{"id":4058,"date":"2026-10-18T14:35:58","date_gmt":"2026-10-18T11:35:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=4058"},"modified":"2026-10-18T14:35:58","modified_gmt":"2026-10-18T11:35:58","slug":"demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/","title":{"rendered":"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \/ 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi | Maarif Modeli"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131<\/strong> dersi <strong>1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi<\/strong> kapsam\u0131nda yer alan D\u0130H1.1 \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131, demokrasinin tarihsel geli\u015fiminde ya\u015fanan de\u011fi\u015fimlerin insan ve toplum ya\u015fam\u0131na etkilerini de\u011ferlendirmeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Bu ders notunda demokrasi kavram\u0131, temel ilkeler, hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler ile do\u011frudan, yar\u0131 do\u011frudan ve temsil\u00ee demokrasi t\u00fcrleri ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Antik Atina demokrasisi ve T\u00fcrklerde kurultay uygulamalar\u0131, demokratik kat\u0131l\u0131m ve halk iradesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan incelenmektedir. Magna Carta ve Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali, y\u00f6netimin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve temel haklar\u0131n geli\u015fimi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;ndeki demokratikle\u015fme hareketleri, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti anayasalar\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n siyasal haklar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak sunulmaktad\u0131r. Konu anlat\u0131m\u0131, kavram tablolar\u0131, tarihsel kronoloji ve s\u0131nav notlar\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli&#8217;ne uygun kapsaml\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kayna\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n\/* TarihKursu | D\u0130H1.1. T\u00fcm kurallar bu yaz\u0131ya \u00f6zeldir. *\/\n.tk-demokrasi11 {\n  --tk-navy:#173b63; --tk-blue:#245986; --tk-text:#17212b;\n  --tk-muted:#64748b; --tk-border:#d5e1e9; --tk-pale:#f4f7fb;\n  --tk-red:#b4232d; --tk-orange:#8a5513;\n  width:100%; max-width:1040px; margin:0 auto 26px;\n  padding:24px; box-sizing:border-box; border-radius:18px;\n  border:1px solid #e3e9f1; background:#fff; color:var(--tk-text);\n  font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:16px;\n  line-height:1.72; letter-spacing:normal;\n  overflow-wrap:normal; word-break:normal; hyphens:none;\n}\n.tk-demokrasi11 *, .tk-demokrasi11 *::before, .tk-demokrasi11 *::after {box-sizing:border-box;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-document-title {\n  margin:0 0 8px; padding:0 0 13px;\n  color:var(--tk-navy); font-size:clamp(23px,3vw,32px); font-weight:800;\n  line-height:1.25; border-bottom:3px solid #dce8f2;\n}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-subtitle {margin:4px 0 14px; color:var(--tk-muted); font-size:15.5px;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 p {margin:0 0 16px; line-height:1.72;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 h2.tk-major {\n  margin:30px 0 15px; padding:10px 14px;\n  color:var(--tk-navy); background:#eef4fa;\n  border-left:5px solid var(--tk-blue); border-radius:0 9px 9px 0;\n  font-size:clamp(19px,2.4vw,25px); font-weight:800; line-height:1.37;\n}\n.tk-demokrasi11 h3.tk-minor {\n  margin:22px 0 12px; padding-bottom:7px;\n  font-size:clamp(17px,2vw,21px); font-weight:750;\n  color:var(--tk-blue); line-height:1.35; border-bottom:1px solid var(--tk-border);\n}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-note {\n  margin:15px 0 20px; padding:12px 15px;\n  border-left:4px solid var(--tk-blue); background:#eef6fb;\n  border-radius:0 9px 9px 0; line-height:1.65;\n}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-note strong {color:var(--tk-navy);}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-note--warning {border-left-color:var(--tk-red);background:#fff1f1;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-note--warning strong {color:var(--tk-red);}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-note--contrast {border-left-color:#bf7a22;background:#fff7e8;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-note--contrast strong {color:#865219;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-note--result {border-left-color:var(--tk-navy);background:#eaf2fb;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 ul.tk-list {\n  display:block; margin:9px 0 17px; padding:0 0 0 24px;\n  list-style:disc outside !important;\n}\n.tk-demokrasi11 ul.tk-list>li {\n  display:list-item !important; list-style:disc outside !important;\n  margin:0 0 8px; padding:0 0 0 1px; color:var(--tk-text);\n  background:transparent; border:0; text-indent:0; line-height:1.68;\n}\n.tk-demokrasi11 ul.tk-list>li::before,\n.tk-demokrasi11 ul.tk-list>li::after {content:none !important;display:none!important;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 ul.tk-list>li::marker {color:#111 !important;font-size:1em;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table {\n  width:100%; max-width:100%; margin:12px 0 24px;\n  border-collapse:collapse; table-layout:fixed;\n  font-size:14.5px; line-height:1.53;\n  word-break:normal; overflow-wrap:normal; hyphens:none;\n}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table th,\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table td {\n  min-width:0; max-width:100%; padding:10px 10px;\n  border:1px solid var(--tk-border);vertical-align:top;\n  white-space:normal;word-break:normal;overflow-wrap:normal;hyphens:none;\n  text-align:left;\n}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table thead th {\n  background:#e3edf6;color:var(--tk-navy);font-weight:700;\n}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table tbody tr:nth-child(even){background:#f4f7fb;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background:#fff;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table tbody td:first-child{font-weight:650;color:#243b53;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table--three col:first-child{width:25%;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table--three col:nth-child(2){width:36%;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table--three col:nth-child(3){width:39%;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table--two col:first-child{width:31%;}\n.tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table--two col:nth-child(2){width:69%;}\n@media (max-width:780px) {\n  .tk-demokrasi11 {padding:15px;border-radius:12px;font-size:15.5px;}\n  .tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table {display:block;border:0;margin:13px 0 21px;font-size:15px;}\n  .tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table thead {display:none;}\n  .tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table tbody {display:block;}\n  .tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table tbody tr {\n    display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;border:1px solid var(--tk-border);\n    border-radius:9px;overflow:hidden;margin:0 0 12px;\n    box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(16,42,67,.035);background:#fff;\n  }\n  .tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table tbody td {\n    display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;border:0;\n    border-bottom:1px solid var(--tk-border);padding:9px 12px;\n    background:transparent;color:var(--tk-text);\n  }\n  .tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table tbody td:last-child{border-bottom:0;}\n  .tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table