili\u015fkin tarihsel empati kurabilme\u201d<\/strong> \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131na y\u00f6nelik T\u00fcrklerde Toplumsal Yap\u0131 ders notlar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrklerde aile yap\u0131s\u0131, toplumsal te\u015fkilatlanma, konarg\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015fam ve yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7i\u015f ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devletleri ve Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde din ve inan\u0131\u015f, kutlamalar, giyim-ku\u015fam ve yeme-i\u00e7me k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcndeki de\u011fi\u015fimler incelenmektedir. Ahilik, vak\u0131flar, imece ve sosyal yard\u0131mla\u015fma \u00f6rnekleri \u00fczerinden T\u00fcrk toplumunda dayan\u0131\u015fman\u0131n s\u00fcreklili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemindeki toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler ise kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 tablolar ve s\u0131nav notlar\u0131yla desteklenmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n\/* TKMT 2.1: WordPress uyumlu, kayd\u0131rmas\u0131z tablolar *\/\n.tkmt-lesson {box-sizing:border-box;max-width:1000px;width:100%;min-width:0;margin:0 auto;color:#263244;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",Roboto,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;line-height:1.72;overflow-wrap:break-word;}\n.tkmt-lesson *, .tkmt-lesson *::before, .tkmt-lesson *::after {box-sizing:border-box;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-header {border-left:5px solid #087f93;padding:15px 20px;background:#f2f9fb;border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;margin:0 0 26px;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-kicker {margin:0 0 4px;color:#167489;font-size:.90em;font-weight:750;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-header h2 {margin:0 0 4px;color:#173b55;font-size:clamp(1.5rem,3vw,2rem);line-height:1.3;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-subtitle 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table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody tr,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td {display:block!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 thead,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 colgroup {display:none!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody tr {margin:0 0 10px;border:1px solid #d2e0e7;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;background:#fff;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td {border-width:0 0 1px!important;padding:9px 12px!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td:first-child {font-weight:650;background:#e8f4f7!important;color:#12465f;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td:last-child {border-bottom:0!important;background:#fff!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td::before {content:attr(data-label);display:block;font-size:.84em;color:#16637d;font-weight:750;margin-bottom:3px;}\n}\n<\/style><article class=\"tkmt-lesson\" lang=\"tr\"><header class=\"tkmt-header\"><p class=\"tkmt-kicker\">2. \u00dcN\u0130TE: T\u00dcRK\u0130STAN\u2019DAN T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019YE T\u00dcRKLERDE TOPLUMSAL VE EKONOM\u0130K HAYAT \u00b7 TKMT 2.1<\/p><h2>2.1 T\u00dcRKLERDE TOPLUMSAL YAPI<\/h2><p class=\"tkmt-subtitle\">B\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik \u00d6\u011frenci Ders Notu<\/p><\/header><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-1\">Konu Haritas\u0131: T\u00fcrklerde Toplumsal Yap\u0131n\u0131n De\u011fi\u015fimi ve S\u00fcreklili\u011fi<\/h2><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Alan<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Temel De\u011fi\u015fim<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Aile<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>Ogu\u015f temelli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile \u2192 T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam aile yap\u0131s\u0131 \u2192 Osmanl\u0131\u2019da geni\u015f\/\u00e7ekirdek aile \u00f6rnekleri \u2192 Tanzimat sonras\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm \u2192 Cumhuriyet\u2019te medeni hukuk ve \u00e7ekirdek ailenin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Hayat tarz\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er yaylak-k\u0131\u015flak d\u00fczeni \u2192 Uygurlarla belirgin yerle\u015fik hayat \u2192 Anadolu\u2019da k\u00f6yle\u015fme ve \u015fehirle\u015fme \u2192 Osmanl\u0131 isk\u00e2n politikalar\u0131 \u2192 Cumhuriyet\u2019te yerle\u015fik hayat\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Din ve inan\u0131\u015f<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131, tabiat ve atalarla ilgili inan\u00e7lar \u2192 \u0130slamiyet\u2019in kabul\u00fc \u2192 tekke, medrese, cami ve k\u00fclliye \u00e7evresinde din\u00ee hayat \u2192 Tanzimat\u2019ta kurumsal ayr\u0131\u015fma \u2192 Cumhuriyet\u2019te laiklik ve Diyanet<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Kutlamalar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>Toy, bahar ve Nevruz kutlamalar\u0131 \u2192 ramazan ve kurban bayramlar\u0131 ile birle\u015fen gelenekler \u2192 Osmanl\u0131 t\u00f6renleri ve H\u0131d\u0131rellez \u2192 II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019te mill\u00ee bayram \u2192 Cumhuriyet mill\u00ee bayramlar\u0131<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Giyim-ku\u015fam<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>Bozk\u0131r\u0131n i\u015flevsel deri\/y\u00fcn\/ke\u00e7e k\u0131yafetleri \u2192 Sel\u00e7uklu dokuma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u2192 Osmanl\u0131\u2019da stat\u00fc ve din\u00ee aidiyetin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr etkisi \u2192 Tanzimat\u2019ta Avrupa modas\u0131 \u2192 Cumhuriyet\u2019te modern ve sade giyim<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Yeme-i\u00e7me<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 bozk\u0131r mutfa\u011f\u0131 \u2192 \u0130slami sofra adab\u0131 \u2192 Sel\u00e7uklu ve Osmanl\u0131 mutfak \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi \u2192 yeni \u00fcr\u00fcnler ve alafranga sofra \u2192 Cumhuriyet\u2019te \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6\u011f\u00fcn ve geleneksel-modern sentez<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Yard\u0131mla\u015fma<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Temel De\u011fi\u015fim\"><p>Aile-akraba dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve imece \u2192 Ahilik ve vak\u0131flar \u2192 k\u00fclliyeler ve hay\u0131r kurumlar\u0131 \u2192 XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda modern sosyal yard\u0131m cemiyetleri \u2192 Cumhuriyet\u2019te devlet, vak\u0131f ve sivil toplum i\u015f birli\u011fi<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>T\u00fcrk toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131nda kurumlar ve ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imleri de\u011fi\u015firken aile, dayan\u0131\u015fma, ortak kimlik, misafirperverlik ve toplumsal sorumluluk gibi de\u011ferler farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde ya\u015famaya devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-2\">1. T\u00fcrk Toplumsal Yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Temel Dinamikleri<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">1.1. Toplumu Ayakta Tutan Unsurlar<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>T\u00fcrk toplumunun temelinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc aile yap\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r; aile, toplumsal d\u00fczenin ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel aktar\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7ekirde\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Yard\u0131mla\u015fma ve dayan\u0131\u015fma; zorlu hayat \u015fartlar\u0131nda birlik duygusunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015f, aileden akrabal\u0131\u011fa ve kurumsal hay\u0131r faaliyetlerine kadar geni\u015flemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Dil, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, gelenek, din\u00ee de\u011ferler ve ortak tarih bilinci kimli\u011fin korunmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Vak\u0131f, imarethane, Ahilik ve daha sonraki sosyal yard\u0131m kurumlar\u0131 dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 kurumsal h\u00e2le getirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrklerin geni\u015f co\u011frafyalara da\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen kimliklerini korumalar\u0131nda aile, dil ve ordu yap\u0131s\u0131na verilen \u00f6nem etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze b\u00fcy\u00fckleri sayma, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklere sevgi g\u00f6sterme, misafirperverlik, kom\u015fuluk, bayramla\u015fma, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve toplu kutlamalar ortak k\u00fclt\u00fcrel izler olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">1.2. Temel Kavramlar<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kavram<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>A\u00e7\u0131klama<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Modernle\u015fme \/ \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Toplumun kurum, ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>\u0130marethane<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Yoksullara, \u00f6\u011frencilere ve yolculara yiyecek da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in kurulan hay\u0131r kurumu.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Boy<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Ortak bir atadan geldi\u011fine inan\u0131lan, sosyal ve ekonomik ba\u011flarla \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen geleneksel topluluk.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Vak\u0131f<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Bir hizmetin devam\u0131 i\u00e7in mal veya gelirin belirli \u015fartlarla kal\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde tahsis edilmesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>\u015eehirle\u015fme<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Yerle\u015fik kent hayat\u0131n\u0131n, \u015fehir n\u00fcfusunun ve \u015fehir kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Sosyal g\u00fcvenlik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Hastal\u0131k, ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k, i\u015fsizlik, malull\u00fck, \u00f6l\u00fcm ve benzeri riskler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda gelir ve sa\u011fl\u0131k g\u00fcvencesi sa\u011flayan uygulamalar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Bayram<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Mill\u00ee veya din\u00ee bak\u0131mdan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan ve ortak bi\u00e7imde kutlanan g\u00fcn veya g\u00fcnler.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Yaylak ve k\u0131\u015flak aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenli hareket eden, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131 ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcren topluluk.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Aile<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Evlilik ve kan ba\u011f\u0131na dayanan, toplumun en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve temel sosyal birli\u011fi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-3\">2. T\u00fcrk Aile Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.1. \u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerde Toplumsal Basamaklar<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Basamak<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Olu\u015fumu \/ \u00d6zelli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Basamak\"><p>Ogu\u015f<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olu\u015fumu \/ \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Aile. Toplumun temelini olu\u015fturur ve kan ba\u011f\u0131na dayan\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Basamak\"><p>Urug<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olu\u015fumu \/ \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Ailelerin birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fur.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Basamak\"><p>Boy<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olu\u015fumu \/ \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Uruglar\u0131n birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fur.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Basamak\"><p>Budun<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olu\u015fumu \/ \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Boylar\u0131n birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fan; ortak dil, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve geleneklere sahip topluluktur.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Basamak\"><p>\u0130l<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olu\u015fumu \/ \u00d6zelli\u011fi\"><p>Budunun siyasi te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131yla olu\u015fan devlet yap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme s\u0131ras\u0131: Ogu\u015f (aile) \u2192 Urug \u2192 Boy \u2192 Budun \u2192 \u0130l (devlet).