{"id":4061,"date":"2026-10-18T14:44:58","date_gmt":"2026-10-18T11:44:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=4061"},"modified":"2026-10-18T14:44:59","modified_gmt":"2026-10-18T11:44:59","slug":"insan-hak-ve-ozgurluklerinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/insan-hak-ve-ozgurluklerinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130nsan Hak ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \/ 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi | Maarif Modeli"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maarif Model Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 dersi 1. \u00dcnite kapsam\u0131nda yer alan D\u0130H1.2 \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131, insan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fimlerin gerek\u00e7elerini sorgulamay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Bu ders notunda insan haklar\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleri, \u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f&#8217;daki yaz\u0131l\u0131 hukuk d\u00fczenlemeleri ve farkl\u0131 toplumlarda hak aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimi ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. S\u00fcmer Kanunlar\u0131, Hammurabi Kanunlar\u0131, Medine S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Amerikan Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Bildirgesi ve Frans\u0131z \u0130nsan ve Yurtta\u015f Haklar\u0131 Bildirgesi tarihsel \u00f6nemleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan incelenmektedir. \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Evrensel Bildirgesi, kad\u0131n haklar\u0131, \u00e7ocuk haklar\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bilgilerle a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca dijital d\u00fcnyada insan haklar\u0131, unutulma hakk\u0131 ve yak\u0131n d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fanan insan haklar\u0131 ihlalleri de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli do\u011frultusunda haz\u0131rlanan konu anlat\u0131m\u0131; tarihsel belgeler, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma tablolar\u0131, \u00f6nemli bilgiler ve kronolojiyle \u00f6\u011frencilerin s\u0131nav haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n\/* TarihKursu | D\u0130H1.2. 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Tarih boyunca yaz\u0131l\u0131 kanunlar, bildirgeler ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler haklar\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmi\u015f; kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ve dijital ortamdaki bireylerin \u00f6zel olarak korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"tk-note \" role=\"note\"><strong>\u00c7ALI\u015eMA \u0130PUCU <\/strong>Belgeleri tarihleriyle ezberlemenin yan\u0131nda hangi soruna \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirdiklerini, kimleri koruduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve hangi s\u0131n\u0131rlara sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendiriniz.<\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">1 \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Temeli<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">1 1 \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>\u0130nsan haklar\u0131 dil, din, \u0131rk, cinsiyet ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeden herkes i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fu\u015ftand\u0131r, evrenseldir ve e\u015fitlik ilkesine dayan\u0131r; devredilemez, vazge\u00e7ilemez ve dokunulmazd\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ya\u015fama, e\u015fitlik, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, din ve vicdan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fi, adil yarg\u0131lanma, \u00e7ocuk haklar\u0131 ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yasa\u011f\u0131 temel \u00f6rneklerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Ekonomik, sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve siyasal haklar b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez bir b\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr ve birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsan onuru herkesin do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen e\u015fit de\u011feridir; ya\u015f, k\u00f6ken, inan\u00e7 veya sa\u011fl\u0131k durumuna g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmez.<\/li>\n<li>Devletler haklar\u0131 korumak ve haklar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr; uluslararas\u0131 belgeler bu korumay\u0131 destekler.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">1 2 Demokrasi Haklar ve Ba\u015fvuru Yollar\u0131<\/h3>\n<p>Demokrasi bireylerin e\u015fitli\u011fine, halk\u0131n r\u0131zas\u0131na ve kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na dayan\u0131r. \u0130nsan haklar\u0131 ise herkesin onurlu ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131r. Haklara sayg\u0131 ailede, okulda ve i\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131nda ba\u015flar; demokratik kat\u0131l\u0131m haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>Bir hak ihlalinde g\u00fcvendi\u011finiz bir yeti\u015fkinden veya \u00f6\u011fretmenden destek isteyin ve ilgili kuruma ba\u015fvurun.<\/li>\n<li>Dijital ihlallerde eri\u015filebilir \u015fik\u00e2yet yollar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131n, ki\u015fisel verilerinizin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 talep edin.