{"id":4049,"date":"2026-10-17T22:45:24","date_gmt":"2026-10-17T19:45:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=4049"},"modified":"2026-10-17T22:45:25","modified_gmt":"2026-10-17T19:45:25","slug":"turklerde-ekonomik-hayat-2-unite-turkistandan-turkiyeye-turklerde-toplumsal-ve-ekonomik-hayat-maarif-modeli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/17\/turklerde-ekonomik-hayat-2-unite-turkistandan-turkiyeye-turklerde-toplumsal-ve-ekonomik-hayat-maarif-modeli\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrklerde Ekonomik Hayat \/ 2. \u00dcnite: T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye T\u00fcrklerde Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Hayat | Maarif Modeli"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi dersinin 2. \u00fcnitesi, \u201cT\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye T\u00fcrklerde Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Hayat\u201d konular\u0131n\u0131 kapsar. Bu sayfada TKMT 2.2 \u201cT\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye T\u00fcrklerin ekonomik faaliyetlerine ili\u015fkin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00fcr\u00fcnleri payla\u015fabilme\u201d \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131na y\u00f6nelik T\u00fcrklerde Ekonomik Hayat ders notlar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrklerde hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, tar\u0131m, madencilik ve \u0130pek Yolu ticareti gibi ekonomik faaliyetler incelenmektedir. T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devletlerinde ikta, Ahilik ve kervansaraylar ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde t\u0131mar, lonca, narh ve maliye politikalar\u0131 ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisindeki d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar ve D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiyye\u2019den Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminin mill\u00ee ekonomi ve sanayile\u015fme politikalar\u0131na uzanan s\u00fcre\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. Konu anlat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 tablolar, kronoloji ve s\u0131nav notlar\u0131yla T\u00fcrk ekonomik hayat\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fim ve s\u00fcreklili\u011fi tekrar edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n\/* TKMT 2.2: WordPress uyumlu, kayd\u0131rmas\u0131z tablolar *\/\n.tkmt-lesson {box-sizing:border-box;max-width:1000px;width:100%;min-width:0;margin:0 auto;color:#263244;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",Roboto,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;line-height:1.72;overflow-wrap:break-word;}\n.tkmt-lesson *, .tkmt-lesson *::before, .tkmt-lesson *::after {box-sizing:border-box;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-header {border-left:5px solid #087f93;padding:15px 20px;background:#f2f9fb;border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;margin:0 0 26px;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-kicker {margin:0 0 4px;color:#167489;font-size:.90em;font-weight:750;}\n.tkmt-lesson .tkmt-header h2 {margin:0 0 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table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody td,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-5 tbody td {border-width:0 0 1px!important;padding:9px 12px!important;}\n  .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 tbody td:last-child,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody td:last-child,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-5 tbody td:last-child {border-bottom:0!important;}\n  .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 tbody td::before,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody td::before,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-5 tbody td::before {content:attr(data-label);display:block;font-size:.84em;color:#16637d;font-weight:750;margin-bottom:3px;}\n  .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-3 tbody tr:nth-child(even) td,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-4 tbody tr:nth-child(even) td,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-5 tbody tr:nth-child(even) td {background:#fff;}\n}\n\/* \u0130ki s\u00fctunlu tablolar da telefonda sat\u0131r-kart olarak okunur, s\u00fctun daralmas\u0131 ve yatay kayd\u0131rma yok. *\/\n@media(max-width:520px) {\n .tkmt-lesson {font-size:15px;line-height:1.65;}\n .tkmt-lesson .tkmt-header {padding:13px 15px;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-table {font-size:.97em;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody tr,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td {display:block!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 thead,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 colgroup {display:none!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody tr {margin:0 0 10px;border:1px solid #d2e0e7;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;background:#fff;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td {border-width:0 0 1px!important;padding:9px 12px!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td:first-child {font-weight:650;background:#e8f4f7!important;color:#12465f;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td:last-child {border-bottom:0!important;background:#fff!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-2 tbody td::before {content:attr(data-label);display:block;font-size:.84em;color:#16637d;font-weight:750;margin-bottom:3px;}\n}\n\n\/* 6-column numerical comparison tables use the same readable, scroll-free mobile cards. *\/\n@media(max-width:1000px) {\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-6, .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-6 tbody,\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-6 tbody tr, .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-6 tbody td {display:block!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-6 thead,.tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-6 colgroup {display:none!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-6 tbody tr {margin:0 0 12px;border:1px solid #d2e0e7;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;background:#fff;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-6 tbody td {border-width:0 0 1px!important;padding:9px 12px!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-6 tbody td:last-child {border-bottom:0!important;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-6 tbody td::before {content:attr(data-label);display:block;font-size:.84em;color:#16637d;font-weight:750;margin-bottom:3px;}\n .tkmt-lesson table.tkmt-cols-6 tbody tr:nth-child(even) td {background:#fff;}\n}\n<\/style><article class=\"tkmt-lesson\" lang=\"tr\"><header class=\"tkmt-header\"><p class=\"tkmt-kicker\">2. \u00dcN\u0130TE: T\u00dcRK\u0130STAN\u2019DAN T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019YE T\u00dcRKLERDE TOPLUMSAL VE EKONOM\u0130K HAYAT \u00b7 TKMT 2.2<\/p><h2>2.2 T\u00dcRKLERDE EKONOM\u0130K HAYAT<\/h2><p class=\"tkmt-subtitle\">T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Ekonomik Faaliyetlerin De\u011fi\u015fimi<\/p><\/header><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-1\">1. T\u00fcrk Ekonomi Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Temel Ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ve Tarihsel De\u011fi\u015fim<\/h2><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>T\u00fcrk devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ekonomi, yaln\u0131z hazineyi b\u00fcy\u00fctme amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maz; halk\u0131n refah\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flama ve devleti g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc tutma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle ili\u015fkilidir.<\/li><li>Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019ndaki ifadeleri; a\u00e7 halk\u0131 doyurma, \u00e7\u0131plak halk\u0131 giydirme, fakiri zenginle\u015ftirme ve n\u00fcfusu art\u0131rma idealini yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kutadgu Bilig\u2019de de h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n halk\u0131n yoksullu\u011funu gidermesi gerekti\u011fi vurgulan\u0131r; halk\u0131n zenginli\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n ve devletin g\u00fcc\u00fcyle ili\u015fkilendirilir.<\/li><li>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesinde bozk\u0131r \u015fartlar\u0131 hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken yerle\u015fik hayat\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle tar\u0131m, \u015fehir ekonomisi, zanaat ve ticaret \u00e7e\u015fitlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devletlerinde ikta, han, kervansaray ve Ahilik; Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde t\u0131mar, lonca, narh ve vak\u0131f gibi kurumlar \u00fcretim, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve ticareti d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisindeki d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ve D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiyye gibi uygulamalar, Mill\u00ee \u0130ktisat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki y\u00f6netimi; korumac\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck politikas\u0131, yerli sanayiyi destekleyen d\u00fczenlemeler, 1914\u2019te kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 tek tarafl\u0131 kald\u0131rma giri\u015fimi ve baz\u0131 i\u015fletmeleri mill\u00eele\u015ftirme uygulamalar\u0131yla Mill\u00ee \u0130ktisat politikas\u0131n\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurucu kadrosu ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 devletin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temel \u015fartlar\u0131ndan biri olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f; mill\u00ee ekonomi, yerli \u00fcretim ve sanayile\u015fme \u00f6ncelikli hedefler h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udccc NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?