tbody td::before {\n    content:attr(data-label);display:block;margin:0 0 3px;\n    color:var(--tk-blue);font-weight:700;font-size:12px;line-height:1.4;\n  }\n  .tk-demokrasi11 h2.tk-major {margin-top:24px;padding:9px 12px;}\n}\n@media (max-width:420px){\n  .tk-demokrasi11{padding:11px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.64;}\n  .tk-demokrasi11 p{line-height:1.66;}\n  .tk-demokrasi11 .tk-document-title{font-size:22px;}\n  .tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table {font-size:14.5px;}\n  .tk-demokrasi11 .tk-table tbody td{padding:8px 10px;}\n  .tk-demokrasi11 .tk-note{padding:10px 11px;}\n  .tk-demokrasi11 ul.tk-list{padding-left:20px;}\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-demokrasi11\" lang=\"tr\">\n<div class=\"tk-document-title\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \u00d6\u011frenci Ders Notu<\/div>\n<p class=\"tk-subtitle\">Demokrasinin temel ilkelerinden T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti anayasalar\u0131na<\/p>\n<p>Demokrasi; halk\u0131n y\u00f6netimde s\u00f6z sahibi oldu\u011fu, y\u00f6neticilerin halk\u0131n iradesine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131, farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin bir arada ya\u015fayabildi\u011fi ve devlet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn hukukla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu not, demokrasinin temel kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 ve tarihsel geli\u015fimini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"tk-note \" role=\"note\"><strong>\u00c7ALI\u015eMA \u0130PUCU: <\/strong>Kavramlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlar\u0131yla, tarihsel belgeleri getirdi\u011fi yenilik ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klarla, anayasalar\u0131 ise egemenlik, kuvvetler, haklar ve kat\u0131l\u0131m \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleriyle \u00f6\u011freniniz.<\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">1 Demokrasi ve Temel Kavramlar<\/h2>\n<p>Demokrasi s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Eski Yunancadaki demos yani halk ve kratos yani iktidar kelimelerinden olu\u015fur. Demokrasi, farkl\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7eklerin birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir bah\u00e7e gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin birlikte ya\u015famas\u0131na imk\u00e2n verir. S\u0131n\u0131f temsilcisinin \u00f6\u011frencilerin oyuyla belirlenmesi de halk\u0131n y\u00f6neticilerini se\u00e7mesine benzer.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">1 1 Temel Kavramlar<\/h3>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--three\" aria-label=\"Kavram\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Kavram<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Tan\u0131m<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Adalet<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Herkesin hakk\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n g\u00f6zetilmesi<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Haklar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve toplumsal g\u00fcveni korur.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Anayasa<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Devletin i\u015fleyi\u015fini, g\u00fc\u00e7lerin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve temel haklar\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen temel yasa<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Y\u00f6netimin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirler.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Egemenlik<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Y\u00f6netimde en \u00fcst\u00fcn karar verme yetkisi<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Yetkinin halka dayanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">E\u015fitlik<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde insanlar aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmamas\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nler.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Hak<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Hukukun ki\u015fiye tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve korudu\u011fu yetki veya yarar<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Bireyi g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131r.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Hesap verebilirlik<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Y\u00f6neticinin karar ve i\u015flemlerini a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131p sorumluluk \u00fcstlenmesi<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Halk\u0131n y\u00f6netimi denetlemesini sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">B\u00fct\u00fcn ki\u015fi ve kurumlar\u0131n adil uygulanan hukuka ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Keyf\u00ee y\u00f6netimi \u00f6nler; yaln\u0131z k\u0131smi s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirmez.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u0130nsan onuru<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Her insan\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u015fit de\u011fer<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">A\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 reddeder.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revlerinin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">G\u00fcc\u00fcn tek elde toplanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler ve bireysel haklar\u0131 korur.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Bask\u0131 ve zorlama olmadan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilme ve davranabilme<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ve kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 korur.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u015eeffafl\u0131k<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Y\u00f6netimle ilgili bilgilere a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ula\u015f\u0131labilmesi<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Denetimi ve g\u00fcveni g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Sorumluluk<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Ki\u015finin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmesi ve ortak kurallara uymas\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Haklar\u0131n ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131yla uyumlu kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tan\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Bireyin devletle aras\u0131ndaki hak ve \u00f6dev ba\u011f\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Ortak ya\u015fama ve y\u00f6netime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n hukuki temelidir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">1 2 \u0130lkelerin G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hayattaki Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--two\" aria-label=\"\u0130lke\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">\u0130lke<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hayattan \u00d6rnek<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"\u0130lke\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Halk egemenli\u011fi<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hayattan \u00d6rnek\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Y\u00f6neticilerin halk\u0131n oylar\u0131yla belirlenmesi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"\u0130lke\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hayattan \u00d6rnek\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Se\u00e7menin