<\/li>\n<li>Kendi toplumunuzun yan\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar\u0131n huzurunu g\u00f6zetin; do\u011fru bilgiyi payla\u015f\u0131n ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131 s\u00f6ylemlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">2 \u0130lk \u00c7a\u011fda Yaz\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk ve Hak Aray\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h2>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--three\" aria-label=\"Belge veya Uygulama\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Belge veya Uygulama<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Ba\u015fl\u0131ca D\u00fczenlemeler<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Haklar A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan De\u011feri ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya Uygulama\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">S\u00fcmer Kanunlar\u0131 M\u00d6 2350 dolaylar\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca D\u00fczenlemeler\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Urukagina Laga\u015f&#x27;ta ticaret, m\u00fclkiyet ve aile hukukunu d\u00fczenledi; din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisini s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131. Dul, \u00f6ks\u00fcz ve g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczleri korudu. Urnammu d\u00f6neminde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc ve tart\u0131lar d\u00fczeltildi; yetim, yoksul ve engelliler g\u00f6zetildi.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haklar A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan De\u011feri ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Yaz\u0131l\u0131 kurallar su\u00e7 ve cezay\u0131 \u00f6nceden bilinir k\u0131ld\u0131, keyf\u00ee cezaland\u0131rmay\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131 ve sosyal adalet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini geli\u015ftirdi. Yurtta\u015flar Meclisinin bir cinayet davas\u0131nda savunmay\u0131 kabul edip ger\u00e7ek failleri cezaland\u0131rmas\u0131 adalet \u00f6rne\u011fidir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya Uygulama\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Hammurabi Kanunlar\u0131 M\u00d6 1760<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca D\u00fczenlemeler\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Eski kurallar\u0131 yeni ihtiya\u00e7larla birle\u015ftirdi; aile, ticaret, tar\u0131m, kira, meslek, m\u00fclkiyet, kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve toplumsal refah\u0131 d\u00fczenledi.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haklar A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan De\u011feri ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Ortak yaz\u0131l\u0131 kurallar toplumsal d\u00fczeni ve bireysel m\u00fclkiyeti g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. Sert ve k\u0131sasa dayal\u0131 cezalar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz insan onuru anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmez.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya Uygulama\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kyros Silindiri M\u00d6 539<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca D\u00fczenlemeler\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Babil&#x27;in al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan sonra Babil dilinde 45 sat\u0131r olarak pi\u015fmi\u015f kile yaz\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130nan\u00e7 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, tap\u0131naklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131, a\u011f\u0131r vergilerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, bar\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcvenlik vurguland\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haklar A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan De\u011feri ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Modern insan haklar\u0131yla benzer y\u00f6nleri vard\u0131r; ancak ayn\u0131 kapsamda de\u011fildir. \u0130lk insan haklar\u0131 bildirisi say\u0131lmas\u0131 1960&#x27;larda yayg\u0131nla\u015fan modern bir yorumdur. 1968&#x27;de \u0130ran \u015eah\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fc belge olarak tan\u0131tt\u0131, 1971&#x27;de BM&#x27;ye sunuldu; asl\u0131 Britanya M\u00fczesindedir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya Uygulama\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">On \u0130ki Levha M\u00d6 451 449<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ca D\u00fczenlemeler\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Patrici ve plep m\u00fccadelesi sonunda Roma&#x27;n\u0131n ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 hukuk kurallar\u0131 olu\u015fturuldu. Bronz levhalar Forum&#x27;da sergilendi; Atina&#x27;da Yunan yasalar\u0131 incelendi. On levhaya iki levha eklendi; as\u0131llar\u0131 M\u00d6 390 Galya istilas\u0131nda kayboldu.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haklar A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan De\u011feri ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Hukuku a\u00e7\u0131k, bilinebilir ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir k\u0131ld\u0131. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, vesayet, s\u00f6zl\u00fc anla\u015fmalar, m\u00fclkiyet ve devir d\u00fczenlendi; r\u00fc\u015fvet alan yarg\u0131ca a\u011f\u0131r ceza verildi, yarg\u0131lanmadan ve su\u00e7lu bulunmadan idam yasakland\u0131. Bedene zarar i\u00e7in uzla\u015fma olmazsa misilleme \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">3 Birlikte Ya\u015fama ve \u0130nan\u00e7 G\u00fcvenceleri<\/h2>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--three\" aria-label=\"Belge\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Belge<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Temel \u0130\u00e7erik<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Ortak Ya\u015fama Katk\u0131s\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Belge\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Medine S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi 622<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u0130\u00e7erik\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Hicret sonras\u0131nda Hz. Muhammed&#x27;in \u00f6nderli\u011finde haz\u0131rlanan 47 maddelik mutabakat; M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Yahudiler ve m\u00fc\u015frik Araplar\u0131n idari ve adli ili\u015fkilerini, din ve vicdan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenledi.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ortak Ya\u015fama Katk\u0131s\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u00d6rf, gelenek ve inan\u00e7 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na alan a\u00e7t\u0131. Haks\u0131zl\u0131k ve karga\u015faya ortak kar\u015f\u0131 koyma, zulme u\u011frayana yard\u0131m, topluluklar\u0131n kendi hukukuyla yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 ve himaye alt\u0131ndakilerin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi benimsendi.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Belge\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Veda Hutbesi 632<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u0130\u00e7erik\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Hz. Muhammed&#x27;in Mekke&#x27;deki son konu\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n derlemesi; b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlara seslenerek onur, e\u015fitlik, can, mal ve namus dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kad\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 sorumlulu\u011fu vurgulad\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ortak Ya\u015fama Katk\u0131s\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Irk ve renk \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc reddetti; kan davalar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131, zulm\u00fc yasaklad\u0131. Mal\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015finde r\u0131za, su\u00e7un \u015fahsili\u011fi ve miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n haklar\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Belge\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kud\u00fcs Emannamesi 638<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u0130\u00e7erik\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Hz. \u00d6mer&#x27;in fetih sonras\u0131nda Kud\u00fcs temsilcileriyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fma; gayrim\u00fcslimlerin can\u0131, mal\u0131, dini, ibadeti, kiliseleri ve kutsal e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 korudu.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ortak Ya\u015fama Katk\u0131s\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u0130nan\u00e7 nedeniyle zorlama ve zarar vermeyi \u00f6nledi. Kaynak Yahudilerin \u015fehre yerle\u015fme ve ibadet imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 da aktar\u0131r.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Belge\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Bosna Ferman\u0131 1463<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u0130\u00e7erik\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Fatih Sultan Mehmet&#x27;in 28 May\u0131s 1463 tarihli ferman\u0131 Bosnal\u0131 Fransiskenleri himayeye ald\u0131; canlar\u0131n\u0131, mallar\u0131n\u0131, kiliselerini ve onurlar\u0131n\u0131 korudu, g\u00f6\u00e7 edenlerin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fcvenceye ald\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Ortak Ya\u015fama Katk\u0131s\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Farkl\u0131 inan\u00e7lardan ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen ki\u015filere padi\u015faha sadakat ko\u015fuluyla g\u00fcvenlik tan\u0131d\u0131; kutsal mek\u00e2nlar\u0131 korudu. Belge Fojnica&#x27;daki Fransisken Katolik Kilisesindedir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note tk-note--contrast\" role=\"note\"><strong>ORTAK DE\u011eERLER <\/strong>\u0130nsan onuru, can ve mal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, zulme kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kma, farkl\u0131 topluluklara sayg\u0131, adalet, dayan\u0131\u015fma ve bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde ya\u015fama bu belgelerin ortak y\u00f6nleridir.<\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">4 E\u015fitlik \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve Halk\u0131n R\u0131zas\u0131<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">4 1 Amerikan Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Bildirgesi<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>\u0130ngiltere&#x27;nin vergi ve y\u00f6netim politikalar\u0131na tepki g\u00f6steren 13 koloni bildirgeyi 4 Temmuz 1776&#x27;da kabul etti; Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131 1775 ile 1783 aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Temsil olmadan vergilendirmeye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n e\u015fit yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131; ya\u015fam, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve mutlulu\u011fu arama haklar\u0131n\u0131n devredilemez oldu\u011fu kabul edildi.