<\/strong><\/p><p>Tarih boyunca ekonomik faaliyetlerin bi\u00e7imi de\u011fi\u015fse de halk\u0131n refah\u0131, \u00fcretimin s\u00fcreklili\u011fi, kamu d\u00fczeni ve devletin mali g\u00fcc\u00fc temel \u00f6ncelikler aras\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udccc SINAV NOTU<\/strong><\/p><p>S\u0131navlarda d\u00f6nemleri ay\u0131r\u0131rken \u015fu \u00e7izgi \u00f6nemlidir: bozk\u0131r-hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k \u2192 yerle\u015fik tar\u0131m ve ticaret \u2192 kurumla\u015fm\u0131\u015f T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam ekonomisi \u2192 Osmanl\u0131 klasik ekonomik d\u00fczeni \u2192 d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ve mali bunal\u0131m \u2192 mill\u00ee ekonomi ve devlet\u00e7ilik.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-2\">2. \u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk Devletlerinde Ekonomik Yap\u0131<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.1. Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er Ekonomi<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n fiziki ve iklim \u015fartlar\u0131 ekonomik hayat\u0131 belirlemi\u015f; hayvan yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi ve \u00e7obanl\u0131k temel ge\u00e7im alan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Koyun, ke\u00e7i, at, deve ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131r s\u00fcr\u00fcleri beslenmi\u015f; bu hayvanlar\u0131n etinden, s\u00fct\u00fcnden, derisinden, y\u00fcn\u00fcnden ve g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Canl\u0131 hayvan, konserve et, deri-k\u00f6sele, k\u00fcrk ve hayvansal g\u0131dalar kom\u015fu toplumlara sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Bozk\u0131r hayat\u0131 hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, avc\u0131l\u0131k ve ak\u0131n faaliyetleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r; hareketli ya\u015fam ekonomik ve asker\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc birlikte \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.2. Tar\u0131m<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Tar\u0131m, bozk\u0131r co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n izin verdi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>K\u0131\u015flaklarda ve yerle\u015fmeye uygun alanlarda \u00e7iftlikler kurulmu\u015f; tarla, ba\u011f ve bah\u00e7e tar\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Uygurlar D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde yerle\u015fik hayat\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla tar\u0131m\u0131n ekonomideki pay\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.3. Madencilik, Zanaat ve \u00dcretim<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Hunlar, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler ve Uygurlar; demir, alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve k\u00fck\u00fcrt gibi madenleri i\u015flemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, kalkan, karg\u0131, m\u0131zrak, insan ve at z\u0131rhlar\u0131 \u00fcretilmi\u015f; sava\u015f ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7leri ihra\u00e7 edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Hal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, ke\u00e7ecilik, debba\u011fl\u0131k (deri i\u015flemecili\u011fi), marangozluk ve dokumac\u0131l\u0131k geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Hal\u0131, kilim, ke\u00e7e, dokuma, deri \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve maden\u00ee e\u015fyalar ticaret yollar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla d\u0131\u015f pazarlara ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">2.4. Ticaret Yollar\u0131 ve Ticaret Merkezleri<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>\u0130pek Yolu ve K\u00fcrk Yolu \u00fczerinde bulunmak T\u00fcrk devletlerine \u00f6nemli bir ticari \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Hunlar, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, Uygurlar ve Hazarlar do\u011fu-bat\u0131 transit ticaretine arac\u0131l\u0131k etmi\u015f; ticaret gelirleri yan\u0131nda kervanlardan ge\u00e7i\u015f vergisi alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Hunlardan itibaren s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerinde serbest ticaret alanlar\u0131na \u00f6nem verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Semerkand gibi T\u00fcrkistan \u015fehirleri \u00f6nemli ticaret merkezleri h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udccc SINAV NOTU<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0130pek Yolu ve K\u00fcrk Yolu yaln\u0131z ticari gelir sa\u011flamam\u0131\u015f; \u015fehirle\u015fme, diplomasi, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fim ve devletler aras\u0131 rekabeti de etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-3\">3. T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletlerinde Ekonomik Yap\u0131<\/h2><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Karahanl\u0131lar, Gazneliler ve Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu X-XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l co\u011frafyas\u0131; verimli topraklar ve milletleraras\u0131 transit ticaret yollar\u0131 sayesinde iktisadi bak\u0131mdan geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Ekonomik faaliyetlerin temelinde tar\u0131m, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, ticaret ve imalat bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Karahanl\u0131lardan itibaren geli\u015fmi\u015f tar\u0131m k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f; devlet gelirlerinin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tar\u0131m vergilerinden sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er T\u00fcrkmenler hayvan ve hayvan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine dayal\u0131 ekonomiyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Horasan ve Mavera\u00fcnnehir gibi b\u00f6lgelerde madencilik; \u015fehirlerde dokumac\u0131l\u0131k, dericilik, \u00e7ini, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t ve cam imalat\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Siyasi birlik, istikrarl\u0131 y\u00f6netim ve ticaret g\u00fcvenli\u011fi refah seviyesini y\u00fckseltmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.1. Ticaretin Geli\u015ftirilmesi<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devletleri ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f; hanlar, kervansaraylar ve k\u00f6pr\u00fclerle ula\u015f\u0131m ve konaklama altyap\u0131s\u0131 kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Ticari ama\u00e7l\u0131 fetihler yap\u0131larak limanlar ve \u00f6nemli g\u00fczerg\u00e2hlar kontrol edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131, Venediklilerle ticaret antla\u015fmalar\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f; baz\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini %1 gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oranlarda tutmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n mallar\u0131n\u0131n sigortalanmas\u0131 ve zararlar\u0131n\u0131n devlet hazinesinden kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, ticaret g\u00fcvenli\u011fini art\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik uygulamalardand\u0131r.<\/li><li>Yeni ticaret yollar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Anadolu\u2019da siyasi birlik g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Akdeniz-Karadeniz limanlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ticari fetihler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udccc KARI\u015eTIRMA!<\/strong><\/p><p>Han: yolcu ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n konaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ticari yap\u0131. Kervansaray: ana yollar \u00fczerinde kervanlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve konaklamas\u0131 i\u00e7in kurulan, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman vak\u0131f sistemiyle i\u015fletilen b\u00fcy\u00fck ticari yap\u0131.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.2. \u0130kta Sistemi<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>\u0130kta, T\u00fcrkistan, \u0130ran ve \u0130slam devlet geleneklerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir gelir ve toprak d\u00fczenidir.<\/li><li>B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Veziri Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk, iktay\u0131 Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re yeniden d\u00fczenlemi\u015f ve sisteme asker\u00ee i\u015flev kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Sel\u00e7uklu ikta sistemi Atabeglikler, Harezm\u015fahlar, T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131, Eyyubiler ve Meml\u00fbklerde uygulanm\u0131\u015f; Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki topra\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 asker\u00ee d\u00fczene zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Devlete ait topraklar\u0131n gelirleri, hanedan \u00fcyeleri ve \u00fcst d\u00fczey devlet adamlar\u0131na hizmet kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda maa\u015f yerine ayr\u0131labilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>\u00c7ift\u00e7i, memur ve askerlerin ge\u00e7iminin ayn\u0131 toprak gelirleri \u00fczerinden kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu yap\u0131, merkez\u00ee y\u00f6netimin eyalet b\u00fcrokrasisi ve maa\u015f giderlerini azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udccc \u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0130kta topra\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetini ki\u015fiye devretmez; esas olarak vergi gelirinin hizmet kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tahsis edilmesidir. Osmanl\u0131 t\u0131mar sisteminin