<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.2. \u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk Ailesinin \u00d6zellikleri<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Temel aile tipi anne, baba ve \u00e7ocuklardan olu\u015fan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\/\u00e7ekirdek ailedir; ayn\u0131 yerde ya\u015fay\u0131p i\u015fleri ve geliri payla\u015fan toplulu\u011fa \u201cev halk\u0131\u201d denmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Aile ve akrabal\u0131k ba\u011flar\u0131 toplumsal hayat\u0131n temelidir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckler b\u00fcy\u00fcklere sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterir, b\u00fcy\u00fckler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklere \u015fefkatle yakla\u015f\u0131r.<\/li><li>\u201cBaba ailesi\u201d tipinde baba; ge\u00e7imi sa\u011flama, koruma ve yeti\u015fen \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 evlendirme g\u00f6revlerini \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Anne de aile i\u00e7inde s\u00f6z sahibidir; e\u015f \u201cevde\u015f\u201d yani ev arkada\u015f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ev ve maddi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n e\u015flerin ortak mal\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00f6rnekler aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li><li>Aile i\u00e7inde i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc vard\u0131r; yeti\u015fen o\u011fullar evlendirilerek ayr\u0131 aile kurmaya te\u015fvik edilmi\u015ftir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011fulun anne-babayla kal\u0131p ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131nda onlara bakmas\u0131 ve kalan \u00e7ad\u0131r\/mala sahip olmas\u0131 gelenekler aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er aile hayat\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00e7ad\u0131rda s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00c7ad\u0131rlar yaz\u0131n serin, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n s\u0131cak tutacak bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>D\u0131\u015far\u0131dan evlilik (exogamy) ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile yap\u0131s\u0131, tek e\u015flili\u011fin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Evlilik; s\u00f6z kesme, ni\u015fan ve d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn a\u015famalar\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6r\u00fcc\u00fc\/arac\u0131 usul\u00fcyle e\u015f se\u00e7me \u00f6rnekleri vard\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kal\u0131n, k\u0131z ailesine verilen aile mal\u0131d\u0131r; ba\u015fl\u0131k ise evlilik s\u0131ras\u0131nda verilen hediye niteli\u011finde de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7eyiz, k\u0131z\u0131n baba evinden getirdi\u011fi mal ve e\u015fyad\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ata binme, avlanma ve sava\u015fma gibi faaliyetlerde bulunabildi\u011fi; baz\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde boy ve devlet y\u00f6netiminde etkili olduklar\u0131 aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/li><li>Bo\u015fanma t\u00f6re a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ho\u015f kar\u015f\u0131lanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in nadir g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f; baz\u0131 kaynaklarda \u00e7o\u011funlukla erke\u011fin yetkisinde olmakla birlikte k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele gibi durumlarda kad\u0131n\u0131n da bo\u015fanma isteyebildi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Bo\u015fanmada kusur erke\u011fe aitse kal\u0131n\u0131 geri alamamas\u0131 ve kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7eyizini iade etmesi gerekti\u011fi aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li><li>\u201cEv bark sahibi olmak\u201d ifadesi yuva kurmay\u0131 anlat\u0131r; bark kelimesi Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019nda mabet anlam\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kullan\u0131m, evin kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk toplumlar\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n konumu, farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nem ve topluluklara g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilmi\u015ftir. \u201cHer iki cins her alanda tamamen e\u015fitti\u201d gibi kesin genellemeler yerine, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bir\u00e7ok alanda g\u00f6rece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr konuma sahip oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmesi daha g\u00fcvenlidir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.3. T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletlerinde Aile<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>\u0130slamiyet\u2019in kabul\u00fcyle t\u00f6renin yan\u0131nda \u0130slam hukuku da g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f; \u00f6rf ve \u00e2detlerle \u0130slami kurallar birle\u015ferek T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam aile yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Aile yine anne, baba ve \u00e7ocuklardan olu\u015fan temel toplumsal kurum olarak \u00f6nemini korumu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Baba ailenin reisi ve ge\u00e7im-g\u00fcvenlik sorumlusu kabul edilirken annenin de s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 ve aile i\u00e7i etkisi s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Kad\u0131n, aile i\u00e7inde erke\u011fin yaln\u0131zca yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fil orta\u011f\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>\u00c7ocuklar\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131 ve yeti\u015ftirilmesi aile sorumlulu\u011fudur. Baz\u0131 kaynaklarda k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun anne, erkek \u00e7ocu\u011funun baba sorumlulu\u011funda oldu\u011fu belirtilir.<\/li><li>Evlatl\u0131k edinme ve s\u00fct karde\u015fli\u011fi gibi uygulamalar g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>\u00c7ok e\u015flilik hukuken m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsa da T\u00fcrk toplumlar\u0131nda yayg\u0131n bir aile modeli h\u00e2line gelmemi\u015f; Dede Korkut anlat\u0131lar\u0131ndaki O\u011fuz beyleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla tek e\u015fli tasvir edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131nda evliliklerin \u00e7o\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcc\u00fc usul\u00fcyle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; taraflar birbirlerinin ailelerini ara\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Mehir, \u0130slam hukukuna g\u00f6re kocan\u0131n kad\u0131na verdi\u011fi ve b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle kad\u0131n\u0131n mal\u0131 olan ekonomik g\u00fcvencedir. \u00c7eyiz ve baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ba\u015fl\u0131k\/nik\u00e2h paras\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 da s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum ad\u0131 verilen kad\u0131n yap\u0131lanmas\u0131, kaynaklarda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sosyal, ekonomik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, asker\u00ee ve siyasi hayattaki etkinli\u011finin \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>\u201cBac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum\u201dun kapsam\u0131, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imi ve tarihsel niteli\u011fi modern tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kavram kaynaklarda yer almakla birlikte, ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 kesinle\u015fmi\u015f tek tip bir kad\u0131n te\u015fkilat\u0131 gibi sunulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.4. T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Ev Mimarisi<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Sel\u00e7uklu evleri kerpi\u00e7, tu\u011fla veya a\u011fa\u00e7tan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; \u00e7at\u0131 ya da damla \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Sofa, evin g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ortak mek\u00e2nd\u0131r; g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fam\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc burada ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Evin bir odas\u0131 mutfak olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u201ca\u015fl\u0131k \/ a\u015fevi\u201d ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.5. Osmanl\u0131 Klasik D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Aile<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Osmanl\u0131 ailesi; M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, Hristiyan ve Yahudi topluluklar\u0131 kapsayan geni\u015f bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel co\u011frafyan\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r; bu nedenle tek tip bir Osmanl\u0131 aile modeli yoktur.<\/li><li>Aile hayat\u0131; \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n e\u011fitimi ve beslenmesi, kar\u0131-koca ili\u015fkileri, ge\u00e7im, g\u00fcvenlik, ev y\u00f6netimi ve g\u00fcndelik i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Erke\u011fin temel sorumlulu\u011fu ge\u00e7im ve g\u00fcvenliktir; kad\u0131nlar evin d\u00fczeni ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilmesinde \u00f6nemli rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>K\u0131rsal ve \u00fcretici \u00e7evrelerde birka\u00e7 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n bir arada ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f aile modeli yayg\u0131nla\u015fabilmi\u015ftir. \u00dcretim, y\u0131ll\u0131k t\u00fcketim stoklar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n e\u011fitimi ku\u015faklar aras\u0131 i\u015f birli\u011fiyle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Baba otoritesi geleneksel olarak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olsa da hukuken s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z de\u011fildir; aile i\u00e7i hakemlik ve velayet g\u00f6revleriyle ili\u015fkilidir.<\/li><li>XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l Bursa verilerinde \u00e7ocuksuz ve az \u00e7ocuklu ailelerin \u00f6nemli oranlara sahip oldu\u011fu; XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130stanbul ve Edirne tereke ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda erkeklerin %92\u2019den fazlas\u0131n\u0131n tek kad\u0131nla evli oldu\u011fu ve ortalama \u00e7ocuk say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k iki oldu\u011fu aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n m\u00fclk sahibi olma ve miras haklar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Koca, kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n mal\u0131 \u00fczerinde onun izni olmadan tasarruf edemez; ge\u00e7im sorumlulu\u011fu kocaya aittir.<\/li><li>Mehir kad\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fcd\u00fcr ve ekonomik g\u00fcvence sa\u011flar.<\/li><li>Kimsesiz, yetim ve \u00f6ks\u00fcz \u00e7ocuklar ile zor durumdaki ailelerin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ailelere al\u0131nabilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>\u015eehirli Osmanl\u0131 evinde avlu ve bah\u00e7e ortak mek\u00e2nd\u0131r; y\u00fcksek ve kal\u0131n duvarlar mahremiyet sa\u011flar. Bir veya iki odan\u0131n mutfak, oturma ve yatak i\u015flevini birlikte kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fakat kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 evler yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/li><li>\u0130bn Battuta, Anadolu\u2019da kad\u0131nlara g\u00f6sterilen sayg\u0131n\u0131n dikkat \u00e7ekici oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 toplumunda kad\u0131n ve erkeklerin sosyal hayatta \u201chi\u00e7bir zaman ayn\u0131 ortamda bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d bi\u00e7imindeki genelleme do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Ayr\u0131\u015fma; d\u00f6nem, \u015fehir-k\u0131r, sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f, mek\u00e2n ve etkinli\u011fe g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.6. Tanzimat Sonras\u0131 Ailede De\u011fi\u015fim<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi\u2019yle ba\u015flayan hukuki ve toplumsal d\u00fczenlemeler, Klasik D\u00f6nem aile yap\u0131s\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fimi h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>\u00d6zellikle \u00fcst tabaka ailelerde Bat\u0131\u2019ya y\u00f6nelen k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam, konak ve yal\u0131 hayat\u0131, dad\u0131 ve Frans\u0131z m\u00fcrebbiyelerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi yeni unsurlar g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; alt tabakalar ise geleneksel ya\u015fam\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Aile \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131ndaki geleneksel denetim k\u0131smen gev\u015femi\u015f, kad\u0131n ve gen\u00e7lerin ki\u015fisel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck alanlar\u0131 geni\u015flemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Evlilik; taraflar\u0131n iradesi, aile b\u00fcy\u00fcklerinin onay\u0131, k\u0131z isteme, ni\u015fan ve nik\u00e2h a\u015famalar\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Nik\u00e2h yetkili ki\u015filerce k\u0131y\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u015fehirlerde \u015fer\u2019iye sicillerine kaydedilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Bo\u015fanma fazla yayg\u0131n de\u011fildir; hem erkek hem kad\u0131n hukuken bo\u015fanma talebinde bulunabilse de uygulamada kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bu hakk\u0131 kullanmas\u0131 daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7ok e\u015flilik nadirdir; 1885 ve 1907 \u0130stanbul n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131na dayal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u00e7ekirdek ailenin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/li><li>25 Ekim 1917 tarihli Hukuk-\u0131 Aile Kararnamesi; ni\u015fan, evlenme, bo\u015fanma, \u00e7ok e\u015flilik ve gayrim\u00fcslimlerin aile hukukuna ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemeler getirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Kararname, devlet izni d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yap\u0131lan evlenmeleri tan\u0131mama, \u00e7ok e\u015flili\u011fi ilk e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131 gibi \u015fartlarla daraltma ve erke\u011fin tek tarafl\u0131 bo\u015fanma yetkisini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ad\u0131mlar atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; 19 Haziran 1919\u2019da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Aile ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131yla kimsesiz \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in 1863\u2019ten itibaren \u0131slahhaneler; kimsesiz \u00e7ocuk ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar i\u00e7in 1896\u2019da Dar\u00fclaceze kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.7. Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Aile<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>1926 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu aile hukukunu laik ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 hukuk \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yeniden d\u00fczenlemi\u015f; resm\u00ee nik\u00e2h\u0131 ve tek e\u015flili\u011fi esas h\u00e2line getirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Bo\u015fanma mahkeme karar\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn h\u00e2le gelmi\u015f, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitim ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 desteklenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Geni\u015f aileden \u00e7ekirdek aileye ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015f; kentle\u015fme ve t\u00fcketim kal\u0131plar\u0131 aile yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>K\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n te\u015fvik edilmesi, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kamusal g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>6 Kas\u0131m 1933\u2019te Demircidere k\u00f6y\u00fcnde muhtar se\u00e7ilen G\u00fcl (Esin) Han\u0131m, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ilk kad\u0131n muhtar\u0131 olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/li><li>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinde hem k\u0131rsal hem kentsel alanda \u00e7ekirdek aile yayg\u0131nd\u0131r; bununla birlikte aile, bireyi koruma-kollama ve destekleme i\u015flevini g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fim, b\u00fcy\u00fck ailenin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi, \u00e7ocuk ve ya\u015fl\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekirdek aile \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131, t\u00fcketim bask\u0131s\u0131 ve aile i\u00e7i huzursuzluk gibi yeni sorunlar do\u011furabilmektedir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\u2605 D\u00fczeltme: <\/strong>1926 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hukuki stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir; ancak kad\u0131n ve erkek aras\u0131nda \u201ctam hukuk\u00ee e\u015fitlik\u201d 1926\u2019da b\u00fct\u00fcn alanlarda sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. Evlilik birli\u011finde erke\u011fi \u00fcst\u00fcn konuma getiren baz\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmler daha sonraki reformlarla, \u00f6zellikle 2001 tarihli T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019yla kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>1926 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu: resm\u00ee nik\u00e2h, tek e\u015flilik, medeni nik\u00e2h ve mahkeme yoluyla bo\u015fanma d\u00fczeni; aile hukukunda laikle\u015fme ve kad\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesi.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-4\">3. T\u00fcrklerde Konarg\u00f6\u00e7erlik ve Yerle\u015fik Hayat<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.1. Yaylak-K\u0131\u015flak D\u00fczeni<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n iklim ve co\u011frafi \u015fartlar\u0131, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131 konarg\u00f6\u00e7er hayat\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Yaz\u0131n ge\u00e7irilen yere yaylak, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ge\u00e7irilen yere k\u0131\u015flak denmi\u015ftir; bu kavramlar Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 ve Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e metinlerde yer al\u0131r.<\/li><li>K\u0131\u015f\u0131n da\u011flar\u0131n g\u00fcney yama\u00e7lar\u0131, nehir vadileri ve orman kenarlar\u0131 gibi r\u00fczg\u00e2rdan korunakl\u0131 \u201ckuytu\u201d yerler tercih edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Da\u011flar\u0131n r\u00fczg\u00e2ra a\u00e7\u0131k kuzey taraflar\u0131na \u201ckuz\u201d denmi\u015f; yaz\u0131n serin ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olan kuz kesimler yaylak olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7erlik, s\u00fcrekli ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z g\u00f6\u00e7ebelikten farkl\u0131d\u0131r; belirli yaylak-k\u0131\u015flak sahalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenli hareket eden ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini yerle\u015fik toplumlara pazarlayan bir hayat ve iktisadi faaliyet bi\u00e7imidir.<\/li><li>K\u0131\u015flak b\u00f6lgelerinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yerle\u015fimlerin olu\u015fmas\u0131, konarg\u00f6\u00e7er topluluklar\u0131 yerle\u015fik hayata yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.2. G\u00f6\u00e7, \u00dcretim ve G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hayat<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>G\u00f6\u00e7lerde \u00e7ift h\u00f6rg\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc develer ve \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 ka\u011fn\u0131lar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; bu ara\u00e7lar yolculuk s\u0131ras\u0131nda birer hareketli konut i\u015flevi g\u00f6rebilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Yaylaya g\u00f6\u00e7 \u015fark\u0131lar, g\u00fczel k\u0131yafetler ve toplu hareketlilikle bir \u015fenli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Yaz mevsimi s\u00fcr\u00fclerin bak\u0131m\u0131, hayvansal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin i\u015flenmesi, y\u00fcn k\u0131rkma ve dokuma gibi \u00fcretim faaliyetleriyle ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Erkekler avc\u0131l\u0131kla da u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Misafir geldi\u011finde koyun kesilmesi, misafirperverli\u011fin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00f6rneklerinden biridir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.3. T\u00fcrk \u00c7ad\u0131r\u0131<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>B\u00f6l\u00fcm \/ Unsur<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6zellik<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm \/ Unsur\"><p>Direk sistemi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Yakla\u015f\u0131k 10-14 ah\u015fap s\u0131r\u0131k tepe noktas\u0131nda birle\u015ftirilir ve \u00e7evresi ke\u00e7eyle kaplan\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm \/ Unsur\"><p>Ke\u00e7e yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Yaz\u0131n serinlik, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131k sa\u011flar; \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nabilir ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm \/ Unsur\"><p>Damgalar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Ke\u00e7e \u00f6rt\u00fcler \u00fczerinde aile veya boya ait damgalar bulunabilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm \/ Unsur\"><p>E\u015fik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Kap\u0131\/e\u015fik \u00f6zel \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm \/ Unsur\"><p>G\u00f6k penceresi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Tepedeki a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k duman \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve hava dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flar; \u201cg\u00f6\u011f\u00fcn g\u00f6z\u00fc\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm \/ Unsur\"><p>Ocak \/ korluk<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>\u00c7ad\u0131r\u0131n ortas\u0131ndaki \u0131s\u0131nma ve yemek pi\u015firme alan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm \/ Unsur\"><p>Hal\u0131-kilim-ke\u00e7e<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>\u0130\u00e7 y\u00fczeyleri kaplar; hem yal\u0131t\u0131m hem estetik ama\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm \/ Unsur\"><p>Sol taraf<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Erkekler ve misafirler i\u00e7in oturma alan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm \/ Unsur\"><p>Kad\u0131nlar \/ mutfak alan\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>G\u00fcnl\u00fck ev i\u015fleri ve mutfak e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm \/ Unsur\"><p>Ba\u015fk\u00f6\u015fe<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Kap\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda aile reisi veya \u00f6nemli misafir i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lan yerdir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.4. \u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesinde Yerle\u015fik Hayata Ge\u00e7i\u015f<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde tar\u0131m ve yerle\u015fik hayat g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; geli\u015fmi\u015f merkezlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bunun g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/li><li>744\u2019ten sonra Uygurlar D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde \u015fehirle\u015fme belirginle\u015fmi\u015f; Ordubal\u0131k (Karabalasagun) ve Be\u015fbal\u0131k gibi \u015fehirler kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Turfan b\u00f6lgesinin verimli tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131, Uygurlar\u0131n yerle\u015fik hayat\u0131n\u0131 desteklemi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7erlik = belirli yaylak-k\u0131\u015flak sahalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenli hareket. G\u00f6\u00e7ebelik = belirli yerle\u015fim \u00e7evresine daha az ba\u011fl\u0131, s\u00fcrekli hareketlili\u011fin bask\u0131n oldu\u011fu ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.5. Anadolu\u2019da Yerle\u015fme ve \u015eehirle\u015fme<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>T\u00fcrkler Anadolu\u2019ya hem konarg\u00f6\u00e7er topluluklar hem de \u015fehir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne sahip yerle\u015fik gruplar h\u00e2linde gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Yerle\u015fikler fethedilen eski \u015fehirlerin \u00e7evresine yerle\u015fip mesleklerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f; konarg\u00f6\u00e7erler yayla, vadi, otlak, sulak ova, dere ve orman kenarlar\u0131n\u0131 tercih etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Malazgirt Zaferi\u2019nden sonra T\u00fcrkmenler Anadolu\u2019nun i\u00e7lerine h\u0131zla yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; da\u011f, ge\u00e7it, ova, nehir ve g\u00f6llere kendi adlar\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Bu yer adlar\u0131 Anadolu\u2019nun T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesinin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel izlerini ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/li><li>XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Anadolu n\u00fcfusunun yaln\u0131z yakla\u015f\u0131k %10\u2019unun k\u00f6ylerde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma vard\u0131r; g\u00f6\u00e7lerin azalmas\u0131 ve siyasi istikrarla k\u00f6yle\u015fme h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Topra\u011fa ba\u011flanma ve k\u00f6yle\u015fme, siyasi birli\u011fin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00fczenin kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Ahiler, \u015fehre gelen gen\u00e7lere meslek \u00f6\u011fretmi\u015f, i\u015f kurmalar\u0131na yard\u0131m etmi\u015f ve yeni mahallelerin kurulmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Sel\u00e7uklu \u015fehirleri genel olarak i\u00e7 kale, \u015fehristan ve d\u0131\u015f mahallelerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Pazarlar \u00e7o\u011funlukla d\u0131\u015f mahallelerde, esnaf gruplar\u0131 ise belirli sokaklarda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Vak\u0131f eserleri \u015fehirle\u015fmenin ve sosyal hizmetlerin temel ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.6. Osmanl\u0131 Konarg\u00f6\u00e7erleri<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Osmanl\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131nda konarg\u00f6\u00e7erler i\u00e7in g\u00f6\u00e7er, haymane taifesi, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe taifesi, y\u00f6r\u00fck, y\u00f6r\u00fck\u00e2n ve T\u00fcrkmen taifesi gibi ifadeler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019ya yerle\u015fen konarg\u00f6\u00e7erler Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi\u2019nin kurulu\u015funda \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Her toplulu\u011fun yaylak ve k\u0131\u015flak sahalar\u0131 devlet\u00e7e belirlenmi\u015f; konarg\u00f6\u00e7erlerin ekonomik ve idari hayat\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zel kanunnameler d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>A\u015firetler yaylaklarda hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, k\u0131\u015flaklarda tar\u0131m yapabilmi\u015f; k\u0131\u015flaklar zamanla mezra ve k\u00f6ylere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>1520\u2019lerde Anadolu Beylerbeyli\u011fi n\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k %15\u2019inin g\u00f6\u00e7er oldu\u011fu; Ankara, K\u00fctahya, Mente\u015fe, Ayd\u0131n, Saruhan, Teke ve Hamid sancaklar\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015fman\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu belirtilir.