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00fck\u00fbmetin g\u00f6revi haklar\u0131 korumakt\u0131r; y\u00f6netimin me\u015fruiyeti y\u00f6netilenlerin r\u0131zas\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Halk\u0131n bu amac\u0131 yok eden y\u00f6netimi de\u011fi\u015ftirme hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bildirge 1787&#x27;de anayasal cumhuriyetin kurulmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131; Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali ve 1791 Haiti Devrimi \u00fczerinde etkili oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">4 2 Frans\u0131z \u0130nsan ve Yurtta\u015f Haklar\u0131 Bildirgesi<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>Frans\u0131z Ulusal Meclisi 1789&#x27;da bir giri\u015f ve 17 maddeden olu\u015fan bildirgeyi kabul etti.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsanlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve e\u015fit do\u011fdu\u011fu; do\u011fu\u015ftan haklar\u0131n devredilemez ve zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011framaz oldu\u011fu belirtildi.<\/li>\n<li>Egemenli\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131 millet say\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, m\u00fclkiyet, g\u00fcvenlik ve bask\u0131ya direnme; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, ifade, inan\u00e7 ve bas\u0131n haklar\u0131 korundu.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 haklar\u0131 kullanabilmesidir; yasa yaln\u0131z topluma zararl\u0131 eylemleri yasaklayabilir. Soyluluk gibi ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar sorguland\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">5 \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n E\u011fitim ve \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Haklar\u0131<\/h2>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--three\" aria-label=\"D\u00fczenleme\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">D\u00fczenleme<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Getirdi\u011fi G\u00fcvence<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">S\u0131n\u0131r veya \u00d6nemi<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00fczenleme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Talim-i S\u0131byan 1824<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Getirdi\u011fi G\u00fcvence\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">II. Mahmut d\u00f6neminde erken ya\u015fta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n zararlar\u0131n\u0131 vurgulad\u0131; ergenlik \u00f6ncesi okul devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, aile ve kamunun e\u011fitim sorumlulu\u011funu benimsedi. \u00c7\u0131rakl\u0131k i\u00e7in \u00f6\u011fretmen, ebeveyn ve kad\u0131 izni gerekiyordu.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"S\u0131n\u0131r veya \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u00c7ocu\u011fun yarar\u0131n\u0131 ekonomik \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne koydu; ancak zorunluluk \u0130stanbul ve \u00e7evresiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00fczenleme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Fabrikalar Yasas\u0131 1833<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Getirdi\u011fi G\u00fcvence\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">9 ya\u015f alt\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yasakland\u0131; 9 ile 13 ya\u015f i\u00e7in g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma 9 saat, 18 ya\u015f alt\u0131 i\u00e7in 12 saatle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131. \u00c7ocuklara 2 saat e\u011fitim ve fabrika m\u00fcfetti\u015fleri \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"S\u0131n\u0131r veya \u00d6nemi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">E\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, geli\u015fme ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcden korunma haklar\u0131n\u0131 destekledi. 1842&#x27;de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ve 10 ya\u015f alt\u0131ndakilerin madenlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yasakland\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Sanayi Devrimi XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere&#x27;de do\u011fdu. Seri ve ucuz \u00fcretim artarken i\u015fverene ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 geli\u015fti. Kad\u0131nlar ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretle a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve sosyal g\u00fcvence eksikli\u011fi devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131n\u0131 yasalarla d\u00fczenlemesini gerekli k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">6 Evrensel ve \u00d6zel Hak Belgeleri<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">6 1 \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Evrensel Bildirgesi<\/h3>\n<p>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar\u0131 \u00fczerine, 1945&#x27;te kurulan Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler b\u00fcnyesinde haz\u0131rland\u0131. BM \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Komisyonunun haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 30 maddelik bildirge, 10 Aral\u0131k 1948&#x27;de Paris&#x27;te BM Genel Kurulunda kabul edildi. T\u00fcrkiye 6 Nisan 1949&#x27;da onaylad\u0131. Hukuken ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen sonraki d\u00fczenlemeleri etkiledi.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>Herkes onur ve haklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve e\u015fit do\u011far.