tarihsel \u00f6nc\u00fcllerinden biridir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">3.3. Ahilik<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Ahili\u011fin olu\u015fumunda f\u00fct\u00fcvvet te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/li><li>F\u00fct\u00fcvvet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 iffet, cesaret ve c\u00f6mertlik gibi de\u011ferleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f; IX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren esnaf birlikleri h\u00e2linde yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Abbasi Halifesi N\u00e2s\u0131r Lidinillah d\u00f6neminde te\u015fkilatlanan f\u00fct\u00fcvvet birlikleri Ahili\u011fin geli\u015fiminde etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Anadolu \u015fartlar\u0131nda mill\u00ee ve din\u00ee bir yap\u0131 kazanan Ahili\u011fe T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131 destek vermi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Ahi Evran ad\u0131yla bilinen \u015eeyh Nasir\u00fcddin Mahmud, Ahili\u011fin Anadolu\u2019da geli\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Ahilik; \u00e7\u0131rakl\u0131ktan ustal\u0131\u011fa esnaf ve zanaatk\u00e2r yeti\u015ftirmi\u015f, \u00fcretici-t\u00fcketici ili\u015fkilerini ve ham maddenin al\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn pazara sunulmas\u0131na kadar \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecini denetlemi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udccc SINAV NOTU<\/strong><\/p><p>Ahilik yaln\u0131z bir esnaf te\u015fkilat\u0131 de\u011fil; meslek ahlak\u0131, e\u011fitim, dayan\u0131\u015fma ve kalite kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc birle\u015ftiren sosyal-ekonomik bir kurumdur.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-4\">4. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Klasik Ekonomik D\u00fczen<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.1. \u00dc\u00e7 Temel \u0130lke: \u0130a\u015fecilik, Gelenek\u00e7ilik ve Fiskalizm<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-3\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:28%\"\/><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u0130lke<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>A\u00e7\u0131klama<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Temel Ama\u00e7<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"\u0130lke\"><p>\u0130a\u015fecilik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Temel t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131n\u0131n halk\u0131n ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak miktarda piyasada bulunmas\u0131na \u00f6ncelik verilmesi.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel Ama\u00e7\"><p>Mal darl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek, \u015fehirlerin ve ordunun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u0130lke\"><p>Gelenek\u00e7ilik<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>\u00dcretim, i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc ve sermayede mevcut dengelerin ve yerle\u015fmi\u015f d\u00fczenin korunmas\u0131.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel Ama\u00e7\"><p>Ekonomik ve toplumsal istikrar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u0130lke\"><p>Fiskalizm<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Hazine gelirlerini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca art\u0131rma ve devlet giderlerini s\u0131n\u0131rlama yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Temel Ama\u00e7\"><p>Mali g\u00fcc\u00fc ve devlet gelirlerini korumak.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udccc KARI\u015eTIRMA!<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0130a\u015fecilik t\u00fcketiciyi ve arz\u0131, fiskalizm hazine gelirlerini, gelenek\u00e7ilik ise mevcut ekonomik dengeyi korumay\u0131 merkeze al\u0131r. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 kavram s\u0131k\u00e7a birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.2. Tar\u0131m, \u00c7ifthane ve T\u0131mar Sistemi<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Osmanl\u0131 sosyoekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tar\u0131ma dayanm\u0131\u015f; n\u00fcfusun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu k\u00f6ylerde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>\u00c7ifthane sistemi, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ailesinin bir \u00e7ift \u00f6k\u00fczle i\u015fleyebilece\u011fi tar\u0131m birimi etraf\u0131nda \u00fcretimin devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>T\u0131mar sistemi, Anadolu ve Rumeli gibi merkeze yak\u0131n eyaletlerde uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Mir\u00ee arazilerde belirlenen vergi gelirleri hizmet kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devlet g\u00f6revlileri veya asker\u00ee g\u00f6revlilere tahsis edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Topra\u011f\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti devlete, kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcye, vergi geliri dirlik sahibine aittir.<\/li><li>Dirlik sahibi ile k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn hak ve sorumluluklar\u0131 kanunla belirlenmi\u015f, kad\u0131 denetimi uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Dirlikler y\u0131ll\u0131k gelirlerine g\u00f6re has, zeamet ve t\u0131mar olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.3. Ticaretin G\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve Ula\u015f\u0131m<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Devlet, ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve denetimini do\u011frudan \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>K\u00f6pr\u00fcler ve di\u011fer bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k eserleri ticareti kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Derbent te\u015fkilat\u0131, \u00f6nemli ge\u00e7it ve yollar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flayan karakol sistemi olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Mekk\u00e2re gruplar\u0131, y\u00fck ve insan ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran ula\u015ft\u0131rma hizmetleri sunmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Kervansaray, han ve imarethaneler vak\u0131f gelirleriyle desteklenmi\u015f; t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli konaklamas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.4. Lonca Te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve Narh<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesi ve farkl\u0131 dinlerden esnaf\u0131n ekonomik hayata kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla Ahilik yap\u0131s\u0131 lonca te\u015fkilat\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>\u0130stanbul\u2019un Fethi\u2019nden sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve gayrim\u00fcslim esnaf\u0131n ayn\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmesi loncalar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Loncalar; yiyecek, hizmet, giyim, ev \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve e\u011flence gibi sekt\u00f6rlerde ayr\u0131 esnaf gruplar\u0131 h\u00e2linde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Faaliyet merkezleri \u00e7o\u011fu zaman han \u00e7evresinde bulunmu\u015f; loncalar\u0131n kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc bayrak ve sancaklar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Loncalar devlet, esnaf ve halk aras\u0131nda arac\u0131 olmu\u015f; fiyat ve kalite denetiminde g\u00f6rev \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Narh, mal ve hizmet fiyatlar\u0131na \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r konulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Devlet ve lonca te\u015fkilat\u0131 k\u00e2r oranlar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol ederek t\u00fcketiciyi, \u00fcretim standard\u0131n\u0131 ve kaliteyi korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">4.5. Vak\u0131f Sistemi ve Ekonomideki Yeri<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Vak\u0131f, bir mal\u0131n sahibi taraf\u0131ndan kamu yarar\u0131na s\u00fcrekli bi\u00e7imde tahsis edilmesidir.<\/li><li>Vak\u0131f anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n temelinde iyilik, \u015fefkat, yard\u0131mla\u015fma ve dayan\u0131\u015fma de\u011ferleri vard\u0131r.<\/li><li>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta din\u00ee ama\u00e7larla geli\u015fen vak\u0131flar zamanla insani, medeni ve toplumsal ama\u00e7lar\u0131 kapsayan geni\u015f bir hizmet a\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na kadar \u0130slam co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n sosyal, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayat\u0131nda \u00e7ok etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>K\u00f6yl\u00fc, \u015fehirli, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve gayrim\u00fcslim ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeksizin geni\u015f toplum kesimleri vak\u0131f hizmetlerinden yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>E\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik ve din\u00ee hizmetlerin yan\u0131nda yol, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, kervansaray, sulama a\u011f\u0131, kale, deniz feneri, kanalizasyon ve \u00e7e\u015fme gibi altyap\u0131 eserleri vak\u0131flarla desteklenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-5\">5. Osmanl\u0131 Ekonomisinde Bozulma ve Mali Bunal\u0131m<\/h2><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Osmanl\u0131 iktisadi d\u00fczenindeki bozulman\u0131n kesin bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 tarihini vermek zordur; ancak XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f sorunlar\u0131n belirginle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Klasik mali sistem, sars\u0131nt\u0131lara ra\u011fmen XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ayakta kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>1645\u2019te ba\u015flayan Girit Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda uzun ve maliyetli sava\u015flar\u0131n artmas\u0131, asker\u00ee harcamalar\u0131 y\u00fckseltmi\u015f; yenilgiler ve toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131 gelirleri azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.1. D\u0131\u015f Etkenler<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Co\u011frafi ke\u015fiflerle yeni ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0130pek ve Baharat yollar\u0131n\u0131n eski \u00f6nemini azaltm\u0131\u015f ve transit ticaret gelirlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Amerika\u2019dan Avrupa\u2019ya de\u011ferli maden ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Avrupa\u2019daki fiyat hareketleri Osmanl\u0131 piyasalar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Merkantilizm Avrupa devletlerinin ihracat\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131p ithalat\u0131 azaltmas\u0131na, de\u011ferli maden stoklar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fctmesine dayal\u0131 ekonomik politikalar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Sanayi Devrimi, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ve emperyalizm Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcretim ve ticaret g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131r\u0131rken Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinin rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kapit\u00fclasyonlar ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fcmr\u00fck oranlar\u0131 yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n avantaj\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, yerli t\u00fcccar\u0131 ve \u00fcreticiyi zorlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.2. \u0130\u00e7 Etkenler<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>N\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve mevcut tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n yetersiz kalmas\u0131, \u015fehirlerin ia\u015fesini ve \u00fcretim dengesini zorla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>D\u0131\u015f talebin ve ka\u00e7ak ihracat\u0131n artmas\u0131, i\u00e7 piyasada mal darl\u0131\u011f\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>T\u0131mar sistemindeki bozulma tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimi, vergi d\u00fczenini ve asker\u00ee yap\u0131y\u0131 birlikte etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Sava\u015flar ve g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 terk etmesine ve \u00fcretimin d\u00fc\u015fmesine neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Saray, ordu ve b\u00fcrokrasi giderlerindeki art\u0131\u015f b\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Sanayile\u015fme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi ve Avrupa mallar\u0131yla rekabet edememe, geleneksel zanaat \u00fcretimini zorlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Para rejimindeki istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k ve d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanma mali krizi derinle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.3. Kapit\u00fclasyonlar<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Kapit\u00fclasyonlar ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ticareti canland\u0131rmak, liman ve \u015fehirlerde ekonomik hareketlili\u011fi art\u0131rmak ve baz\u0131 Avrupa devletleriyle siyasi yak\u0131nl\u0131k kurmak amac\u0131yla verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinde ithalat, ihracat, i\u00e7-d\u0131\u015f ticaret ve liman kullan\u0131m\u0131 konusunda geni\u015f ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar elde etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileri, yerli t\u00fcccar\u0131n yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccarla rekabetini zorla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Uzun vadede Osmanl\u0131 piyasas\u0131 yabanc\u0131 mallara daha a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00e2le gelmi\u015f; yerli \u00fcretim ve sanayinin geli\u015fmesi g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udccc \u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT<\/strong><\/p><p>Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki amac\u0131 ile XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki sonucu ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130lk a\u015famada ticaret ve diplomasi arac\u0131 iken zamanla ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131ran bir yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.4. Asker\u00ee Gerilemenin Ekonomiye Etkisi<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Sava\u015f yenilgileri toprak ve vergi geliri kay\u0131plar\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Asker\u00ee harcamalar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00e7e i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f, merkez\u00ee hazine \u00fczerindeki y\u00fck a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Uzun sava\u015flar hem giderleri y\u00fckseltmi\u015f hem de \u00fcretim ve ticaret ortam\u0131n\u0131 bozmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.5. Gelir-Gider Dengesizli\u011fi ve \u00dcretim Sorunlar\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Uzun ve maliyetli sava\u015flar giderleri art\u0131r\u0131rken toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131 gelirleri azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>T\u0131mar d\u00fczenindeki bozulma, \u00fcretim ve vergi toplama sistemini zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Saray, ordu ve b\u00fcrokrasi harcamalar\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>K\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn topra\u011f\u0131 terk etmesi, g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131, n\u00fcfus bask\u0131s\u0131 ve ekim alanlar\u0131ndaki sorunlar \u00fcretimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>D\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar ve faiz y\u00fck\u00fc b\u00fct\u00e7e dengesini daha da bozmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.6. Para Politikas\u0131: Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f ve Para Ayarlamalar\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Osmanl\u0131 para d\u00fczeninde alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f sikkelerin itibari de\u011feri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde i\u00e7erdikleri de\u011ferli maden miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li>Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f, dola\u015f\u0131mdaki sikkelerin i\u00e7indeki de\u011ferli maden miktar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131larak yeniden piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclmesidir.<\/li><li>Devletin ta\u011f\u015fi\u015fe ba\u015fvurmas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli nedenlerinden biri piyasaya daha fazla para s\u00fcrerek ek gelir elde etme ve artan giderleri kar\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131r.<\/li><li>Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f sonras\u0131 fiyatlar ve yabanc\u0131 alt\u0131n paralar\u0131n ak\u00e7e cinsinden de\u011feri y\u00fckselmi\u015f; narh cetvelleri yeniden d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Uzun vadede para de\u011ferinde ve fiyatlarda istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k, al\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcnde d\u00fc\u015fme, mal darl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ticari aksama g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Lonca \u00fcyeleri, devlet memurlar\u0131, ulema ve maa\u015fl\u0131 askerler sabit gelirleri nedeniyle ta\u011f\u015fi\u015ften h\u0131zl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde etkilenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-6\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:15%\"\/><col style=\"width:18%\"\/><col style=\"width:15%\"\/><col style=\"width:18%\"\/><col style=\"width:15%\"\/><col style=\"width:19%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Y\u0131l<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Y\u0131l<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Y\u0131l<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1431<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>35<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1509<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>55<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1653<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>180<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1436<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>36<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1529<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>57<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1659<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>220<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1467<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>40-42<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1547<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>60<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1660<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>300<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1475<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>45<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1585<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>110<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1665<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>330-250<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1481<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>47<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1587<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>120<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1690<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>330 