<\/li><li>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7erlerin adli ve idari i\u015fleri kad\u0131lar, mali i\u015fleri ve vergi tahsili voyvodalar\/T\u00fcrkmen a\u011falar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca vergilerden biri koyun \u00fczerinden al\u0131nan adet-i agn\u00e2m \/ resm-i agn\u00e2md\u0131r; kaynakta her iki koyun i\u00e7in bir ak\u00e7e uygulamas\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilir.<\/li><li>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131na kadar genel ve sistemli bir isk\u00e2n politikas\u0131 uygulamam\u0131\u015f; 1691\u2019den itibaren yerle\u015ftirme politikalar\u0131 belirginle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda bozulan ekonomik d\u00fczeni toparlamak amac\u0131yla terk edilmi\u015f alanlara a\u015firet yerle\u015ftirme ve ticaret-ula\u015f\u0131m-tar\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli noktalarda yeni k\u00f6y\/kasaba kurma gibi isk\u00e2n politikalar\u0131 uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Vak\u0131flar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla cami, medrese, han, hamam, imaret ve kervansaraylar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131; Bursa gibi \u015fehirlerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Orhan Gazi\u2019nin Bursa\u2019daki k\u00fclliyesi bunun erken \u00f6rneklerindendir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.7. Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Yerle\u015fik Hayat<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>1926 \u0130sk\u00e2n Kanunu ile konarg\u00f6\u00e7er a\u015firetlerin uygun k\u00f6ylere yerle\u015ftirilmesi ve \u00fclke ekonomisine daha d\u00fczenli bi\u00e7imde kat\u0131lmas\u0131 hedeflenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla ge\u00e7inen topluluklar\u0131n mera imk\u00e2n\u0131 olan yerlere yerle\u015ftirilmesine \u00f6nem verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>1960\u2019lardan itibaren \u015fehirle\u015fme, tar\u0131m arazilerinin geni\u015flemesi, yaylak-k\u0131\u015flak yollar\u0131n\u0131n daralmas\u0131, ileti\u015fim ve e\u011fitim ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 konarg\u00f6\u00e7erli\u011fi h\u0131zla azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde konarg\u00f6\u00e7erlik \u00e7o\u011fu yerde yaz\u0131n yaylaya \u00e7\u0131kma gelene\u011fine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; k\u00fclt\u00fcr, kilimlerde, yer adlar\u0131nda ve s\u00f6zl\u00fc anlat\u0131larda ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.<\/li><li>Sar\u0131ke\u00e7ili Y\u00f6r\u00fckleri, Mersin \u00e7evresinde geleneksel yaylak-k\u0131\u015flak hayat\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren \u00f6nemli \u00f6rneklerden biridir; k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 Silifke-G\u00fclnar-Anamur sahilleri, yazlar\u0131 Konya\u2019n\u0131n Seydi\u015fehir-Bey\u015fehir yaylalar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li><li>Av\u015far, Eymir, Bayat, Sar\u0131l\u0131, Yahyal\u0131, Fakihli, A\u011fcakoyunlu, A\u011f\u0131l, K\u0131\u015flak, Alan gibi yer adlar\u0131 konarg\u00f6\u00e7er hayat\u0131n izlerini ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/li><li>Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ankara, \u0130zmir ve di\u011fer \u015fehirlerde planl\u0131 imar, ula\u015f\u0131m a\u011f\u0131, batakl\u0131klar\u0131n kurutulmas\u0131 ve yeni yerle\u015fim projeleri \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fman\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-5\">4. T\u00fcrklerde Din ve \u0130nan\u0131\u015f<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.1. \u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi \u0130nan\u00e7 D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131nda G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131\/Tengri inanc\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmu\u015ftur. Hunlarda ve G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerde Tengri kavram\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Tonyukuk Yaz\u0131t\u0131\u2019nda \u201cT\u00fcrk Tanr\u0131s\u0131\u201d ifadesi yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019nda Tanr\u0131, Iduk, Umay, Yer-su ve Yu\u011f gibi din\u00ee kavramlar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Tabiat\u0131n Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi; da\u011f, kaya, a\u011fa\u00e7, \u0131rmak ve orman gibi unsurlara sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmesini desteklemi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle baz\u0131 da\u011flara kutsall\u0131k atfedilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Atalar k\u00fclt\u00fcnde atalar\u0131n ruhlar\u0131na sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f ve kurban sunulmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrbe ziyaretlerinin baz\u0131 y\u00f6nleri bu eski geleneklerle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>\u00d6len ki\u015fi i\u00e7in yu\u011f t\u00f6reni yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; mezar\u0131n belirgin olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kurgan veya ta\u015f y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. \u00d6teki d\u00fcnya inanc\u0131yla de\u011ferli e\u015fyalar ve kimi zaman atlar mezara b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Hun kurganlar\u0131nda at iskeletlerinin bulunmas\u0131, at\u0131n kurban ve mezar gelene\u011findeki \u00f6nemini g\u00f6sterir.<\/li><li>Din\u00ee ve mistik otoriteyi temsil eden ki\u015filere kam veya \u015faman denmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Uygurlar Budizm ve Maniheizm\u2019e; Hazar y\u00f6netici \u00e7evresi Yahudili\u011fe; Pe\u00e7enek, Kuman ve Tuna Bulgarlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Hristiyanl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\u2605 D\u00fczeltme: <\/strong>Hazarlar\u0131n \u201c\u00f6nce Hristiyanl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7ip 740\u2019ta b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle Yahudili\u011fi kabul etti\u011fi\u201d \u015feklindeki ifade fazla genelleyicidir. Tarihsel olarak \u00f6zellikle Hazar y\u00f6netici se\u00e7kinlerinin 8.-9. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Yahudili\u011fi benimsedi\u011fi kabul edilir; halk\u0131n tamam\u0131 tek bir dine ge\u00e7memi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131n\u0131n \u201ctam anlam\u0131yla tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 bir din\u201d olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tengri merkezli inan\u00e7la birlikte tabiat kuvvetleri ve atalarla ilgili k\u00fcltlerin de bulundu\u011fu g\u00fcvenle s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\u2605 D\u00fczeltme: <\/strong>Bir T\u00fcrk toplulu\u011funun Budizm, Maniheizm, Hristiyanl\u0131k veya Yahudilik gibi dinleri kabul etmesinin \u201cT\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmesine zorunlu olarak yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d s\u00f6ylenemez. Din de\u011fi\u015fimi ile etnik\/k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimlik aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki her toplulukta farkl\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.2. T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamiyet\u2019i Kabul\u00fc<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>VII-X. y\u00fczy\u0131llar T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131yla asker\u00ee m\u00fccadele, ticaret, siyasi ili\u015fkiler ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel temas yoluyla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun bir tan\u0131ma d\u00f6nemidir.<\/li><li>Sufiler ve din \u00e2limleri, \u00f6zellikle Ahmed Yesev\u00ee gelene\u011fi, \u0130slamiyet\u2019in T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda O\u011fuzlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f; T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Karahanl\u0131lar, Sel\u00e7uklular, Harezm\u015fahlar ve di\u011fer T\u00fcrk devletlerinde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamiyet\u2019i benimserken eski k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimliklerini b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle terk etmedikleri; baz\u0131 geleneklerin yeni din\u00ee \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7inde ya\u015famaya devam etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/li><li>G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131ndaki y\u00fcce Tanr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile \u0130slam\u2019daki Allah inanc\u0131 aras\u0131nda kurulan benzerlik; ahiret, ruhun devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, ahlak, vatan sevgisi, adalet ve \u015fehitlik gibi temalarla birlikte \u0130slamla\u015fmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran unsurlar aras\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrkler k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc siyasi akt\u00f6rler h\u00e2line gelmi\u015f ve \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n savunulmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamiyet\u2019i kabul\u00fc yaln\u0131zca \u201ckendili\u011finden ve do\u011fal bir ge\u00e7i\u015f\u201d ile a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz. S\u00fcre\u00e7; siyasi ili\u015fkiler, sava\u015flar, ticaret, \u015fehirle\u015fme, din\u00ee tebli\u011f, tasavvuf ve devlet politikalar\u0131 gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da etkenin y\u00fczy\u0131llara yay\u0131lan birle\u015fimidir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.3. Sel\u00e7uklu ve T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Din\u00ee Hayat<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Orta Asya, Mavera\u00fcnnehir ve Horasan\u2019dan gelen \u00e2lim ve sufiler din\u00ee hayat\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131 ve devlet adamlar\u0131 \u00e2limleri ve sufileri himaye etmi\u015f; medrese, cami ve di\u011fer din\u00ee-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kurumlar kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>\u015eehirlerde medrese merkezli kitabi din anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc iken k\u0131rsal ve konarg\u00f6\u00e7er topluluklarda s\u00f6zl\u00fc tasavvuf gelene\u011fi ve eski inan\u00e7 unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n izleri daha belirgin olabilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>\u0130nce Minareli Medrese gibi yap\u0131lar, din\u00ee-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kurumlar\u0131n \u015fehir hayat\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemini g\u00f6sterir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.4. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Din ve Toplumsal Hayat<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>\u0130slamiyet, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde devlet ve toplumu bir arada tutan temel unsurlardan biridir. Farkl\u0131 din ve mezheplere kar\u015f\u0131 denge siyaseti toplumsal d\u00fczen a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n do\u011fumdan \u00f6l\u00fcme kadar g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131; yeme-i\u00e7me, temizlik, ticaret, \u00fcretim, siyaset ve aile ili\u015fkileri gibi bir\u00e7ok alanda din\u00ee kurallarla i\u00e7 i\u00e7e olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Din i\u015fleri, ba\u015f\u0131nda \u015feyh\u00fclislam\u0131n bulundu\u011fu me\u015fihat makam\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f; fetva, e\u011fitim ve yarg\u0131 gibi g\u00f6revler ilmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Mescitler mahallelerde cemaat olu\u015ftururken k\u00fclliye camileri \u015fehir \u00e7ap\u0131nda din\u00ee-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel merkezler h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Cami \u00e7evresinde kahvehane, imarethane, dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fifa gibi sosyal kurumlar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 din\u00ee hayat ile sosyal hizmetlerin i\u00e7 i\u00e7eli\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/li><li>Selimiye gibi k\u00fclliyeler, ibadet yan\u0131nda devlet-halk ileti\u015fimi ve sosyal yard\u0131m merkezi olarak da i\u015flev g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ve \u00f6zellikle Tanzimat\u2019tan itibaren \u015feyh\u00fclislaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n e\u011fitim, yarg\u0131 ve vak\u0131f alan\u0131ndaki yetkileri Adliye, Maarif ve Evkaf nezaretlerine devredilerek daralt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.5. Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Din\u00ee Hayat<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Cumhuriyet\u2019le birlikte laiklik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 do\u011frultusunda din ve devlet i\u015flerinin kurumsal alanlar\u0131 ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>3 Mart 1924\u2019te \u015eer\u2019iye ve Evk\u00e2f Vek\u00e2leti kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Vak\u0131flar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu\u2019yla e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 Maarif Vek\u00e2letine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve din e\u011fitimi devlet denetimine al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>30 Kas\u0131m 1925\u2019te tekke, zaviye ve t\u00fcrbelerin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin kanun kabul edilmi\u015f; \u015feyhlik, dervi\u015flik ve t\u00fcrbedarl\u0131k gibi \u00fcnvanlar yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131; \u0130slam dininin inan\u00e7, ibadet ve ahlak esaslar\u0131yla ilgili i\u015fleri y\u00fcr\u00fctme, toplumu din konusunda ayd\u0131nlatma ve ibadet yerlerini y\u00f6netme amac\u0131yla faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Atat\u00fcrk, dini bir vicdan meselesi olarak de\u011ferlendirirken din i\u015flerinin devlet ve siyaset i\u015flerinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>3 Mart 1924: \u015eer\u2019iye ve Evk\u00e2f Vek\u00e2letinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 + Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Vak\u0131flar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kurulmas\u0131 + Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-6\">5. T\u00fcrklerde Kutlamalar<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.1. \u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi Bayram ve Toy Gelene\u011fi<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>T\u00fcrklerde kutlamalar; din\u00ee veya mill\u00ee inan\u00e7lar, ortak tarih\u00ee hat\u0131ralar, gelenekler ve tabiat olaylar\u0131ndan do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Hunlardan itibaren bayram ve t\u00f6renlere \u00f6nem verilmi\u015f; ilkbahar kutlamalar\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kutlamalar G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131\u2019ya kurban sunma, toplu yemek, yar\u0131\u015fma, oyun ve e\u011flence gibi etkinlikler i\u00e7ermi\u015ftir. Kad\u0131nlar ve erkekler e\u011flencelere kat\u0131labilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Toy, ka\u011fan\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, zafer, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, bayram ve kar\u015f\u0131lama gibi sebeplerle d\u00fczenlenen yemekli kutlamad\u0131r.<\/li><li>At yar\u0131\u015f\u0131, g\u00fcre\u015f, top oyunlar\u0131, do\u011fanc\u0131l\u0131k ve benzeri sporlar ba\u015fl\u0131ca e\u011flenceler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r; ozanlar saz \u00e7al\u0131p t\u00fcrk\u00fc s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.2. Nevruz<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Nevruz, bahar\u0131n geli\u015fi ve tabiat\u0131n canlanmas\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilen \u00f6nemli bir T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131 gelene\u011fidir.<\/li><li>21 Mart, bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk toplulu\u011funda yeni y\u0131l\/bahar ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak benimsenmi\u015f ve Ergenekon\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f anlat\u0131s\u0131yla mill\u00ee anlam kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Nevruzda temizlik yap\u0131lmas\u0131, yeni elbiseler giyilmesi, bayram yeme\u011fi haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, mezarl\u0131k ve akraba ziyaretleri, k\u0131r gezileri, ate\u015f yakma, oyun ve yar\u0131\u015fmalar gibi gelenekler g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam d\u00f6neminde de Nevruz gelene\u011fi devam etmi\u015f; \u0130bn Bibi, T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131nda g\u00f6rkemli Nevruz meclislerinden s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Osmanl\u0131larda Nevruz bahar bayram\u0131 ve yeni y\u0131l ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak kutlanm\u0131\u015f; \u201cNevruz-\u0131 M\u00fcbarek\u201d gibi adlarla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>II. Me\u015frutiyet sonras\u0131nda Nevruz, mill\u00ee bilinci g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme amac\u0131yla \u201cErgenekon G\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d olarak da kutlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>Nevruzun \u00e7ok eski d\u00f6nemlerde tam olarak hangi takvim sisteminde \u201cy\u0131lba\u015f\u0131\u201d kabul edildi\u011fi ve D\u00eev\u00e2nu Lug\u00e2ti\u2019t-T\u00fcrk\u2019teki \u201cYengi K\u00fcn\u201d ifadesinin Nevruzla do\u011frudan \u00f6zde\u015fli\u011fi konusunda farkl\u0131 yorumlar vard\u0131r. 21 Mart-Nevruz ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir gelenektir; ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn eski T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131na ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde genellenmemelidir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.3. \u0130slamiyet Sonras\u0131 Din\u00ee Bayramlar ve H\u0131d\u0131rellez<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>\u0130slamiyet\u2019in kabul\u00fcyle Ramazan ve Kurban bayramlar\u0131 kutlama hayat\u0131nda \u00f6nemli yer kazanm\u0131\u015f; saray ve halk d\u00fczeyinde bayramla\u015fma, namaz, ziyafet, yard\u0131m ve e\u011flence gelenekleri geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131 bayram namaz\u0131ndan sonra hanedan, devlet adamlar\u0131 ve halk\u0131n tebriklerini kabul etmi\u015f; davul-zurna \u00e7al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve kurban eti yoksullara da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Eski toy, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve bahar kutlamalar\u0131 tamamen kaybolmam\u0131\u015f; yeni din\u00ee unsurlarla birlikte ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>H\u0131d\u0131rellez 6 May\u0131s\u2019ta yaz mevsiminin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak kutlanm\u0131\u015f; k\u00f6keni eski bahar\/yaz kutlamalar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>H\u0131d\u0131rellez zamanla H\u0131z\u0131r ve \u0130lyas kavramlar\u0131 \u00e7evresinde din\u00ee anlam kazanm\u0131\u015f; sa\u011fl\u0131k, bereket, servet ve k\u0131smet dilekleriyle ilgili gelenekler olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>5 May\u0131s g\u00fcn\u00fc temizlik ve yiyecek haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; 6 May\u0131s\u2019ta \u015fenlik ve merasimler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Padi\u015fah II. Selim D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde minarelerin kandillerle ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle Mevlit, Regaip, Mira\u00e7, Berat ve Kadir geceleri \u201ckandil geceleri\u201d olarak an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\u2605 D\u00fczeltme: <\/strong>H\u0131d\u0131rellez yaln\u0131z Anadolu, Balkanlar, K\u0131r\u0131m, Irak ve Suriye T\u00fcrklerine \u00f6zg\u00fc tek bir b\u00f6lgesel gelenek de\u011fildir; \u00f6zellikle Anadolu ve Balkanlarda \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmakla birlikte farkl\u0131 topluluk ve b\u00f6lgelerde de benzer bahar kutlamalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.4. Osmanl\u0131 T\u00f6ren ve \u015eenlikleri<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>C\u00fclus, sefere \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f-d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn alaylar\u0131, \u015fehzade do\u011fumlar\u0131, s\u00fcnnet d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnleri, kandiller ve Nevruz hem devlet otoritesini hem k\u00fclt\u00fcrel-din\u00ee hayat\u0131 yans\u0131tan t\u00f6renlerdir.<\/li><li>D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnler halk\u0131n en sevdi\u011fi e\u011flenceler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r; evlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015fan kutlamalar, dua, m\u00fczik ve yemeklerle g\u00fcnlerce s\u00fcrebilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>\u015eehzade s\u00fcnnet d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnleri en g\u00f6rkemli \u015fenliklerdendir. III. Murad\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu \u015eehzade Mehmed i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen s\u00fcnnet \u015fenli\u011fi 56 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Ramazan ve Kurban bayramlar\u0131 XV. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren daha belirgin protokol ve programa ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f; bayramla\u015fma, ikram, g\u00f6steri, mahya, kandil ve fi\u015feklerle kutlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.5. Mill\u00ee Bayramlar\u0131n Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Cumhuriyet<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde modern anlamdaki mill\u00ee bayram uygulamas\u0131 II. Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan edildi\u011fi 10 Temmuz (Rumi takvime g\u00f6re; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz takviminde 23 Temmuz) \u201c\u0130yd-i Mill\u00ee\u201d ad\u0131yla 1909\u2019dan itibaren kutlanm\u0131\u015f ve 1935\u2019e kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>II. Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde \u00c7ocuklar Bayram\u0131 ve \u0130dman Bayram\u0131 gibi yeni kutlamalar da g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Cumhuriyet\u2019le birlikte mill\u00ee bayramlar resm\u00ee protokol\u00fcn par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line getirilmi\u015f; din\u00ee bayramlar toplumsal ve geleneksel kutlamalar olarak devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>29 Ekim Cumhuriyet Bayram\u0131 1925\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanunla mill\u00ee bayram olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir; 1933\u2019te Onuncu Y\u0131l kutlamalar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck co\u015fkuyla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Bayram<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Temsil Etti\u011fi Tarih\u00ee De\u011fer<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Bayram\"><p>23 Nisan Ulusal Egemenlik ve \u00c7ocuk Bayram\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temsil Etti\u011fi Tarih\u00ee De\u011fer\"><p>TBMM\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, mill\u00ee egemenlik ve \u00e7ocuklara verilen \u00f6nem.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Bayram\"><p>19 May\u0131s Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc Anma, Gen\u00e7lik ve Spor Bayram\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temsil Etti\u011fi Tarih\u00ee De\u011fer\"><p>Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019nin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ve gen\u00e7li\u011fe verilen sorumluluk.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Bayram\"><p>30 A\u011fustos Zafer Bayram\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temsil Etti\u011fi Tarih\u00ee De\u011fer\"><p>B\u00fcy\u00fck Taarruz ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinin asker\u00ee zaferi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Bayram\"><p>29 Ekim Cumhuriyet Bayram\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temsil Etti\u011fi Tarih\u00ee De\u011fer\"><p>Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131 ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f devlet d\u00fczeni.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-7\">6. T\u00fcrklerde Giyim Ku\u015fam<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.1. \u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi Giyim<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Giyim-ku\u015fam; hayat tarz\u0131, co\u011frafya, din\u00ee inan\u00e7 ve toplum yap\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k, sadelik ve kimli\u011fi yans\u0131tma temel \u00f6zelliklerdendir.