<\/li>\n<li>Ya\u015fam, ki\u015fi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi korunur; i\u015fkence ve insan onuruna ayk\u0131r\u0131 muamele yasakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Herkes kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fittir; keyf\u00ee g\u00f6zalt\u0131, tutma ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yasakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f sahibi olma ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc korunur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">6 2 CEDAW ve Kad\u0131n Haklar\u0131<\/h3>\n<p>BM Kad\u0131n\u0131n Stat\u00fcs\u00fc Komisyonunun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla haz\u0131rlanan CEDAW, 18 Aral\u0131k 1979&#x27;da kabul edildi ve 3 Eyl\u00fcl 1981&#x27;de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi. Kad\u0131nlara y\u00f6nelik her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, kamusal ya\u015fam ve ailede kad\u0131n erkek e\u015fitli\u011fini; siyasi, sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ekonomik f\u0131rsat e\u015fitli\u011fini ama\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"tk-note \" role=\"note\"><strong>G\u00dcNCEL UYGULAMA <\/strong>Belgenin e\u015fitlik ilkesi dijital ya\u015famda ki\u015fisel verilerin ve mahremiyetin korunmas\u0131, dijital \u015fiddete kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fik\u00e2yet yollar\u0131 ile e\u011fitim ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma f\u0131rsatlar\u0131na e\u015fit eri\u015fim bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da yorumlanabilir.<\/aside>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">6 3 T\u00fcrk \u00c7ocuk Haklar\u0131 Bildirgesi<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>1959 BM \u00c7ocuk Haklar\u0131 Bildirgesi temel al\u0131narak 28 Haziran 1963&#x27;te UNESCO T\u00fcrkiye Mill\u00ee Komisyonunda kabul edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Bak\u0131m, e\u011fitim, sevgi, ilgi ve yard\u0131m \u00e7ocu\u011fun hakk\u0131 say\u0131ld\u0131; s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7indeki \u00e7ocu\u011fa yard\u0131mda \u00f6ncelik verildi.<\/li>\n<li>16 ya\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6nce \u00e7ocuk e\u011fitimden al\u0131n\u0131p \u00f6zel i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamaz; s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc kabul edilmez.<\/li>\n<li>Anne baba bak\u0131m ve yeti\u015ftirmeden sorumludur. Orta\u00f6\u011fretime devam edemeyenler meslek kurslar\u0131yla desteklenir; MEB, belediye ve muhtarlar\u0131n i\u015f birli\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6zel gereksinimli \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilmesinden aile ve devlet birlikte sorumludur; \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 koruyan yasalar\u0131n gecikmeden uygulanmas\u0131 istenir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">6 4 \u00c7ocuk Haklar\u0131na Dair S\u00f6zle\u015fme<\/h3>\n<p>Sava\u015f, g\u00f6\u00e7, yoksulluk, \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi ve istismar genel hak belgelerine ra\u011fmen s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u00f6zel bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle korunmas\u0131 gerekti. BM, 54 maddelik s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi 20 Kas\u0131m 1989&#x27;da kabul etti. S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00e7ocu\u011fu hak sahibi birey olarak tan\u0131r ve korunma, geli\u015fim ile kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 birlikte ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--two\" aria-label=\"Temel \u0130lke\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Temel \u0130lke<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Anlam\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u0130lke\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Ayr\u0131m g\u00f6zetmeme<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Haklar b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u0130lke\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u00c7ocu\u011fun y\u00fcksek yarar\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u00c7ocukla ilgili kararlarda \u00f6ncelik onun yarar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u0130lke\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Ya\u015fam ve geli\u015fme<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Ya\u015fam\u0131n ve geli\u015fimin korunmas\u0131 devletin g\u00f6revidir.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u0130lke\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere sayg\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u00c7ocu\u011fun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc al\u0131n\u0131r ve ya\u015f\u0131na ve geli\u015fimine uygun bi\u00e7imde dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>\u00c7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi, 18 ya\u015f alt\u0131 evlilik, sava\u015f, yoksulluk, yetersiz beslenme, temiz su eksikli\u011fi, \u015fiddet, istismar, g\u00f6\u00e7 ve m\u00fcltecilik \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, g\u00fcvenlik ve geli\u015fim haklar\u0131n\u0131 zedeler.<\/li>\n<li>Eski T\u00fcrklerde baban\u0131n \u00e7ocuk \u00fczerindeki yetkisi s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z de\u011fildi; \u0130slam hukukunda korunma ve geli\u015fim g\u00f6zetildi. Sel\u00e7uklu ve Osmanl\u0131 vak\u0131flar\u0131 \u00e7ocuklara hizmet sundu; Cemiyet-i \u0130mdadiye, Esirgeme Derne\u011fi ve Dar\u00fclhayr-\u0131 \u00c2li \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterildi. Lale Devri&#x27;nde baz\u0131 vergi gelirleri \u00e7ocuklara ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kabul\u00fc ihlalleri tek ba\u015f\u0131na bitirmez; aile, okul, devlet ve uluslararas\u0131 toplum uygulama, denetim ve eri\u015filebilir destek sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">7 Dijital D\u00fcnyada Haklar<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">7 1 \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n Dijital Haklar\u0131<\/h3>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 2025&#x27;te olu\u015fturulan fark\u0131ndal\u0131k ve i\u015f birli\u011fi giri\u015fimi, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n dijital g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve \u00fcst\u00fcn yarar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetir. \u00d6\u011fretmenleri, velileri, \u015firketleri ve devletleri sorumlulu\u011fa \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r; teknolojiye g\u00fcvenli, adil ve anlaml\u0131 eri\u015fimi vurgular.