sa\u011flam \/ 400 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1486<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>48<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1618<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>150-120<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1707<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>360<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1487<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>49<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1624<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>400-120<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1721<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>375<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1491<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>52<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1640<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>250-120<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1728<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>400<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1496<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>54<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1645<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>160<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1737<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Venedik Dukas\u0131 (Ak\u00e7e)\"><p>440<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-3\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:28%\"\/><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Y\u0131l<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>100 Dirhem G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften Kesilen Ak\u00e7e<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Ak\u00e7enin A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (g)<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1584<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"100 Dirhem G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften Kesilen Ak\u00e7e\"><p>450<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ak\u00e7enin A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (g)\"><p>0,68<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1586<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"100 Dirhem G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften Kesilen Ak\u00e7e\"><p>800<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ak\u00e7enin A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (g)\"><p>0,38<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><p>1669<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"100 Dirhem G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften Kesilen Ak\u00e7e\"><p>1400<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ak\u00e7enin A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (g)\"><p>0,23<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>D\u00f6nem \/ Y\u0131l<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f ve Para D\u00fczeni<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Y\u0131l\"><p>1444-1481<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f ve Para D\u00fczeni\"><p>II. Mehmed D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ak\u00e7eye alt\u0131 kez m\u00fcdahale edilerek ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Y\u0131l\"><p>1585-1669<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f ve Para D\u00fczeni\"><p>K\u0131talar aras\u0131 k\u0131ymetli maden ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle on iki kez ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Y\u0131l\"><p>1685-1688<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f ve Para D\u00fczeni\"><p>II. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 sonras\u0131ndaki asker\u00ee harcamalar nedeniyle ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Y\u0131l\"><p>1688-1691<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f ve Para D\u00fczeni\"><p>Bak\u0131rdan mang\u0131r darb\u0131na gidilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Y\u0131l\"><p>1690-1808<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f ve Para D\u00fczeni\"><p>Guru\u015f adl\u0131 para piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Y\u0131l\"><p>1809-1839<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f ve Para D\u00fczeni\"><p>II. Mahmud D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde yo\u011fun asker\u00ee faaliyetler s\u0131ras\u0131nda alt\u0131n sikkede 35, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ak\u00e7ede 37 kez ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Y\u0131l\"><p>1844<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f ve Para D\u00fczeni\"><p>Abd\u00fclmecid D\u00f6nemi para reformuyla para sisteminde yeni bir d\u00fczen kurulmu\u015f ve klasik ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f uygulamalar\u0131 sona erdirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-caution\"><p><strong>\u2605 D\u00fczeltme<\/strong><\/p><p>Kaynakta &#8216;tashih-i sikke (deval\u00fcasyon)&#8217; ifadesi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f, sikkenin de\u011ferli maden i\u00e7eri\u011finin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesidir; tashih-i sikke ise para\/sikke d\u00fczeninin yeniden d\u00fczeltilmesi ve standard\u0131n yenilenmesi anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Modern &#8216;deval\u00fcasyon&#8217; kavram\u0131yla birebir ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">5.7. D\u0131\u015f Bor\u00e7lanma ve D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiyye<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131na kadar d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanmadan ka\u00e7\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, ilk d\u0131\u015f borcunu K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda artan nakit ihtiyac\u0131 nedeniyle 1854\u2019te \u0130ngilizlerden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>1854-1874 aras\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 ki\u015fi ve bankalarla on be\u015f bor\u00e7lanma antla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Her yeni bor\u00e7lanmada sa\u011flam gelir kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n teminat g\u00f6sterilmesi, mali ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denememesi \u00fczerine 1881\u2019de Muharrem Kararnamesi imzalanm\u0131\u015f ve D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiyye \u0130daresi kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>\u0130dare; \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z, Alman, Avusturya, \u0130talya, Hollanda ve Osmanl\u0131 alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden \u00fcyelerden olu\u015fmu\u015f; ba\u015fkanl\u0131k Frans\u0131z ve \u0130ngiliz temsilciler aras\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcml\u00fc y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Muharrem Kararnamesi ile bor\u00e7larda %54\u2019e varan indirim ve faiz oranlar\u0131nda %9\u2019dan %1\u2019e kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerinin plana ba\u011flanmas\u0131 ve Avrupa devletlerinin do\u011frudan m\u00fcdahalesinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 k\u0131sa vadeli olumlu y\u00f6nler olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yabanc\u0131 alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 maliyesine do\u011frudan girmesi, devletin kendi gelirlerini kullanma yetkisini s\u0131n\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f ve mali egemenli\u011fi zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>\u0130darenin tahsilat ve gerekti\u011finde haciz yetkisi bulunmas\u0131, demiryolu, liman, posta ve telefon gibi alanlarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar ili\u015fkileri ve yabanc\u0131 denetimi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ciddi sorunlar yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:50%\"\/><col style=\"width:50%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Olumlu \/ K\u0131sa Vadeli Sonu\u00e7lar<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Olumsuz \/ Uzun Vadeli Sonu\u00e7lar<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu \/ K\u0131sa Vadeli Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>Bor\u00e7 miktar\u0131nda belirli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde indirim sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz \/ Uzun Vadeli Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 maliyesine yabanc\u0131 alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n do\u011frudan denetimi girdi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu \/ K\u0131sa Vadeli Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>Faiz oranlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz \/ Uzun Vadeli Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>Devletin baz\u0131 gelir kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanma ve tahsis etme yetkisi s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu \/ K\u0131sa Vadeli Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>\u00d6demeler bir plana ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz \/ Uzun Vadeli Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>Vergi toplama ve haciz yetkileri mali egemenli\u011fi zay\u0131flatt\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Olumlu \/ K\u0131sa Vadeli Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>Avrupa devletlerinin do\u011frudan siyasi m\u00fcdahalesini azaltma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Olumsuz \/ Uzun Vadeli Sonu\u00e7lar\"><p>Demiryolu, liman, posta ve haberle\u015fme alanlar\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udccc SINAV NOTU<\/strong><\/p><p>D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiyye, bor\u00e7lar\u0131 teknik olarak d\u00fczenleyen bir kurum olmakla birlikte Osmanl\u0131 mali ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131n en belirgin \u00f6rneklerinden biridir.