<\/li><li>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015fam nedeniyle deri, kuma\u015f, y\u00fcn, k\u00fcrk ve ke\u00e7eden rahat ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 giysiler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Atl\u0131 ya\u015fam pantolon ve ceketi bozk\u0131r\u0131n temel k\u0131yafetleri h\u00e2line getirmi\u015f; \u015falvar, kaftan, h\u0131rka, g\u00f6mlek, palto, \u00e7izme ve \u00e7ar\u0131k da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>G\u00f6mlek d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir\u00e7ok giysi \u00f6nden boydan boya a\u00e7\u0131labilecek bi\u00e7imdedir; hareket kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>B\u00f6rk, ku\u015fak, kemer, mendil ve eldiven gibi tamamlay\u0131c\u0131lar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; kad\u0131n ve erkek k\u0131yafetleri aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck farklar bulunmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.2. Sel\u00e7uklu D\u00f6nemi<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Sel\u00e7uklu giyim-ku\u015fam\u0131 \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde benzerlik ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Yerle\u015fik hayat\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle pamuk, keten, y\u00fcn ve ipek gibi dokuma kuma\u015flar yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kad\u0131n ve erkek k\u0131yafetleri genel olarak benzer; ba\u015fl\u0131klar ay\u0131rt edici olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Kad\u0131nlar b\u00fcr\u00fcnc\u00fck ve ya\u015fmak kullanm\u0131\u015f, y\u00fczlerini pe\u00e7eyle \u00f6rtmemi\u015f; ferace, kaftan, h\u0131rka\/cepken ve \u015falvar giymi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Gerdanl\u0131k, bileklik, k\u00fcpe, y\u00fcz\u00fck ve kemer gibi s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131 hem kad\u0131nlar hem erkekler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.3. Osmanl\u0131 Klasik D\u00f6nemi<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Kad\u0131n giyiminde \u015falvar, \u00e7ak\u015f\u0131r, g\u00f6mlek, entari, h\u0131rka, kaftan, k\u00fcrk, ferace, ya\u015fmak ve s\u00fcsl\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131klar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Erkek giyiminde \u015falvar, \u00e7ak\u015f\u0131r, g\u00f6mlek, entari, kaftan, k\u00fcrk, ferace ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ba\u015fl\u0131klar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>K\u0131yafetlerin kesimi, ba\u015fl\u0131klar ve aksesuarlar din\u00ee aidiyet, stat\u00fc, meslek ve toplumsal konum hakk\u0131nda bilgi verebilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin stat\u00fclerine uygun k\u0131yafetleri d\u00fczenleyen kurallar konmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Padi\u015fahlar sarayda pahal\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri\u015fli kuma\u015flardan kaftanlar giymi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>Kavuk \u00fczerine beyaz sar\u0131k kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kimli\u011finin g\u00f6stergelerinden biri olmas\u0131 belirli d\u00f6nem ve \u00e7evreler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir; b\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 erkekleri i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fmez ve tek tip bir kural olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmemelidir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.4. Tanzimat\u2019tan Cumhuriyet\u2019e Giyim<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Tanzimat\u2019tan sonra Avrupa modas\u0131 \u00f6nce saray \u00e7evresi ve \u00fcst tabakada etkili olmu\u015f, zamanla daha geni\u015f toplumsal kesimlere yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Abd\u00fclmecid D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde memurlar\u0131n istanbulin adl\u0131 ceketleri; II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde redingot tipi ceketler ve farkl\u0131 fes bi\u00e7imleri modernle\u015fmenin sembollerindendir.<\/li><li>Abd\u00fclaziz D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde kad\u0131n giyiminde Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 tek par\u00e7al\u0131 elbiseler ve etek-ceket tak\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda ferace ve ya\u015fmak azal\u0131rken pe\u00e7e ve \u00e7ar\u015faf yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f; II. Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde \u00e7ar\u015faf zamanla pelerin ve mantoya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sosyal hayata daha fazla kat\u0131lmas\u0131, s\u00fcsten \u00e7ok rahatl\u0131k ve kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimler, Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi k\u0131yafet d\u00fczenlemelerine zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>1925 \u015eapka Kanunu ve 1934 Baz\u0131 Kisvelerin Giyilemeyece\u011fine Dair Kanun ile kamusal g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmde modernle\u015fme hedeflenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde modern, sade ve stat\u00fc\/din\u00ee gruba g\u00f6re zorunlu ayr\u0131m\u0131 azaltan bir giyim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Giyim-ku\u015fam de\u011fi\u015fiminin ana hatt\u0131: bozk\u0131rda i\u015flevsellik \u2192 yerle\u015fik hayatta dokuma \u2192 Osmanl\u0131\u2019da stat\u00fc ve aidiyet \u2192 Tanzimat\u2019ta Avrupa etkisi \u2192 Cumhuriyet\u2019te modernle\u015fme ve sadele\u015fme.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-8\">7. T\u00fcrklerde Yeme \u0130\u00e7me K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">7.1. \u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk Mutfa\u011f\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Ekonominin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayanmas\u0131 nedeniyle et, s\u00fct ve s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnleri beslenmede \u00f6nemli yer tutmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>At, koyun, kuzu, ke\u00e7i, deve, tavuk ve av hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n etleri t\u00fcketilmi\u015f; et kavurma veya yahni bi\u00e7iminde pi\u015firilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>S\u00fct; yo\u011furt, tereya\u011f\u0131, kaymak ve peynir yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Bu\u011fday, arpa ve pirin\u00e7 gibi tah\u0131llardan un, ekmek ve hamur i\u015fleri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; tutma\u00e7 gibi yemekler yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Patl\u0131can, havu\u00e7, kabak, so\u011fan, sar\u0131msak, p\u0131rasa ve biber gibi sebzeler; elma, \u00fcz\u00fcm, kay\u0131s\u0131, erik, armut, ayva, dut, ceviz, f\u0131nd\u0131k, karpuz ve kavun gibi meyveler t\u00fcketilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Pa\u00e7a ve tarhana \u00e7orbalar\u0131, etli yemekler, b\u00f6rek, pilav, tatl\u0131 ve ke\u015fkek gibi yemeklerin k\u00f6kl\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015fi vard\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\u2605 D\u00fczeltme: <\/strong>Etin tuzlan\u0131p kurutularak saklanmas\u0131 T\u00fcrklerde yayg\u0131n ve \u00f6nemli bir y\u00f6ntemdir; ancak bu y\u00f6ntemi \u201cilk kez T\u00fcrklerin buldu\u011fu\u201d kesin bi\u00e7imde s\u00f6ylenemez. Benzer saklama teknikleri farkl\u0131 eski toplumlarda da g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>Yo\u011furdun T\u00fcrk mutfa\u011f\u0131ndaki \u00e7ok eski ve merkezi yeri kesindir; fakat yo\u011furdun \u201ctek bir halk taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi\u011fini\u201d kesin bi\u00e7imde kan\u0131tlamak zordur. T\u00fcrkler yo\u011furdun yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ve ad\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya dillerine ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">7.2. T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam ve Sel\u00e7uklu Mutfa\u011f\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>\u0130slamiyet\u2019le birlikte israftan ka\u00e7\u0131nma, yeme\u011fe b\u00fcy\u00fcklerin ba\u015flamas\u0131, herkesin kendi \u00f6n\u00fcnden yemesi, sa\u011f elle yemek, yemekten \u00f6nce-sonra elleri y\u0131kamak, besmeleyle ba\u015flay\u0131p hamd ile bitirmek gibi sofra adab\u0131 kurallar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Anadolu\u2019ya yerle\u015fme, mutfak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc daha yerle\u015fik ve \u00e7e\u015fitlenmi\u015f bir yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Et ve s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin yan\u0131nda sebze, meyve, tah\u0131l, baklagil, baharat ve tatl\u0131lar yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Sel\u00e7uklu mutfa\u011f\u0131nda tutma\u00e7, ke\u015fkek, kalya, borani, tirit, kebap ve bulama\u00e7; tatl\u0131larda g\u00fclbe\u015feker, badem \u015fekeri, helva, zerde, pekmez ve bal \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Ekmek her \u00f6\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn temel besinlerinden biridir.<\/li><li>G\u00fcnde iki \u00f6\u011f\u00fcn; ku\u015fluk ve ak\u015fam yeme\u011fi yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">7.3. Osmanl\u0131 Mutfa\u011f\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Osmanl\u0131 mutfa\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan ta\u015f\u0131nan geleneklerin Anadolu, Balkanlar, Akdeniz ve imparatorlu\u011fun di\u011fer co\u011frafyalar\u0131ndaki \u00fcr\u00fcnlerle birle\u015fmesiyle zenginle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>XV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda tah\u0131l, et, s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, sebze, meyve ve baharatlar dengeli bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Osmanl\u0131 halk\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla g\u00fcnde iki \u00f6\u011f\u00fcn yemek yemi\u015f; al\u00e7ak sofrada yerde oturarak ortak kaptan yemek yayg\u0131n olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Bak\u0131r sahanlar yayg\u0131n; varl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7evrelerde g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve porselen tabaklar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Re\u00e7el, helva, pekmez, macun, lokum, g\u00fclla\u00e7; boza, ho\u015faf, \u015ferbet ve kahve mutfak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli yer tutmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Fatih Sultan Mehmed D\u00f6nemi saray mutfa\u011f\u0131nda bulgur, pirin\u00e7, un, mercimek, nohut; p\u0131rasa, lahana, \u0131spanak; zeytinya\u011f\u0131 ve sadeya\u011f; safran, tar\u00e7\u0131n, karabiber gibi baharatlar; yumurta, tavuk, bal\u0131k, s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnleri kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kuzu etinden yahni, kebap, k\u00f6fte ve \u00e7evirme; s\u0131\u011f\u0131r etinden past\u0131rma ve sucuk yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7orba, et yeme\u011fi ve pilav \u0130stanbul mutfa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temel d\u00fczenlerindendir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\u2605 D\u00fczeltme: <\/strong>Yeni D\u00fcnya k\u00f6kenli \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin Osmanl\u0131 mutfa\u011f\u0131na giri\u015f tarihleri ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir. Kahve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131rken domates ve patatesin mutfakta yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 daha \u00e7ok 18.-19. y\u00fczy\u0131llara aittir. Bu nedenle \u201cXVI. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren kahve, domates, patates vb. birlikte kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u201d ifadesi kronolojik olarak genellenmemelidir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">7.4. Modernle\u015fme ve Cumhuriyet Mutfa\u011f\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda makarna, puding, sal\u00e7a ve Frans\u0131z etkili yemekler saray ve \u015fehir mutfa\u011f\u0131nda modernle\u015fmeyi h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde masa ve sandalye kullan\u0131m\u0131, ayr\u0131 tabak, \u00e7atal, b\u0131\u00e7ak ve bardak gibi alafranga sofra d\u00fczeni yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Cumhuriyet\u2019le birlikte otel, lokanta, tren lokantas\u0131 ve balolar yeni sofra adab\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenildi\u011fi kamusal alanlar h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>G\u00fcnde iki \u00f6\u011f\u00fcnden kahvalt\u0131-\u00f6\u011fle-ak\u015fam olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6\u011f\u00fcn d\u00fczenine ge\u00e7i\u015f; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri, miladi takvim ve Bat\u0131 ile uyum s\u00fcreciyle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Geleneksel Osmanl\u0131 yemekleri s\u00fcrerken Frans\u0131z ve Bat\u0131 mutfa\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7orba, sos, garnit\u00fcr, p\u00fcre ve tatl\u0131lar da mutfa\u011fa girmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Kebap, yahni, kavurma, bulgur, mercimek, yufka, tutma\u00e7, katmer, helva, pilav, ayran, zerde, baklava ve b\u00f6rek gibi unsurlar tarihsel s\u00fcreklili\u011fin \u00f6rnekleridir.<\/li><\/ul><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-9\">8. T\u00fcrklerde Vak\u0131flar ve Sosyal Yard\u0131mla\u015fma<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.1. Yard\u0131mla\u015fma K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Temelleri<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk toplumlar\u0131nda zorlu hayat \u015fartlar\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yard\u0131mla\u015fma ve dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam d\u00f6neminde aile, akraba ve kom\u015fuluk ili\u015fkilerine fitre, sadaka ve zek\u00e2t gibi din\u00ee sorumluluklar eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Dede Korkut, Kutadgu Bilig, D\u00eev\u00e2nu Lug\u00e2ti\u2019t-T\u00fcrk ve Divan-\u0131 Hikmet gibi eserlerde misafirperverlik, vatanseverlik, cesaret, fakir-dul-yetimi g\u00f6zetme ve hay\u0131rda yar\u0131\u015fma gibi de\u011ferler vurgulan\u0131r.