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>Dijital hizmet ve algoritmalar g\u00fcvenli, ya\u015fa uygun, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131ktan uzak ve \u00e7ocu\u011fun geli\u015fimini g\u00f6zeten bi\u00e7imde tasarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Mahremiyet, a\u00e7\u0131k r\u0131za, ki\u015fisel veriler ve unutulma hakk\u0131 korunmal\u0131; veriler \u00e7ocu\u011fun zarar\u0131na kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eiddet, zorbal\u0131k, nefret ve kumar i\u00e7erikleri \u00f6nlenmeli; d\u0131\u015flanma ve yaln\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rmaya kar\u015f\u0131 ortak sorumluluk al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>H\u0131zl\u0131 ve eri\u015filebilir \u015fik\u00e2yet yollar\u0131 kurulmal\u0131, kamu kurumlar\u0131 payda\u015flar\u0131 denetlemeli ve her \u00e7ocu\u011fa dijital okuryazarl\u0131k e\u011fitimi sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Sanal ger\u00e7eklik ve yapay zek\u00e2 kaynakl\u0131 zarar ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6nlenmeli; b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n e\u015fit korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f birli\u011fi yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">7 2 Unutulma Hakk\u0131<\/h3>\n<p>\u0130nternet eski bilgileri uzun s\u00fcre saklay\u0131p kolay bulunur h\u00e2le getirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in mahremiyet ve itibar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ki\u015filer adlar\u0131yla yap\u0131lan aramalarda ilgisini ve g\u00fcncelli\u011fini yitiren bilgilerin g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemesini isteyebilir; bilgilendirilme, eri\u015fim, d\u00fczeltme ve silme taleplerinde bulunabilir. Kamunun bilgi edinme ihtiyac\u0131 ile ki\u015finin mahremiyeti birlikte de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>Mario Costeja Gonz\u00e1lez 1998 tarihli haciz haberinin arama sonucundan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurdu; AB Adalet Divan\u0131 13 May\u0131s 2014&#x27;te karar verdi.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye&#x27;de ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131 Anayasa&#x27;n\u0131n 20. maddesiyle ili\u015fkilidir; kaynak 2010 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini veri korumas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ele al\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7ok eski ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc durumla ilgisi zay\u0131f disiplin veya iflas haberleri i\u00e7in kald\u0131rma talebi kabul y\u00f6n\u00fcnde de\u011ferlendirilebilir. G\u00fcncelli\u011fini yitirdi\u011fi g\u00f6sterilmeyen kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin hijyen haberi ise toplumun bilgi edinme hakk\u0131 nedeniyle reddedilebilir. Bunlar etkinlik de\u011ferlendirmesidir, kesin yarg\u0131 karar\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">8 Yak\u0131n D\u00f6nemde \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 \u0130hlalleri<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">8 1 Hocal\u0131 Karaba\u011f ve Yerinden Edilme<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>Kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re Ermeni silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri, Sovyet 366. Motorize Alay\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fiyle 25 \u015eubat 1992 gecesi Hocal\u0131&#x27;ya sald\u0131rd\u0131. Resm\u00ee say\u0131mla 613 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc, 487 ki\u015fi a\u011f\u0131r yaraland\u0131, 1.275 ki\u015fi esir al\u0131nd\u0131 ve 150 ki\u015fiden haber al\u0131namad\u0131. \u00d6lenler aras\u0131nda 106 kad\u0131n, 63 \u00e7ocuk ve 70 ya\u015fl\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kriz kutupla\u015fmay\u0131 ve uzun \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 derinle\u015ftirdi; yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyon Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk\u00fc yerinden edildi. Enerji, ula\u015f\u0131m ve s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fi riskleri ile uluslararas\u0131 tepkiler artt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>27 Eyl\u00fcl 2020&#x27;de ba\u015flayan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar 44 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Kaynak 5 \u015fehir, 4 kasaba ve 287 k\u00f6y\u00fcn geri al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; sald\u0131r\u0131larda 100 sivilin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, 416 sivilin yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. A\u011fal\u0131 gibi yeniden kurulan yerle\u015fimlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">8 2 Ruanda Bosna ve Srebrenitsa<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>Bel\u00e7ika y\u00f6netimi Ruanda&#x27;da Hutu Tutsi ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 derinle\u015ftirdi ve n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 14&#x27;\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan Tutsilere ayr\u0131cal\u0131k verdi. Kutupla\u015fma 1990&#x27;larda i\u00e7 sava\u015f ve kitlesel \u00f6l\u00fcmlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc; BM ve uluslararas\u0131 toplum felaketi \u00f6nleyemedi. Tanzanya&#x27;daki uluslararas\u0131 mahkemede yarg\u0131lamalar yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Soyk\u0131r\u0131m, topluluklar\u0131n kimlikleri nedeniyle yok edilmesidir. Ruanda&#x27;daki g\u00f6\u00e7, m\u00fclteci krizi ve etnik gerilim kom\u015fu \u00fclkelere yay\u0131ld\u0131; BM&#x27;ye g\u00fcven sars\u0131ld\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 ceza hukuku ihtiyac\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kaynak T\u00fcrkiye&#x27;nin insani yard\u0131m ve kalk\u0131nma deste\u011fini belirtir.