oy kullanmas\u0131 ve uygun ko\u015fullarda aday olabilmesi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"\u0130lke\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hayattan \u00d6rnek\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Y\u00f6neticilerin de kurallara uymak zorunda olmas\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"\u0130lke\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u00c7o\u011fulculuk ve kat\u0131l\u0131m<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hayattan \u00d6rnek\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Mahalle veya okul toplant\u0131s\u0131nda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin dinlenmesi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"\u0130lke\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hayattan \u00d6rnek\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z mahkemenin idarenin i\u015flemlerini denetlemesi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>Temsilciler \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve e\u015fit oylarla se\u00e7ilmeli; halk karar s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine kat\u0131labilmeli ve y\u00f6neticileri denetleyebilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fun karar\u0131 uygulan\u0131rken az\u0131nl\u0131kta kalanlar\u0131n temel haklar\u0131 korunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Vatanda\u015f yasalara ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterir, insan onurunu korur ve toplumsal sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne katk\u0131 sunar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note tk-note--contrast\" role=\"note\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA: <\/strong>E\u015fitlik ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Adalet ise herkesin hakk\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131n\u0131 ve gerekti\u011finde farkl\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n g\u00f6zetilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">1 3 Hak ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 incitme, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme veya haklar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etme yetkisi vermez.<\/li>\n<li>Bir ki\u015finin foto\u011fraf\u0131 payla\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6sterilerek izinsiz yay\u0131mlanmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6zel gereksinimli bireylerin ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 sayg\u0131l\u0131 bir dille anlat\u0131lmal\u0131; alayc\u0131 lakaplardan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Haklar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ki\u015filerin keyf\u00ee kararlar\u0131na de\u011fil, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve ortak ya\u015fam\u0131 koruyan hukuk kurallar\u0131na dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--two\" aria-label=\"Temel Unsur Olmazsa\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Temel Unsur Olmazsa<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kabilecek Sorun<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Unsur Olmazsa\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">E\u015fitlik<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kabilecek Sorun\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Baz\u0131 ki\u015fi veya gruplara ayr\u0131cal\u0131k tan\u0131nabilir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Unsur Olmazsa\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kabilecek Sorun\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda kalabilir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Unsur Olmazsa\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Adalet<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kabilecek Sorun\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Haks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n giderilmesi zorla\u015fabilir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Unsur Olmazsa\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Hak<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kabilecek Sorun\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Bireylerin temel g\u00fcvenceleri zay\u0131flayabilir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Unsur Olmazsa\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Sorumluluk<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kabilecek Sorun\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Ortak kurallara ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131na uyulmayabilir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Unsur Olmazsa\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Demokrasi<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kabilecek Sorun\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Halk y\u00f6netimde s\u00f6z sahibi olamayabilir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Unsur Olmazsa\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kabilecek Sorun\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Bireyin devletle hak ve \u00f6dev ba\u011f\u0131 belirsizle\u015febilir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">2 Demokrasi T\u00fcrleri<\/h2>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--three\" aria-label=\"T\u00fcr\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">T\u00fcr<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Egemenli\u011fin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\u00d6rnek<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"T\u00fcr\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Do\u011frudan demokrasi<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Egemenli\u011fin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Vatanda\u015flar kararlar\u0131 bizzat tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve oylar; arac\u0131 yoktur.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6rnek\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Antik Atina<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"T\u00fcr\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Yar\u0131 do\u011frudan demokrasi<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Egemenli\u011fin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Temsilcilerin yan\u0131nda referandum gibi yollarla halk baz\u0131 kararlar\u0131 do\u011frudan al\u0131r.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6rnek\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u0130svi\u00e7re<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"T\u00fcr\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Temsil\u00ee demokrasi<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Egemenli\u011fin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Halk egemenlik hakk\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7ti\u011fi temsilciler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kullan\u0131r.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6rnek\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">T\u00fcrkiye ve bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note tk-note--warning\" role=\"note\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Halk\u0131n temsilci se\u00e7mesi do\u011frudan demokrasi de\u011fil, temsil\u00ee demokrasidir. Do\u011frudan demokraside karar\u0131 halk\u0131n kendisi al\u0131r.<\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">3 Antik Atina\u2019da Demokrasi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>Atinal\u0131 yurtta\u015flar agorada toplanarak siyasi kararlar\u0131 do\u011frudan tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve oylard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Halka a\u00e7\u0131k tart\u0131\u015fma ve uzla\u015fma, sorumluluk ve aidiyet duygusunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Ekklesia, yurtta\u015flar\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 halk meclisiydi ve siyasi kararlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerdi.<\/li>\n<li>Bule Meclisi, on kabileden kurayla belirlenen 500 \u00fcyeden olu\u015fur; g\u00fcndem ve idari i\u015flerle ilgilenirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Kura ve s\u0131ra y\u00f6ntemi yurtta\u015flar\u0131n y\u00f6netim g\u00f6revlerini d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcml\u00fc \u00fcstlenmesini ve y\u00f6netim deneyiminin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kad\u0131nlar, k\u00f6leler ve metekler siyasal haklara sahip de\u011fildi. Metek, ba\u015fka bir polisten gelip Atina&#x27;ya yerle\u015fmi\u015f yabanc\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">Ostrasizm<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lenen ki\u015filerin tiranl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelmesini \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla uyguland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yurtta\u015flar tehlikeli g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri ki\u015finin ad\u0131n\u0131 ostraka ad\u0131 verilen \u00e7\u00f6mlek par\u00e7alar\u0131na yazard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Belirli say\u0131ya ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde ki\u015fi on y\u0131l s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilirdi; uygulama demokrasiyi koruma arac\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note \" role=\"note\"><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130: <\/strong>Atina do\u011frudan kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi; ancak siyasal haklar toplumun tamam\u0131na yay\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn e\u015fit vatanda\u015fl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan farkl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">4 T\u00fcrklerde Kurultay<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrklerde kurultaya toy ve kenge\u015f de denirdi. Ka\u011fan, hatun ve devlet ileri gelenleri kat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Siyasi, asker\u00ee, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel sorunlar g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr; dan\u0131\u015fma, kat\u0131l\u0131m ve dayan\u0131\u015fma \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n belirlenmesinde t\u00f6re ve gelenekler etkiliydi. Mete devlet ileri gelenlerinin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc alsa da son karar h\u00fck\u00fcmdara aitti.<\/li>\n<li>Meclis h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n baz\u0131 tekliflerini kabul etmeyebilirdi. Bilge Ka\u011fan&#x27;\u0131n \u015fehirleri surlarla \u00e7evirme ve din\u00ee propaganda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 teklifleri onaylanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hatun el\u00e7i kabul\u00fcnde ve \u00f6nemli meclislerde hakanla birlikte bulunurdu.<\/li>\n<li>Kurultay h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 mutlak monar\u015fiden ay\u0131ran bir unsur olsa da b\u00fct\u00fcn halk\u0131n e\u015fit kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 modern parlamento de\u011fildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">5 Avrupa\u2019da Y\u00f6netimin S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">5 1 Magna Carta 1215<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>15 Haziran 1215&#x27;te \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 John ile baronlar aras\u0131nda imzaland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kral\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z ve keyf\u00ee y\u00f6netimini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rd\u0131; kral, soylular ve kilise aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesi olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n<li>Soru\u015fturma i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenilir tan\u0131kl\u0131k aranmas\u0131; yasal karar ve yarg\u0131lama olmadan \u00f6zg\u00fcr ki\u015finin hapsedilememesi, mal\u0131na el konulamamas\u0131, haklar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lamamas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilememesi benimsendi.<\/li>\n<li>Adaletin sat\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131, geciktirilemeyece\u011fi ve kimseden esirgenemeyece\u011fi belirtildi.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6ncelikle soylular\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve kilisenin \u00f6zerkli\u011fini korudu; b\u00fct\u00fcn toplum belge g\u00fcvencelerinden e\u015fit yararlanmad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note tk-note--warning\" role=\"note\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Magna Carta&#x27;n\u0131n temel \u00f6nemi kral\u0131n da hukukla ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmesidir.<\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">5 2 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali 1789<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>Mutlak monar\u015fide kral\u0131n geni\u015f yetkileri, soylu ve rahiplerin ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131, burjuvazi ile k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin vergi y\u00fck\u00fc ve burjuvazinin siyasal iktidara kat\u0131lma iste\u011fi ihtilali haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ngiltere ve ABD&#x27;deki demokratik geli\u015fmeler ile Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau ve Diderot&#x27;nun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri etkili oldu.<\/li>\n<li>XVI. Louis Genel Meclisi 5 May\u0131s 1789&#x27;da toplad\u0131. Halk temsilcileri egemenli\u011fin ulusa ait oldu\u011funu ilan ederek Ulusal Meclisi kurdu.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsan ve Yurtta\u015f Haklar\u0131 Bildirgesi kabul edildi; s\u00fcre\u00e7 krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n tasfiyesine uzand\u0131 ve i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmeler uzun s\u00fcre devam etti.<\/li>\n<li>Feodal d\u00fczen kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, kilise topraklar\u0131 mill\u00eele\u015ftirildi, sans\u00fcr sona erdi, kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik ve bireysel haklar g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/li>\n<li>Yasama ile y\u00fcr\u00fctme ayr\u0131ld\u0131; din\u00ee ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ve din ile devletin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 benimsendi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note tk-note--contrast\" role=\"note\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA: <\/strong>S\u0131n\u0131fsal ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n ve baz\u0131 vergi y\u00fcklerinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin b\u00fct\u00fcn vergi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin sona erdi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez.<\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">6 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Demokratikle\u015fme<\/h2>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--three\" aria-label=\"Belge veya D\u00f6nem\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Belge veya D\u00f6nem<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Ba\u015fl\u0131ca D\u00fczenlemeler<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Demokratikle\u015fme A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan De\u011feri ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya D\u00f6nem\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Sened-i \u0130ttifak 1808<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca D\u00fczenlemeler\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">II. Mahmut d\u00f6neminde Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde merkez\u00ee y\u00f6netim ile ta\u015frada g\u00fc\u00e7lenen \u00e2yanlar uzla\u015ft\u0131. Padi\u015fah\u0131n otoritesi kabul edilirken \u00e2yan haklar\u0131 ve vergilerin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeyle belirlenmesi g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokratikle\u015fme A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan De\u011feri ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkilerini yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir uzla\u015fmayla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran ad\u0131md\u0131. \u00c2yanlar se\u00e7ilmi\u015f halk temsilcisi de\u011fildi; halk egemenli\u011fi kurulmad\u0131 ve belge uzun s\u00fcre uygulanmad\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya D\u00f6nem\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 1839<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca D\u00fczenlemeler\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Sultan Abd\u00fclmecit d\u00f6neminde Mustafa Re\u015fit Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan 3 Kas\u0131m&#x27;da G\u00fclhane&#x27;de okundu. Kanunsuz su\u00e7 ve ceza olmayaca\u011f\u0131, yarg\u0131lama olmadan ceza verilemeyece\u011fi, a\u00e7\u0131k yarg\u0131lama ve kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik benimsendi.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokratikle\u015fme A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan De\u011feri ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">G\u00fclhane Hatt-\u0131 H\u00fcmayunu ad\u0131yla da bilinir. Anayasa de\u011fildi; padi\u015fah\u0131n kurallara uyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmesi hukuk devletine ve anayasal y\u00f6netime ge\u00e7i\u015fi haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya D\u00f6nem\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Islahat Ferman\u0131 1856<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca D\u00fczenlemeler\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">18 \u015eubat&#x27;ta Bab\u0131ali&#x27;de okundu. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve gayrim\u00fcslim tebaa aras\u0131nda e\u015fitlik; memurluk, meclislerde temsil, ibadet, okul, tan\u0131kl\u0131k, karma mahkeme ve a\u00e7\u0131k yarg\u0131lama alanlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenledi.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokratikle\u015fme A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan De\u011feri ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Tanzimat&#x27;\u0131 tamamlay\u0131p geni\u015fletti; Osmanl\u0131l\u0131k temelinde ortak vatanda\u015fl\u0131k hedefledi. Esaslar\u0131 \u00c2li Pa\u015fa ile \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131z el\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda belirlendi.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya D\u00f6nem\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kanun-\u0131 Esasi ve I Me\u015frutiyet 1876<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca D\u00fczenlemeler\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">II. Abd\u00fclhamit d\u00f6neminde 119 maddelik ilk T\u00fcrk anayasas\u0131 kabul edildi; anayasal\u0131 ve parlamentolu me\u015frutiyet ba\u015flad\u0131. Halk Mebusan \u00fcyelerini se\u00e7ti.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokratikle\u015fme A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan De\u011feri ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u00c2yan \u00fcyelerini padi\u015fah at\u0131yor ve \u00fcyelik s\u00fcresiz oluyordu. I. Me\u015frutiyet 1876-1878 s\u00fcrd\u00fc; siyasi parti yoktu ve parlamento kapat\u0131labildi.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya D\u00f6nem\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">II Me\u015frutiyet 1908 ve 1909<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca D\u00fczenlemeler\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">93 Harbi s\u0131ras\u0131nda kapat\u0131lan parlamento, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla yeniden a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Siyasi partiler kuruldu; bas\u0131n, inan\u00e7, e\u011fitim, dilek\u00e7e, m\u00fclkiyet ve konut dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131 yer ald\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Demokratikle\u015fme A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan De\u011feri ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1909&#x27;da h\u00fck\u00fbmetin Meclise kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlulu\u011fu ve g\u00fcvenoyu \u015fart\u0131 getirildi; parlamenter denetim g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>Tanzimat&#x27;\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen ekonomik ve siyasi ko\u015fullar, Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali ve Sanayi Devrimi etkiliydi.<\/li>\n<li>Tanzimat memurlar\u0131n g\u00f6revlerini hukukla d\u00fczenledi; Meclis-i V\u00e2l\u00e2 ve Nizamiye Mahkemelerinden yararlan\u0131ld\u0131. Ferman metnini ta\u015f\u0131yan alt\u0131gen bir an\u0131t tasarland\u0131 ancak uygulanmad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Islahat Ferman\u0131 inanc\u0131 nedeniyle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmamay\u0131, i\u015fkencenin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, cezalar\u0131n insanile\u015ftirilmesini, vergide e\u015fitli\u011fi, iltizam\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve sermayeye imk\u00e2n verilmesini de ele ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Meclis-i Um\u00fbmi, \u00c2yan ve Mebusan meclislerinden olu\u015ftu; iki mecliste de M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve gayrim\u00fcslim \u00fcyeler bulunuyordu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">7 T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasalar\u0131<\/h2>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--three\" aria-label=\"Anayasa\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Anayasa<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Egemenlik ve Kuvvetler<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Haklar Kat\u0131l\u0131m Denetim ve Kurumlar<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Anayasa\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1921<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Egemenlik ve Kuvvetler\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Egemenlik kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z milletindir. Yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme TBMM&#x27;de toplan\u0131r; kuvvetler birli\u011fi vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haklar Kat\u0131l\u0131m Denetim ve Kurumlar\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele ko\u015fullar\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan \u00e7er\u00e7eve anayasad\u0131r. Y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imini belirtmez, ayr\u0131 haklar b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yoktur. Halk\u0131n se\u00e7ti\u011fi milletvekilleri Meclisi olu\u015fturur; Meclis vekilleri se\u00e7er ve y\u00f6nlendirir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Anayasa\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1924<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Egemenlik ve Kuvvetler\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Devletin cumhuriyet oldu\u011fu belirtilir. Mill\u00ee egemenlik ve Meclis \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00fcrer; yasama-y\u00fcr\u00fctme ayr\u0131m\u0131 belirginle\u015fir, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z mahkemelere verilir.