<\/li><li>Sel\u00e7uklularda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yard\u0131mla\u015fma \u201cimece\u201d bi\u00e7iminde \u00f6zellikle tar\u0131m i\u015flerinde s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f; baz\u0131 T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 yard\u0131mla\u015fma i\u00e7in \u201cl\u00fc\u00e7n\u00fct\u201d kelimesini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>\u201cToplumda maddi veya manevi olarak ezilen insan neredeyse hi\u00e7 yoktu\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fc ifadeler idealize edilmi\u015f bir anlat\u0131md\u0131r. Yard\u0131mla\u015fman\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmas\u0131, sosyal e\u015fitsizlik veya yoksullu\u011fun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.2. Ahilik ve Sosyal Dayan\u0131\u015fma<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Ahilik, Sel\u00e7uklu ve Anadolu \u015fehirlerinde ekonomik hayat\u0131n yan\u0131nda sosyal dayan\u0131\u015fmada da \u00f6nemli rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Ahiler ihtiya\u00e7 sahiplerine yard\u0131m etmi\u015f, yetim ve muhta\u00e7 k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitimini desteklemi\u015f, ya\u015fl\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bar\u0131nma ve korunma ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Yol, su ve kald\u0131r\u0131m gibi imar faaliyetlerine katk\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f; yolcu ve yabanc\u0131lar zaviyelerde misafir edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.3. Vak\u0131f Kavramlar\u0131<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kavram<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Tan\u0131m<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Vak\u0131f<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><p>Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r veya ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal\u0131n gelirinin kal\u0131c\u0131 bir hay\u0131r\/hizmet amac\u0131 i\u00e7in tahsis edilmesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>V\u00e2k\u0131f<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><p>Mal\u0131n\u0131 vakfeden ki\u015fi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Mevkuf<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><p>Vakfedilen mal.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Vakfiye<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><p>Vakf\u0131n amac\u0131, \u015fartlar\u0131 ve gelir d\u00fczenini a\u00e7\u0131klayan hukuk\u00ee belge.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>M\u00fctevelli<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><p>Vakf\u0131n y\u00f6netiminden sorumlu ki\u015fi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>K\u00fclliye<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><p>Genellikle cami merkezli; e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, bar\u0131nma, ticaret ve sosyal hizmet yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getiren vak\u0131f kompleksi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.4. T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Vak\u0131flar ve K\u00fclliyeler<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar, devlet g\u00f6revlileri ve zenginler vak\u0131flar kurarak e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, ibadet ve sosyal yard\u0131m kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n giderlerini kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Karahanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u0130brahim Tamga\u00e7 Han 1066\u2019da Semerkand\u2019da medrese yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve giderleri i\u00e7in vak\u0131f kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Nizamiye Medreselerinin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 vak\u0131flarla kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131nda Karatay Medresesi gibi eserlerin giderleri vak\u0131f gelirleriyle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Anadolu\u2019nun ilk k\u00fclliye \u00f6rnekleri Artuklular d\u00f6neminde g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f; Sel\u00e7uklu, Beylikler ve Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.5. Vak\u0131f Kurma S\u00fcreci<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>A\u015fama<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u0130\u015flem<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>1. a\u015fama<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130\u015flem\"><p>Kurulacak vakf\u0131n fikr\u00ee tasar\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>2. a\u015fama<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130\u015flem\"><p>Ama\u00e7lara uygun \u201cm\u00fcessesat-\u0131 hayriye\u201d denilen hizmet binalar\u0131 in\u015fa edilir; hizmetin s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flayacak gelir kaynaklar\u0131 belirlenir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"A\u015fama\"><p>3. a\u015fama<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130\u015flem\"><p>Vakfiye mahkemede onaya sunulur; uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrse \u015fer\u2019iye siciline kaydedilir ve as\u0131l n\u00fcsha v\u00e2k\u0131fa verilir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.6. Osmanl\u0131 Vak\u0131flar\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Vak\u0131flar Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehirlerinin kurulu\u015f ve geli\u015fmesinde merkezi role sahiptir; ibadet, ticaret, imaret, \u00e7e\u015fme, hamam, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, mektep ve hastane gibi hizmetleri finanse etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Fatih K\u00fclliyesi\u2019nde Sahn-\u0131 Seman medreseleri, mektep, Dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fifa, a\u015fhane, tabhane, kervansaray, \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 ve hamam gibi yap\u0131lar bulunmu\u015f; giderleri vak\u0131flarla kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Osmanl\u0131\u2019da 35 binden fazla vakf\u0131n kuruldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. 1528\u2019de devlet gelirlerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k %16\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n vak\u0131f ve m\u00fclklere ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir kaynak vard\u0131r.<\/li><li>Bursa, \u0130znik, Gelibolu, Edirne, Filibe, Sofya, \u00dcsk\u00fcp ve \u0130stanbul gibi \u015fehirlerin imar\u0131nda vak\u0131flar \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Gayrim\u00fcslimler de cemaat i\u00e7i ve toplumun geneline hizmet eden vak\u0131flar kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Kad\u0131nlar vak\u0131f kurabilmi\u015f ve baz\u0131 vak\u0131flar\u0131n m\u00fctevellili\u011fini \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir; XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda vak\u0131f y\u00f6netiminin e\u015f, k\u0131z, k\u0131z karde\u015f veya ba\u015fka kad\u0131n akrabalara b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rnekler vard\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not: <\/strong>Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 toplumunda y\u00f6netici olabildi\u011fi \u201cyeg\u00e2ne\u201d hizmet alan\u0131n\u0131n vak\u0131flar oldu\u011fu \u015feklindeki ifade fazla kesindir. Vak\u0131flar kad\u0131nlar\u0131n mal tahsisi ve kurum y\u00f6netiminde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr oldu\u011fu \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli alanlardan biridir; ancak kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ekonomik ve toplumsal etkinli\u011fi yaln\u0131z vak\u0131flarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.7. Vak\u0131flar\u0131n Merkezile\u015fmesi ve Modern Sosyal Yard\u0131m<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Vak\u0131flar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131n\u0131kla\u015fmas\u0131, yolsuzluklar, gelirlerin azalmas\u0131 ve modern devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi \u00fczerine II. Mahmud D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Evkaf-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun Nezareti kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Tanzimat sonras\u0131nda vak\u0131f idaresine ili\u015fkin mevzuat geni\u015flemi\u015f; yeni vak\u0131flar mevcut kurumlar\u0131 destekleme ve sosyal yard\u0131m ama\u00e7lar\u0131yla kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde \u015eer\u2019iye ve Evk\u00e2f Vek\u00e2leti kurulmu\u015f; din\u00ee kurumlar, vak\u0131flar ve medreseler bu bakanl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Muhtacin maa\u015f\u0131, yoksullara yap\u0131lan nakd\u00ee yard\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6rneklerindendir; Tanzimat \u00f6ncesi vak\u0131flardan, sonra Evkaf Nezaretinden kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Dar\u00fclaceze 1896\u2019da din, dil, \u0131rk, cinsiyet ve mezhep ayr\u0131m\u0131 yapmadan kimsesiz ve muhta\u00e7lara hizmet vermi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Dar\u00fclhayr-\u0131 \u00c2l\u00ee 1903\u2019te \u00f6zellikle 1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 yetim ve \u00f6ks\u00fcz \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 korumak ve sanayi mekteplerine haz\u0131rlamak amac\u0131yla kurulmu\u015f, 1909\u2019da kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Dar\u00fcleytamlar, Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda kimsesiz kalan \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015f; temel ve mesleki e\u011fitim sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, 1926\u2019da kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Osmanl\u0131 Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer Cemiyeti 1868\u2019de yaral\u0131 ve hasta askerlere yard\u0131m amac\u0131yla kurulmu\u015f, 1877\u2019de Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f; sava\u015f, afet, deprem ve salg\u0131nlarda yard\u0131m faaliyetleri y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Himaye-i Etfal Cemiyeti, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik faaliyetler y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; Dul Kad\u0131n ve Yetimlere \u0130mdat Cemiyeti ve Fukaraperver Cemiyeti de sosyal yard\u0131m alan\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.8. Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Sosyal Yard\u0131mla\u015fma<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Dar\u00fclaceze, Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer\/K\u0131z\u0131lay ve Himaye-i Etfal gibi kurumlar\u0131n g\u00f6revleri Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde yeniden d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f; gelir kaynaklar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Yeni devlet ihtiya\u00e7 sahipleri, dullar, yetimler, \u00f6ks\u00fczler, engelliler, yaral\u0131 askerler ve asker ailelerine ayni ve nakd\u00ee yard\u0131mlar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>K\u00f6y kooperatifleri, halkevlerinin sosyal yard\u0131m \u015fubeleri ve yerel y\u00f6netimler sosyal yard\u0131m faaliyetlerine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Sosyal yard\u0131mla\u015fma ve dayan\u0131\u015fma vak\u0131flar\u0131yla yard\u0131m hizmetleri daha d\u00fczenli ve kurumsal h\u00e2le getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>3 Mart 1924\u2019te \u015eer\u2019iye ve Evk\u00e2f Vek\u00e2leti kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Vak\u0131flar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrkiye Himaye-i Etfal Cemiyeti; ana bak\u0131m evleri, a\u015fevleri, paras\u0131z banyolar, s\u00fct damlalar\u0131, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz bak\u0131m evleri, poliklinikler ve \u201cana kucaklar\u0131\u201d a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f; 1934\u2019te \u00c7ocuk Esirgeme Kurumu ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrk Kad\u0131nlar Birli\u011fi (1924) kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitim, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve siyasi kat\u0131l\u0131m haklar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrk Hava Kurumu (1925) havac\u0131l\u0131k e\u011fitimi, pilot yeti\u015ftirme ve halkta havac\u0131l\u0131k bilinci geli\u015ftirme amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrk Maarif Cemiyeti (1928) okul, kurs, burs ve e\u011fitim materyali deste\u011fiyle e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\u2605 D\u00fczeltme: <\/strong>T\u00fcrk Maarif Cemiyeti \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk sivil toplum kurulu\u015fu\u201d de\u011fildir. Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyet\u2019e \u00e7ok say\u0131da cemiyet ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc kurulu\u015f daha \u00f6nce faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk Maarif Cemiyeti, erken Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminin \u00f6nemli e\u011fitim ama\u00e7l\u0131 sivil kurulu\u015flar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-10\">9. T\u00fcrk Toplumsal Yap\u0131s\u0131nda De\u011fi\u015fim ve S\u00fcreklilik<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">9.1. Alanlara G\u00f6re Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-4\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Alan<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>De\u011fi\u015fimin Etkisi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kan \/ Tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Sorun<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Aile<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"De\u011fi\u015fimin Etkisi\"><p>Geni\u015f aileden \u00e7ekirdek aileye ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015f; medeni hukuk aile ili\u015fkilerini yeniden d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\"><p>Evlilik \u00f6nemini korur; kararlar daha \u00e7ok ortak al\u0131n\u0131r, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitim ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayata kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 y\u00fcksektir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kan \/ Tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Sorun\"><p>Bo\u015fanmalar\u0131n artmas\u0131, bak\u0131m y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ekirdek ailede yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 ve dayan\u0131\u015fman\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7erlik \/ Yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"De\u011fi\u015fimin Etkisi\"><p>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7erlik azal\u0131rken k\u00f6y, kasaba ve \u015fehir hayat\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\"><p>Baz\u0131 Y\u00f6r\u00fck topluluklar\u0131nda mevsimlik g\u00f6\u00e7 ve yayla k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc s\u00fcrer.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kan \/ Tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Sorun\"><p>Geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve s\u00f6zl\u00fc miras\u0131n unutulma riski.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Din ve inan\u0131\u015f<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"De\u011fi\u015fimin Etkisi\"><p>Eski inan\u00e7 unsurlar\u0131ndan \u0130slamiyet\u2019e; Cumhuriyet\u2019te laik devlet d\u00fczenine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\"><p>Din bireyin vicdan ve inan\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00f6nemlidir; devlet-din ili\u015fkisi laiklik ilkesiyle d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kan \/ Tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Sorun\"><p>Din\u00ee ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131n tarihsel ba\u011flam i\u00e7inde do\u011fru anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Kutlamalar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"De\u011fi\u015fimin Etkisi\"><p>Toy ve bahar kutlamalar\u0131na din\u00ee ve mill\u00ee bayramlar eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\"><p>Mill\u00ee ve din\u00ee bayramlar birlik, tarih bilinci ve ortak haf\u0131zay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kan \/ Tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Sorun\"><p>Baz\u0131 geleneksel kutlamalar\u0131n gen\u00e7 ku\u015faklarca yeterince bilinmemesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Giyim-ku\u015fam<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"De\u011fi\u015fimin Etkisi\"><p>Bozk\u0131r\u0131n i\u015flevsel k\u0131yafetlerinden modern ve bireysel tercihe dayal\u0131 giyime ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\"><p>Modern k\u0131yafetler yayg\u0131n; geleneksel k\u0131yafetler \u00f6zel g\u00fcn ve y\u00f6relerde ya\u015far.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kan \/ Tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Sorun\"><p>Geleneksel k\u0131yafet bilgisinin g\u00fcndelik hayattan uzakla\u015fmas\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Yeme-i\u00e7me<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"De\u011fi\u015fimin Etkisi\"><p>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 mutfak, farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve modern mutfak teknikleriyle \u00e7e\u015fitlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\"><p>Geleneksel yemeklerle d\u00fcnya mutfa\u011f\u0131 birlikte g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kan \/ Tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Sorun\"><p>Haz\u0131r t\u00fcketim, sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z beslenme ve israf\u0131n artmas\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Vak\u0131f ve sosyal yard\u0131m<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"De\u011fi\u015fimin Etkisi\"><p>Aile-imece-vak\u0131f ekseninden devlet, yerel y\u00f6netim ve sivil toplum i\u015f birli\u011fine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\"><p>Devlet, belediye, vak\u0131f ve dernekler birlikte sosyal yard\u0131m y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kan \/ Tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Sorun\"><p>\u0130htiya\u00e7 sahiplerine adil, d\u00fczenli ve etkin bi\u00e7imde ula\u015fma gere\u011fi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">9.2. T\u00fcrk Kimli\u011finin Olu\u015fumunda Toplumsal Unsurlar<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Aile; dayan\u0131\u015fma, sayg\u0131, sorumluluk ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel aktar\u0131m\u0131n temel kurumudur.<\/li><li>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er hayat hareketlilik, dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k, \u00fcretim disiplini ve tabiatla uyum bilincini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7i\u015f \u015fehir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, esnaf \u00f6rg\u00fctlerini, vak\u0131f kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 ve sosyal hizmetleri geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131\/Tengri inanc\u0131, atalar ve tabiatla ilgili eski inan\u00e7lar; daha sonra \u0130slamiyet T\u00fcrk toplumunun ahlak ve de\u011fer d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Nevruz, H\u0131d\u0131rellez, din\u00ee ve mill\u00ee bayramlar ortak haf\u0131za ve aidiyet duygusunu canl\u0131 tutmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Giyim-ku\u015fam co\u011frafya, hayat tarz\u0131, stat\u00fc ve modernle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini yans\u0131tan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir g\u00f6stergedir.<\/li><li>Yeme-i\u00e7me k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, aile birli\u011fi, misafirperverlik ve farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalarla etkile\u015fimin somut \u00f6rneklerini ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrk kimli\u011fi, de\u011fi\u015fen \u015fartlara uyum sa\u011flarken temel k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle terk edilmemesi sayesinde s\u00fcreklilik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">9.3. Osmanl\u0131 Modernle\u015fmesi ve Toplumsal Hayat<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Osmanl\u0131 modernle\u015fmesi merkezden ta\u015fraya do\u011fru yava\u015f ve kademeli bi\u00e7imde yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; ilk olarak saray ve devlet \u00e7evresinde belirginle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l padi\u015fahlar\u0131 Bat\u0131l\u0131 giyim, yabanc\u0131 dil, Bat\u0131 m\u00fczi\u011fi ve yeni kurumlarla daha yak\u0131n ili\u015fki kurmu\u015f; bu de\u011fi\u015fimler zamanla toplumun farkl\u0131 kesimlerine yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Tanzimat reformlar\u0131 modernle\u015fmenin h\u0131zland\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015famad\u0131r; devlet, asker\u00ee, siyasi, ekonomik ve toplumsal sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in modern kurumlar geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>E\u011fitimde yeni okullar, hukukta yeni d\u00fczenlemeler, ula\u015f\u0131m ve haberle\u015fmede geli\u015fmeler, aile ve \u015fehir hayat\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimler modernle\u015fmenin toplumsal yans\u0131malar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li>Modernle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda geleneksel yap\u0131 tamamen ortadan kalkmam\u0131\u015f; eski ve yeni kurumlar\u0131n yan yana var oldu\u011fu ikili bir toplumsal yap\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda \u015fer\u2019i ve nizami mahkemeler, geleneksel ve modern okullar, farkl\u0131 b\u00fcrokratik kadrolar ve d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ayn\u0131 anda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 modernle\u015fmesi yaln\u0131z \u201cBat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d de\u011fil; devleti g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme, kurumlar\u0131 yenileme ve toplumsal sorunlara yeni \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretme \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fcrecin ay\u0131rt edici y\u00f6n\u00fc, geleneksel yap\u0131 ile modern kurumlar\u0131n uzun s\u00fcre birlikte var olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-11\">10. H\u0131zl\u0131 Tekrar ve S\u0131nav \u00d6zeti<\/h2><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Ba\u015fl\u0131k<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 Gerekenler<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131k\"><p>Toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 Gerekenler\"><p>Ogu\u015f \u2192 Urug \u2192 Boy \u2192 Budun \u2192 \u0130l<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131k\"><p>Aile<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 Gerekenler\"><p>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile gelene\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc; kad\u0131n ve erke\u011fin aile i\u00e7i rolleri \u00f6nemli; \u0130slamiyet sonras\u0131nda mehir ve \u0130slam hukuku etkisi; Osmanl\u0131\u2019da farkl\u0131 aile tipleri; Cumhuriyet\u2019te medeni hukuk ve \u00e7ekirdek aile.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131k\"><p>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7erlik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 Gerekenler\"><p>Yaylak-k\u0131\u015flak d\u00fczeni; kuytu\/kuz; ta\u015f\u0131nabilir \u00e7ad\u0131r; Uygurlarla \u015fehirle\u015fme; Ahilikle Anadolu \u015fehirle\u015fmesi; Osmanl\u0131 isk\u00e2n\u0131; Cumhuriyet\u2019te yerle\u015fik hayat.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131k\"><p>Din<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 Gerekenler\"><p>Tengri, tabiat ve atalarla ilgili inan\u00e7lar \u2192 \u0130slamiyet \u2192 medrese\/tekke\/cami-k\u00fclliye \u2192 Tanzimat\u2019ta yetki ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u2192 Cumhuriyet\u2019te laiklik ve Diyanet.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131k\"><p>Kutlamalar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 Gerekenler\"><p>Toy ve Nevruz \u2192 Ramazan\/Kurban + H\u0131d\u0131rellez \u2192 Osmanl\u0131 t\u00f6renleri \u2192 10 Temmuz \u0130yd-i Mill\u00ee \u2192 Cumhuriyet mill\u00ee bayramlar\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131k\"><p>Giyim<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 Gerekenler\"><p>Deri-y\u00fcn-ke\u00e7e ve atl\u0131 ya\u015fam k\u0131yafetleri \u2192 Sel\u00e7uklu dokuma \u2192 Osmanl\u0131 stat\u00fc ve ba\u015fl\u0131k d\u00fczeni \u2192 Tanzimat Avrupa modas\u0131 \u2192 Cumhuriyet modern giyim.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131k\"><p>Mutfak<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 Gerekenler\"><p>Et-s\u00fct-tah\u0131l \u2192 \u0130slami sofra adab\u0131 \u2192 Sel\u00e7uklu\/Osmanl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi \u2192 yeni \u00fcr\u00fcnler ve alafranga sofra \u2192 Cumhuriyet\u2019te \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6\u011f\u00fcn ve modern-geleneksel sentez.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131k\"><p>Vak\u0131f<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 Gerekenler\"><p>V\u00e2k\u0131f, mevkuf, vakfiye, m\u00fctevelli; k\u00fclliye; Evkaf-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun; Dar\u00fclaceze\/Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer\/Himaye-i Etfal; Cumhuriyet\u2019te Vak\u0131flar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve sosyal devlet.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131k\"><p>Modernle\u015fme<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 Gerekenler\"><p>Tanzimat\u2019la h\u0131zland\u0131; saraydan topluma yay\u0131ld\u0131; hukuk, e\u011fitim, aile, \u015fehir, giyim ve yeme-i\u00e7me alanlar\u0131nda etkili oldu; geleneksel yap\u0131 bir s\u00fcre modern kurumlarla birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>744 Uygurlar ve belirgin \u015fehirle\u015fme \u2192 1691 Osmanl\u0131 isk\u00e2n politikalar\u0131n\u0131n belirginle\u015fmesi \u2192 Tanzimat sonras\u0131 toplumsal modernle\u015fme \u2192 1863 \u0131slahhaneler \u2192 1896 Dar\u00fclaceze \u2192 1917 Hukuk-\u0131 Aile Kararnamesi \u2192 1924 Diyanet ve Vak\u0131flar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u2192 1925 \u015eapka Kanunu \/ tekke-zaviye d\u00fczenlemesi \u2192 1926 Medeni Kanun ve \u0130sk\u00e2n Kanunu \u2192 1934 baz\u0131 kisveler d\u00fczenlemesi.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Konuyu sadece \u201cde\u011fi\u015fim\u201d olarak de\u011fil \u201cde\u011fi\u015fim + s\u00fcreklilik\u201d olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn: kurumlar\u0131n bi\u00e7imi de\u011fi\u015firken aile, yard\u0131mla\u015fma, misafirperverlik, ortak haf\u0131za ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimlik gibi de\u011ferler farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerle ya\u015famaya devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside><\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi dersinin 2. \u00fcnitesi, \u201cT\u00fcrkistan&#8217;dan T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye T\u00fcrklerde Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Hayat\u201d konular\u0131n\u0131 kapsar. 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