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-6\">6. Cumhuriyet\u2019in \u0130lk Y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ekonomik Yap\u0131<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.1. Mill\u00ee Ekonomi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin Arka Plan\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden a\u011f\u0131r sava\u015f, bor\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k miras\u0131 devralan yeni devlet, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve mill\u00ee ekonomiye dayal\u0131 kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 temel hedef olarak benimsemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>II. Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden itibaren tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Mill\u00ee \u0130ktisat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda da etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>Ekonomik k\u0131s\u0131tlamalardan kurtulmak, yerli giri\u015fimci ve \u00fcreticiyi desteklemek, yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n elindeki baz\u0131 i\u015fletmeleri mill\u00eele\u015ftirmek \u00f6ncelikler aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.2. T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisat Kongresi<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, Cumhuriyet ilan edilmeden \u00f6nce 17 \u015eubat-4 Mart 1923 aras\u0131nda \u0130zmir\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisat Kongresi\u2019ni toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kongre, Lozan G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri\u2019nin kesintiye u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde ve Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele zaferinin simgesi olan \u0130zmir\u2019de yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Yerli \u00fcretimin te\u015fvik edilmesi, giri\u015fimcili\u011fin desteklenmesi ve ekonomik kalk\u0131nman\u0131n esaslar\u0131 \u00fczerinde durulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udccc NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?<\/strong><\/p><p>T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisat Kongresi, asker\u00ee ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131kla tamamlanmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin sembol\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.3. Lozan Sonras\u0131 Ekonomik D\u00fczenlemeler<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla kapit\u00fclasyonlar kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Osmanl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden ayr\u0131lan devletler aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6deme ko\u015fullar\u0131 yeniden d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>\u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve \u0130talya gibi \u00fclkelerle yap\u0131lan ticaret d\u00fczenlemeleriyle yerli ve ithal mallar \u00fczerindeki farkl\u0131 t\u00fcketim vergilerinin do\u011furdu\u011fu sorunlar giderilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Tar\u0131m, sanayi ve ticaret desteklenmi\u015f; Te\u015fvik-i Sanayi Kanunu gibi d\u00fczenlemelerle \u00f6zel giri\u015fim te\u015fvik edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">6.4. 1923-1929 ve 1930 Sonras\u0131<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>1923-1929 d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zel giri\u015fimi ve mill\u00ee sermayeyi geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, liberal unsurlar ta\u015f\u0131yan Mill\u00ee \u0130ktisat yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir yerli sermaye ve sanayi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 istenilen h\u0131zda olu\u015fturulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>1929 D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Bunal\u0131m\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi de olumsuz etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>1930\u2019dan itibaren devletin ekonomide daha etkin ve d\u00fczenleyici oldu\u011fu devlet\u00e7ilik politikas\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Devlet\u00e7ilik, \u00f6zel giri\u015fimi tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmayan; devletin \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mlar ve sanayile\u015fmede \u00f6nc\u00fc oldu\u011fu karma ekonomik bir model h\u00e2linde uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\u2605 Not<\/strong><\/p><p>1923-1929 d\u00f6nemi &#8216;tam serbest piyasa&#8217; olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmemelidir. Mill\u00ee ekonomi ve \u00f6zel giri\u015fim \u00f6n planda olsa da devlet d\u00fczenleyici ve destekleyici rol\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-7\">7. T\u0131mar Sistemi ile Avrupa Feodal Sisteminin Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/h2><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-3\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:28%\"\/><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Avrupa Feodal Sistemi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Osmanl\u0131 T\u0131mar Sistemi<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Merkez\u00ee otorite<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Avrupa Feodal Sistemi\"><p>Siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 yerel feodal beyler aras\u0131nda par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; merkez\u00ee otorite zay\u0131ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 T\u0131mar Sistemi\"><p>Merkez\u00ee otorite g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr; sipahi devletin denetiminde bir g\u00f6revli konumundad\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Avrupa Feodal Sistemi\"><p>Feodal bey malik\u00e2ne topra\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde geni\u015f m\u00fclkiyet ve tasarruf haklar\u0131na sahiptir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 T\u0131mar Sistemi\"><p>Topra\u011f\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti devlete, kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcye, vergi geliri dirlik sahibine aittir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>Yasama-yarg\u0131 yetkisi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Avrupa Feodal Sistemi\"><p>Feodal bey yerel d\u00fczeyde yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve yarg\u0131 yetkilerini kullanabilir.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 T\u0131mar Sistemi\"><p>T\u0131marl\u0131 sipahi yasama ve yarg\u0131 yetkisine sahip de\u011fildir; kad\u0131 ve merkez\u00ee hukuk d\u00fczeni ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p>K\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn stat\u00fcs\u00fc<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Avrupa Feodal Sistemi\"><p>Serfler topra\u011fa ve feodal beye ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r; ki\u015fisel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 T\u0131mar Sistemi\"><p>Reaya devletin korumas\u0131 alt\u0131ndad\u0131r, sipahinin mal\u0131 de\u011fildir ve toprakla al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lamaz.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udccc \u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT<\/strong><\/p><p>T\u0131mar sistemi ile feodalite aras\u0131nda topra\u011fa dayal\u0131 gelir tahsisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan benzerlik kurulabilir; ancak merkez\u00ee otorite, m\u00fclkiyet, yarg\u0131 ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn stat\u00fcs\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli farklar vard\u0131r.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-8\">8. Ekonomik Y\u00f6netimde Etik De\u011ferler<\/h2><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.1. Tarhuncu Ahmed Pa\u015fa<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>IV. Mehmed D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde 1652\u2019de sadrazam olan Tarhuncu Ahmed Pa\u015fa, ciddi mali kriz ortam\u0131nda gelir-gider dengesini d\u00fczeltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Matbaa, tersane, tophane ve arpa eminlerinin hesaplar\u0131n\u0131; maa\u015fl\u0131 asker defterlerini inceletmi\u015f, g\u00fcmr\u00fck, mutfak ve tersane giderlerini denetlemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>R\u00fc\u015fvet ve suiistimalleri \u00f6nlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, saray \u00e7evresinden gelen bask\u0131lara ra\u011fmen kararlar\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z davranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kaynaklarda d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k, tasarruf, risk alma, \u00f6zveri ve devlet mal\u0131n\u0131 koruma \u00f6zellikleriyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.2. II. Mahmud<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>II. Mahmud\u2019un saray ve h\u00fck\u00fbmet te\u015fkilat\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yan\u0131nda sade ve g\u00f6steri\u015ften uzak ya\u015fam\u0131 da kaynaklarda vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>1808-1839 aras\u0131ndaki yo\u011fun i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f sorunlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda reformculuk, kararl\u0131l\u0131k ve m\u00fccadelecilik \u00f6zellikleriyle devleti ayakta tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">8.3. \u0130srafla M\u00fccadele<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerinde d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnlerde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 harcama \u00f6nemli bir toplumsal sorun olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Osmanl\u0131 son d\u00f6neminde ferman ve d\u00fczenlemelerle israf\u0131 azaltma giri\u015fimleri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li>TBMM, sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131nda toplumsal tasarrufu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek amac\u0131yla 25 Kas\u0131m 1920\u2019de D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnlerde Men\u2019i \u0130sr\u00e2fat Kanunu\u2019nu kabul etmi\u015f; kanun 28 Mart 1921\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"tkmt-note tkmt-exam\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udccc SINAV NOTU<\/strong><\/p><p>Ekonomik faaliyetlerde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olma, israftan ka\u00e7\u0131nma, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetme ve devlet mal\u0131n\u0131 koruma; kaynaklarda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan ortak de\u011ferlerdir.