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haklar Kat\u0131l\u0131m Denetim ve Kurumlar\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Temel haklar g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131n\u0131r; h\u00fck\u00fbmet Meclise kar\u015f\u0131 sorumludur. Ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131k TBMM&#x27;nin manevi ki\u015fili\u011findedir ve Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilir. Laiklik 5 \u015eubat 1937&#x27;de Anayasa&#x27;ya eklendi.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Anayasa\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1961<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Egemenlik ve Kuvvetler\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">27 May\u0131s 1960 asker\u00ee darbesinden sonra haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Demokratik, laik ve sosyal hukuk devleti ile kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 benimsenir; millet egemenli\u011fi yetkili organlarla kullan\u0131r.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haklar Kat\u0131l\u0131m Denetim ve Kurumlar\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Haklar ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r; sendika, grev ve bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc korunur. Anayasa Mahkemesi kurulur; Senato ve Millet Meclisinden olu\u015fan \u00e7ift meclis vard\u0131r. Soru, ara\u015ft\u0131rma, soru\u015fturma ve gensoru denetim ara\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r; Mill\u00ee G\u00fcvenlik Kurulu asker\u00ee g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri y\u00f6netime sunar.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Anayasa\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1982 ilk d\u00fczenleme<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Egemenlik ve Kuvvetler\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 asker\u00ee darbesinden sonra haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Mill\u00ee egemenlik ve kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 korunur; y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve devlet otoritesi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilir.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haklar Kat\u0131l\u0131m Denetim ve Kurumlar\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Tek meclis vard\u0131r; Anayasa Mahkemesi s\u00fcrer. Haklara m\u00fcdahale imk\u00e2nlar\u0131, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve g\u00f6steri s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 geni\u015f tutulur; darbe sonras\u0131 partiler ve kat\u0131l\u0131m k\u0131s\u0131tlan\u0131r. \u0130lk metinde h\u00fck\u00fbmet Meclise kar\u015f\u0131 sorumludur ve gensoru d\u00e2hil denetim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131r; MGK&#x27;nin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artar.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">7 1 Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Siyasal Haklar\u0131<\/h3>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--two\" aria-label=\"Tarih\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Tarih<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Se\u00e7me ve Se\u00e7ilme Hakk\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">3 Nisan 1930<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Se\u00e7me ve Se\u00e7ilme Hakk\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Belediye se\u00e7imleri<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">26 Ekim 1933<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Se\u00e7me ve Se\u00e7ilme Hakk\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Muhtarl\u0131k se\u00e7imleri<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">5 Aral\u0131k 1934<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Se\u00e7me ve Se\u00e7ilme Hakk\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Milletvekili se\u00e7imleri<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n oy verebilmesi ve aday olabilmesi siyasal e\u015fitli\u011fi, y\u00f6netimde temsili ve toplumun farkl\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Meclise yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. D\u00f6nemin bir gazete haberi bu hakk\u0131n baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde m\u00fccadeleyle kazan\u0131l\u0131rken T\u00fcrkiye&#x27;de h\u00fck\u00fbmetin yasal d\u00fczenlemesiyle tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131; bu ifade haberin d\u00f6neme ili\u015fkin bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">8 Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 Genel Bak\u0131\u015f<\/h2>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--three\" aria-label=\"Geli\u015fme\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Geli\u015fme<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Halk \u0130radesine Katk\u0131<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Temel Hak ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere Katk\u0131 veya S\u0131n\u0131r<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Antik Atina<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Halk \u0130radesine Katk\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Yurtta\u015flar kararlar\u0131 do\u011frudan ald\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Hak ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere Katk\u0131 veya S\u0131n\u0131r\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kad\u0131nlar, k\u00f6leler ve metekler d\u0131\u015fland\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kurultay<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Halk \u0130radesine Katk\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Dan\u0131\u015fma ve ortak g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme vard\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Hak ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere Katk\u0131 veya S\u0131n\u0131r\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kat\u0131l\u0131m devlet ileri gelenleriyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131; son karar h\u00fck\u00fcmdardayd\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Magna Carta<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Halk \u0130radesine Katk\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kral\u0131n yetkisini s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Hak ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere Katk\u0131 veya S\u0131n\u0131r\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Baz\u0131 kesimlere yarg\u0131sal g\u00fcvence sa\u011flad\u0131; b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumu e\u015fit kapsamad\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Halk \u0130radesine Katk\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Egemenli\u011fi millete dayand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Hak ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere Katk\u0131 veya S\u0131n\u0131r\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">E\u015fitlik, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve bireysel haklar g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Sened-i \u0130ttifak<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Halk \u0130radesine Katk\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Padi\u015fah ile \u00e2yan aras\u0131nda uzla\u015fma olu\u015fturdu.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Hak ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere Katk\u0131 veya S\u0131n\u0131r\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Keyf\u00ee y\u00f6netimi s\u0131n\u0131rlama ad\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131; halk egemenli\u011fi de\u011fildi.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Tanzimat<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Halk \u0130radesine Katk\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Anayasal y\u00f6netime zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Hak ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere Katk\u0131 veya S\u0131n\u0131r\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Can, mal ve yarg\u0131lanma g\u00fcvenceleri ile kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitli\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Islahat<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Halk \u0130radesine Katk\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Gayrim\u00fcslimlerin kamu ve meclis kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Hak ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere Katk\u0131 veya S\u0131n\u0131r\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Din fark\u0131na dayal\u0131 e\u015fitsizlikleri azaltmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kanun-\u0131 Esasi<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Halk \u0130radesine Katk\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Se\u00e7imle halk\u0131n temsili ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Hak ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere Katk\u0131 veya S\u0131n\u0131r\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Haklar anayasal g\u00fcvence kazand\u0131; padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1921 ve 1924<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Halk \u0130radesine Katk\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Mill\u00ee egemenlik ve cumhuriyet yerle\u015fti.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Hak ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere Katk\u0131 veya S\u0131n\u0131r\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1924&#x27;te temel haklar d\u00fczenlendi; kad\u0131nlar\u0131n siyasal kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 1930-1934 aras\u0131nda geni\u015fledi.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1961 ve 1982<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Halk \u0130radesine Katk\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Egemenlik yetkili organlarla kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel Hak ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere Katk\u0131 veya S\u0131n\u0131r\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1961 haklar\u0131 geni\u015f d\u00fczenledi; 1982&#x27;nin ilk metni daha s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">9 H\u0131zl\u0131 Tekrar Kronolojisi<\/h2>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--two\" aria-label=\"Tarih\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Tarih<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Geli\u015fme<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Antik \u00c7a\u011f<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Atina do\u011frudan demokrasisi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1215<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Magna Carta<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1789<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali ve \u0130nsan ve Yurtta\u015f Haklar\u0131 Bildirgesi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1808<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Sened-i \u0130ttifak<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1839<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Tanzimat Ferman\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1856<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Islahat Ferman\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1876<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kanun-\u0131 Esasi ve I Me\u015frutiyet<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1908 1909<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">II Me\u015frutiyet ve parlamenter sorumlulu\u011fu g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren de\u011fi\u015fiklikler<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1921<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Mill\u00ee egemenlik ve kuvvetler birli\u011fi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1924<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Cumhuriyet anayasas\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1930 1933 1934<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n belediye muhtarl\u0131k ve milletvekilli\u011fi siyasal haklar\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1961<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00e7ift meclis ve geni\u015f haklar<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1982<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin ve devlet otoritesinin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirildi\u011fi anayasa<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note tk-note--result\" role=\"note\"><strong>TEMEL SONU\u00c7: <\/strong>Demokratik geli\u015fme, y\u00f6netme yetkisinin giderek halka dayanmas\u0131 ve devlet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn hukukla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecidir. Ancak se\u00e7im, tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli de\u011fildir; e\u015fitlik, haklar, kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fulculuk ve denetim birlikte korunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/aside>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 dersi 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi kapsam\u0131nda yer alan D\u0130H1.1 \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131, demokrasinin tarihsel geli\u015fiminde ya\u015fanan de\u011fi\u015fimlerin insan ve <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/\" title=\"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \/ 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi | Maarif Modeli\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1251,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[197],"tags":[291],"class_list":["post-4058","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklari","tag-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklari-ders-notu"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png",1120,630,false],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png",1120,630,false],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png",1120,630,false],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari-600x630.png",600,630,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png",1120,630,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \/ 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi | Maarif Modeli - tarihkursu.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi temel kavramlar, Atina, Magna Carta, Osmanl\u0131 demokratikle\u015fmesi ve Cumhuriyet anayasalar\u0131.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \/ 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi | Maarif Modeli - tarihkursu.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi temel kavramlar, Atina, Magna Carta, Osmanl\u0131 demokratikle\u015fmesi ve Cumhuriyet anayasalar\u0131.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"tarihkursu.