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-9\">9. Tarihsel Ekonomi Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h2><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Ekonomik tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yaln\u0131z bilgi toplamaya de\u011fil; kaynaklar\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini, bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve tarihsel ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamaya dayan\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">9.1. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma S\u00fcrecinin A\u015famalar\u0131<\/h3><p><strong>1. <\/strong>Ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusunu belirleme; grup \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda g\u00f6rev da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 yapma; zaman \u00e7izelgesi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma plan\u0131 olu\u015fturma; ara\u015ft\u0131rma sorular\u0131 haz\u0131rlama.<\/p><p><strong>2. <\/strong>Gerekli bilgi t\u00fcrlerini belirleme; ders kitab\u0131 kaynak\u00e7as\u0131, akademik kitap ve makaleler, ar\u015fiv, m\u00fcze, tarih\u00ee mek\u00e2n, saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, dijital k\u00fct\u00fcphane ve g\u00fcvenilir genel a\u011f kaynaklar\u0131ndan veri toplama.<\/p><p><strong>3. <\/strong>Kayna\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, yazar\u0131n\u0131, yay\u0131n tarihini, dijital kimli\u011fini ve varsa genel a\u011f uzant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirleme; \u00f6n yarg\u0131, \u00e7eli\u015fki, tutars\u0131zl\u0131k, g\u00fcncellik ve bilimsel y\u00f6ntem a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan inceleme.<\/p><p><strong>4. <\/strong>Birincil ve ikincil kaynak ayr\u0131m\u0131 yapma; olgu ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri birbirinden ay\u0131rma; farkl\u0131 kaynaklardaki yorumlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma.<\/p><p><strong>5. <\/strong>Toplanan bilgileri s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma; tarih \u015feridi, tablo, grafik, harita ve bilgi g\u00f6rseli gibi g\u00f6rsel metinlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme; verilerden tarihsel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m yapma.<\/p><p><strong>6. <\/strong>Ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporunu ba\u015fl\u0131k-alt ba\u015fl\u0131k d\u00fczeninde yazma; g\u00f6rselleri uygun yere yerle\u015ftirme; metin i\u00e7i at\u0131f ve kaynak\u00e7a kullanma; sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fta veya dijital ortamda sunma.<\/p><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">9.2. Kaynak Se\u00e7imi ve G\u00fcvenilirlik<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ders kitab\u0131n\u0131n kaynak\u00e7as\u0131ndan ba\u015flanabilir; ula\u015f\u0131lan kitap ve makalelerin kaynak\u00e7alar\u0131 yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ula\u015fmay\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/li><li>Akademik yay\u0131nlar \u00f6ncelikli tercih edilmelidir.<\/li><li>Dijital kaynak kullan\u0131l\u0131rken site uzant\u0131s\u0131, dijital kimlik ve kurumsal g\u00fcvenilirlik sorgulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li>Orta\u00f6\u011fretim Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Dijital \u00d6\u011frenme K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc gibi g\u00fcvenilir y\u00f6nlendirme platformlar\u0131ndan akademik sitelere ve dijital k\u00fct\u00fcphanelere ula\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/li><li>Genel a\u011f ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda anahtar kavramlar do\u011fru se\u00e7ilmelidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin &#8216;iltizam, m\u00fcltezim, mukataa&#8217; anahtar kelimeleri Osmanl\u0131 iltizam sistemi ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na y\u00f6n verir.<\/li><li>TDV \u0130sl\u00e2m Ansiklopedisi ve \u0130slam Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Merkezi gibi kurumsal akademik kaynaklardan yararlan\u0131labilir.<\/li><li>Bahaeddin \u00d6gel\u2019in \u0130sl\u00e2miyetten \u00d6nce T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr Tarihi adl\u0131 eseri, tarih\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan sonradan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir inceleme oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ikincil kaynak \u00f6rne\u011fidir; yazar uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bilimsel y\u00f6ntem ve di\u011fer kaynaklarla uyum bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">9.3. Birincil ve \u0130kincil Kaynak Ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-3\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:28%\"\/><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kaynak T\u00fcr\u00fc<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6rnekler<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6zellik<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Kaynak T\u00fcr\u00fc\"><p>Birincil kaynak<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rnekler\"><p>D\u00f6neme ait ar\u015fiv belgesi, ferman, kanun, para, resm\u00ee kay\u0131t, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f g\u00f6rsel veya belge.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Olay\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00fcretilmi\u015f do\u011frudan kan\u0131tt\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Kaynak T\u00fcr\u00fc\"><p>\u0130kincil kaynak<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6rnekler\"><p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rma kitab\u0131, akademik makale, ansiklopedi maddesi.<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Daha sonra ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n birincil kaynaklar\u0131 yorumlayarak olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">9.4. Kaynaklar\u0131n Sorgulanmas\u0131nda Temel Sorular<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Kaynak g\u00fcncel mi ve bilimsel y\u00f6ntemlere dayan\u0131yor mu?<\/li><li>Bilgiler ba\u015fka kaynaklarla uyumlu mu; \u00e7eli\u015fki veya tutars\u0131zl\u0131k var m\u0131?<\/li><li>Yazar\u0131n amac\u0131 ve bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 se\u00e7ti\u011fi olaylara, kan\u0131tlara ve kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dile nas\u0131l yans\u0131m\u0131\u015f?<\/li><li>Kaynak a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00f6n yarg\u0131 veya yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7eriyor mu?<\/li><li>Kayna\u011f\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusuna katk\u0131s\u0131 nedir ve sundu\u011fu bilgi yeterli midir?<\/li><li>Nesnel bir sonuca ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">9.5. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Raporunun Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/h3><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u0130\u00e7erik<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm\"><p>Giri\u015f<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rma amac\u0131, kapsam\u0131 ve temel sorular.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm\"><p>T\u00fcrkistan D\u00f6nemi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, tar\u0131m, madencilik, ticaret yollar\u0131 ve konarg\u00f6\u00e7er ekonomi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm\"><p>T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletleri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>Tar\u0131m, ticaret, ikta, kervansaray, Ahilik ve imalat.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>T\u0131mar, lonca, narh, vak\u0131f, para sistemi, d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 ve D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiyye.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm\"><p>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>Mill\u00ee iktisat, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisat Kongresi, yerli \u00fcretim, sanayile\u015fme ve devlet\u00e7ilik.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"B\u00f6l\u00fcm\"><p>Sonu\u00e7<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u0130\u00e7erik\"><p>Ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fimin devlet, toplum ve ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00fczerindeki etkileri.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>Rapor i\u00e7inde yararlan\u0131lan kayna\u011f\u0131n yazar soyad\u0131, bas\u0131m y\u0131l\u0131 ve sayfa numaras\u0131yla metin i\u00e7i at\u0131f yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rnek: \u0130nalc\u0131k, 2010, s. 55.<\/li><li>Kaynak\u00e7a b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, kullan\u0131lan eserlerin bibliyografik bilgilerini d\u00fczenli bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6stermelidir.