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-10-18T11:35:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1120\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"tarihkursu\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"tarihkursu\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/18\\\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/18\\\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"tarihkursu\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d0f9105e31352dbe9f08d098ffb8c878\"},\"headline\":\"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \\\/ 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi | Maarif Modeli\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-10-18T11:35:58+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/18\\\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2929,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/18\\\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/dersnotlari.png\",\"keywords\":[\"demokrasi ve insan haklar\u0131 ders notu\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/18\\\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/18\\\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/18\\\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\\\/\",\"name\":\"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \\\/ 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi | Maarif Modeli - tarihkursu.com\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/18\\\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/18\\\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/dersnotlari.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-10-18T11:35:58+00:00\",\"description\":\"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi temel kavramlar, Atina, Magna Carta, Osmanl\u0131 demokratikle\u015fmesi ve Cumhuriyet anayasalar\u0131.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/18\\\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/18\\\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/18\\\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/dersnotlari.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/dersnotlari.png\",\"width\":1120,\"height\":630,\"caption\":\"ders notlar\u0131\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/18\\\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Anasayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \\\/ 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi | Maarif Modeli\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Tarih Kursu\",\"description\":\"\u0130\u015fimiz G\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz Tarih\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c\",\"name\":\"admin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png\",\"width\":1080,\"height\":1080,\"caption\":\"admin\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d0f9105e31352dbe9f08d098ffb8c878\",\"name\":\"tarihkursu\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1354763acbc865faa7650c3e1e4431f187276d71f132349411302a546cdeae54?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1354763acbc865faa7650c3e1e4431f187276d71f132349411302a546cdeae54?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1354763acbc865faa7650c3e1e4431f187276d71f132349411302a546cdeae54?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"tarihkursu\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/author\\\/tarihkursu\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \/ 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi | Maarif Modeli - tarihkursu.com","description":"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi temel kavramlar, Atina, Magna Carta, Osmanl\u0131 demokratikle\u015fmesi ve Cumhuriyet anayasalar\u0131.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/","og_locale":"tr_TR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \/ 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi | Maarif Modeli - tarihkursu.com","og_description":"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi temel kavramlar, Atina, Magna Carta, Osmanl\u0131 demokratikle\u015fmesi ve Cumhuriyet anayasalar\u0131.","og_url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/","og_site_name":"tarihkursu.com","article_published_time":"2026-10-18T11:35:58+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1120,"height":630,"url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"tarihkursu","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":"tarihkursu","Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"12 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/"},"author":{"name":"tarihkursu","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#\/schema\/person\/d0f9105e31352dbe9f08d098ffb8c878"},"headline":"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \/ 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi | Maarif Modeli","datePublished":"2026-10-18T11:35:58+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/"},"wordCount":2929,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png","keywords":["demokrasi ve insan haklar\u0131 ders notu"],"articleSection":["Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131"],"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/","url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/","name":"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \/ 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi | Maarif Modeli - tarihkursu.com","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png","datePublished":"2026-10-18T11:35:58+00:00","description":"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi temel kavramlar, Atina, Magna Carta, Osmanl\u0131 demokratikle\u015fmesi ve Cumhuriyet anayasalar\u0131.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png","width":1120,"height":630,"caption":"ders notlar\u0131"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/demokrasinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Anasayfa","item":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Demokrasinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \/ 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi | Maarif Modeli"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/","name":"Tarih Kursu","description":"\u0130\u015fimiz G\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz Tarih","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"tr"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c","name":"admin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png","url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png","width":1080,"height":1080,"caption":"admin"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#\/schema\/person\/d0f9105e31352dbe9f08d098ffb8c878","name":"tarihkursu","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1354763acbc865faa7650c3e1e4431f187276d71f132349411302a546cdeae54?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1354763acbc865faa7650c3e1e4431f187276d71f132349411302a546cdeae54?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1354763acbc865faa7650c3e1e4431f187276d71f132349411302a546cdeae54?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"tarihkursu"},"url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/author\/tarihkursu\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4058","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4058"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4058\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4060,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4058\/revisions\/4060"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1251"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4058"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4058"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4058"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}