<\/li><li>Kaynakta \u00f6rneklenen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar aras\u0131nda Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi \u00fczerine bildiri, II. Mahmud ansiklopedi maddesi, Osmanl\u0131 para sistemi ve ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f \u00fczerine makale, konarg\u00f6\u00e7er T\u00fcrk ekonomisi \u00fczerine makale ve \u015eevket Pamuk\u2019un Osmanl\u0131-T\u00fcrkiye iktisat tarihi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"tkmt-subsection\">9.6. Etkili Grup \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri<\/h3><ul class=\"tkmt-points\"><li>\u0130\u015f birli\u011fi yapmak, g\u00f6revleri payla\u015fmak, birbirini dikkatle dinlemek ve farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermek.<\/li><li>Her a\u015famada g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi yapmak ve ula\u015f\u0131lan bilgileri grup i\u00e7inde payla\u015fmak.<\/li><li>Zaman\u0131 verimli kullanmak; g\u00f6revleri zaman \u00e7izelgesine g\u00f6re tamamlamak.<\/li><li>G\u00fcvenilir kaynak se\u00e7imi ve bilgileri s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma konular\u0131nda birlikte karar vermek.<\/li><li>Bir sonraki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada konuyu daha erken netle\u015ftirmek, g\u00f6rev da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131rmak, kaynaklar\u0131 ba\u015ftan g\u00fcvenilirlik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerine g\u00f6re se\u00e7mek ve sunuma daha fazla zaman ay\u0131rmak.<\/li><\/ul><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-10\">10. Genel Kronoloji ve Kavram Haritas\u0131<\/h2><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-2\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:36%\"\/><col style=\"width:64%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>D\u00f6nem \/ Tarih<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Ekonomik Geli\u015fme<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Tarih\"><p>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ekonomik Geli\u015fme\"><p>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tar\u0131m, madencilik, zanaat; \u0130pek ve K\u00fcrk yollar\u0131nda transit ticaret.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Tarih\"><p>X-XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ekonomik Geli\u015fme\"><p>Karahanl\u0131, Gazneli ve Sel\u00e7uklu co\u011frafyas\u0131nda tar\u0131m, imalat, ticaret; ikta, kervansaray ve Ahilik.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Tarih\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 Klasik D\u00f6nem<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ekonomik Geli\u015fme\"><p>\u0130a\u015fecilik-gelenek\u00e7ilik-fiskalizm; t\u0131mar\/\u00e7ifthane, lonca, narh, vak\u0131f ve ticaret g\u00fcvenli\u011fi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Tarih\"><p>XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ekonomik Geli\u015fme\"><p>\u0130\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f ekonomik sorunlar\u0131n belirginle\u015fmesi; fiyat hareketleri ve ticaret yollar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fim.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Tarih\"><p>1645 sonras\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ekonomik Geli\u015fme\"><p>Uzun sava\u015flar, asker\u00ee harcamalar\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00e7e bask\u0131s\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Tarih\"><p>1854<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ekonomik Geli\u015fme\"><p>\u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f borcu.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Tarih\"><p>1881<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ekonomik Geli\u015fme\"><p>Muharrem Kararnamesi ve D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiyye \u0130daresi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Tarih\"><p>II. Me\u015frutiyet<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ekonomik Geli\u015fme\"><p>Mill\u00ee \u0130ktisat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Tarih\"><p>1914<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ekonomik Geli\u015fme\"><p>Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 tek tarafl\u0131 kald\u0131rma giri\u015fimi ve baz\u0131 mill\u00eele\u015ftirme uygulamalar\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Tarih\"><p>17 \u015eubat-4 Mart 1923<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ekonomik Geli\u015fme\"><p>T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisat Kongresi.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Tarih\"><p>1923-1929<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ekonomik Geli\u015fme\"><p>\u00d6zel giri\u015fimi destekleyen mill\u00ee ekonomi politikas\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Tarih\"><p>1929<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ekonomik Geli\u015fme\"><p>D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Bunal\u0131m\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Tarih\"><p>1930 sonras\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Ekonomik Geli\u015fme\"><p>Devlet\u00e7ilik ve karma ekonomik modelin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanmas\u0131.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udccc KRONOLOJ\u0130<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0130kta \u2192 T\u0131mar; Ahilik \u2192 Lonca; kervansaray\/han \u2192 ticaret g\u00fcvenli\u011fi; narh \u2192 fiyat ve kalite denetimi; D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiyye \u2192 mali ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131; \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi \u2192 ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve mill\u00ee kalk\u0131nma.<\/p><\/aside><h2 class=\"tkmt-section\" id=\"bolum-11\">11. T\u00fcrklerde Ekonomik Faaliyetlerin Genel De\u011fi\u015fim Tablosu<\/h2><div class=\"tkmt-table-frame\"><table class=\"tkmt-table tkmt-cols-4\"><colgroup><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><col style=\"width:25%\"\/><\/colgroup><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>D\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00dcretim<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \/ Ticaret<\/strong><\/p><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Devlet Politikas\u0131 \/ Kurum<\/strong><\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00dcretim\"><p>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, tar\u0131m, madencilik, dokuma, deri, silah \u00fcretimi<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \/ Ticaret\"><p>\u0130pek-K\u00fcrk Yolu, transit ticaret, serbest ticaret b\u00f6lgeleri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Devlet Politikas\u0131 \/ Kurum\"><p>Ge\u00e7i\u015f vergileri, ticaret merkezlerinin korunmas\u0131<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devletleri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00dcretim\"><p>Tar\u0131m, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, madencilik, \u00e7ini, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, cam, dokuma<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \/ Ticaret\"><p>Han, kervansaray, liman ve ticaret yollar\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Devlet Politikas\u0131 \/ Kurum\"><p>\u0130kta, Ahilik, ticari fetihler, g\u00fcvenlik ve sigorta uygulamalar\u0131<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 Klasik D\u00f6nem<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00dcretim\"><p>Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim, lonca zanaat\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \/ Ticaret\"><p>K\u00f6pr\u00fc, derbent, mekk\u00e2re, han-kervansaray<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Devlet Politikas\u0131 \/ Kurum\"><p>\u0130a\u015fecilik, gelenek\u00e7ilik, fiskalizm, t\u0131mar, narh, vak\u0131f<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 son d\u00f6nem<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00dcretim\"><p>Geleneksel \u00fcretim Avrupa sanayisiyle rekabette zorlan\u0131r<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \/ Ticaret\"><p>Kapit\u00fclasyonlar ve d\u0131\u015f ticarette yabanc\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Devlet Politikas\u0131 \/ Kurum\"><p>Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f, d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7, D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiyye; ard\u0131ndan Mill\u00ee \u0130ktisat aray\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"\u00dcretim\"><p>Tar\u0131m ve sanayide mill\u00ee \u00fcretim, \u00f6zel giri\u015fim ve devlet yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \/ Ticaret\"><p>Kapit\u00fclasyonsuz ulusal pazar, d\u0131\u015f ticaret d\u00fczenlemeleri<\/p><\/td><td data-label=\"Devlet Politikas\u0131 \/ Kurum\"><p>\u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi, Te\u015fvik-i Sanayi, 1930\u2019dan sonra devlet\u00e7ilik<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"tkmt-note\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udccc NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?<\/strong><\/p><p>T\u00fcrk ekonomik hayat\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimin ana ekseni, co\u011frafya ve ya\u015fam tarz\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fcretimden; kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f tar\u0131m-ticaret sistemlerine, oradan sanayile\u015fme ve ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hedeflerine uzan\u0131r.<\/p><\/aside><\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi dersinin 2. \u00fcnitesi, \u201cT\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye T\u00fcrklerde Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Hayat\u201d konular\u0131n\u0131 kapsar. 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