<\/li>\n<li>Yugoslavya&#x27;n\u0131n 1991&#x27;de da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinde Bosna Hersek&#x27;in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar ba\u015flad\u0131. 11 Temmuz 1995&#x27;te Srebrenitsa&#x27;da siviller savunmas\u0131z kald\u0131; kitap 8.372 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Bo\u015fnak&#x27;\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtir. Uluslararas\u0131 Adalet Divan\u0131 olay\u0131 2007&#x27;de soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak tan\u0131d\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015f etnik ayr\u0131\u015fma ve kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7 do\u011furdu; Dayton sonras\u0131nda karma\u015f\u0131k federatif yap\u0131 kuruldu. Sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 hukuku g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi, BM&#x27;nin tutumu sorguland\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131, yard\u0131m g\u00f6nderdi ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lara kap\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>27 May\u0131s 1992&#x27;de ekmek bekleyen 22 ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesine tan\u0131k olan Vedran Smailovi\u0107, ertesi g\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak 22 g\u00fcn ayn\u0131 yerde viyolonsel \u00e7ald\u0131; sanat\u0131n hak ihlallerini g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131labilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">8 3 Afganistan ve Irak Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/h3>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--three\" aria-label=\"\u00d6rnek\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">\u00d6rnek<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Gerek\u00e7e ve S\u00fcre\u00e7<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Haklar ve Sonu\u00e7lar<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6rnek\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Afganistan 2001 2021<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gerek\u00e7e ve S\u00fcre\u00e7\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">ABD, 11 Eyl\u00fcl sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan El Kaide&#x27;yi sorumlu tuttu; Taliban&#x27;\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fcte ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle Sonsuz \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Operasyonunu ba\u015flatt\u0131 ve 2021&#x27;de operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 bitirdi. M\u00fcdahalenin uluslararas\u0131 hukuka uygunlu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haklar ve Sonu\u00e7lar\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Sivil kay\u0131plar, g\u00f6\u00e7, yoksulluk, e\u011fitim, kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 ve hukuk devleti sorunlar\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131. Bagram&#x27;da i\u015fkence, k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele ve keyf\u00ee tutuklama; Guantanamo uygulamalar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00f6lgesel silahl\u0131 gruplar ve ter\u00f6r riski artt\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6rnek\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Irak 2003<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gerek\u00e7e ve S\u00fcre\u00e7\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">ABD kitle imha silahlar\u0131 ve El Kaide ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 iddialar\u0131yla i\u015fgal ba\u015flatt\u0131; Saddam H\u00fcseyin y\u00f6netimi devrildi. \u0130ddialar\u0131 do\u011frulayan bulgulara ula\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131.<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haklar ve Sonu\u00e7lar\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Sivil yerle\u015fimler zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc; Ebu Gureyb&#x27;de insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 muameleler ya\u015fand\u0131. Mezhepsel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, El Kaide ve DEA\u015e tehdidi, g\u00f6\u00e7 ve sosyal \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f artt\u0131; uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flara g\u00fcven azald\u0131, enerji politikalar\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fc\u00e7 dengeleri de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--three\" aria-label=\"Afganistan G\u00f6stergesi\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Afganistan G\u00f6stergesi<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">2001 \u00d6ncesi<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">2022<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Afganistan G\u00f6stergesi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">G\u0131da g\u00fcvensizli\u011fi<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"2001 \u00d6ncesi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">%62<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"2022\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">%90<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Afganistan G\u00f6stergesi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">5 ya\u015f alt\u0131nda akut yetersiz beslenme<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"2001 \u00d6ncesi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">%9<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"2022\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">%50<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Afganistan G\u00f6stergesi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Yoksulluk<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"2001 \u00d6ncesi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">%80<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"2022\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">%97<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Afganistan G\u00f6stergesi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kad\u0131n haklar\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"2001 \u00d6ncesi\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">A\u011f\u0131r k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"2022\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">A\u011f\u0131r k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--two\" aria-label=\"Y\u0131l\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Y\u0131l<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Irak&#x27;ta Sava\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Kaynakl\u0131 Sivil \u00d6l\u00fcm<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">2003<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Irak&#x27;ta Sava\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Kaynakl\u0131 Sivil \u00d6l\u00fcm\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">12.109<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">2004<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Irak&#x27;ta Sava\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Kaynakl\u0131 Sivil \u00d6l\u00fcm\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">11.524<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">2005<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Irak&#x27;ta Sava\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Kaynakl\u0131 Sivil \u00d6l\u00fcm\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">16.116<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">2006<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Irak&#x27;ta Sava\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Kaynakl\u0131 Sivil \u00d6l\u00fcm\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">29.027<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">2007<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Irak&#x27;ta Sava\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Kaynakl\u0131 Sivil \u00d6l\u00fcm\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">25.284<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">2008<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Irak&#x27;ta Sava\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Kaynakl\u0131 Sivil \u00d6l\u00fcm\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">9.630<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">2009<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Irak&#x27;ta Sava\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Kaynakl\u0131 Sivil \u00d6l\u00fcm\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">4.970<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">2010<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Irak&#x27;ta Sava\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Kaynakl\u0131 Sivil \u00d6l\u00fcm\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">4.099<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">2011<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Irak&#x27;ta Sava\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Kaynakl\u0131 Sivil \u00d6l\u00fcm\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">4.144<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u0131l\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">2012<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Irak&#x27;ta Sava\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Kaynakl\u0131 Sivil \u00d6l\u00fcm\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">4.568<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 class=\"tk-minor\">8 4 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Myanmar ve Filistin<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"tk-list\">\n<li>Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Uygur T\u00fcrklerine y\u00f6nelik asimilasyon, demografiyi de\u011fi\u015ftiren yerle\u015fim politikalar\u0131, m\u00fclkiyetin zorla al\u0131nmas\u0131, i\u015fe eri\u015fim ve \u00fccret e\u015fitsizli\u011fi, \u00c7ince e\u011fitim zorunlulu\u011fu ile din, dil ve kimlik bask\u0131lar\u0131 anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Yapay zek\u00e2 destekli izleme haklar\u0131 daraltm\u0131\u015f; T\u00fcrkiye, T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131, sivil toplum ve medyada tepkiler do\u011fmu\u015f; kaynak ABD ve AB yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na de\u011finmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Myanmar&#x27;da Arakan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 uzun s\u00fcre ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ve bask\u0131ya u\u011frad\u0131. 1982 Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k Kanunu onlar\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakt\u0131; vatans\u0131zl\u0131k, zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 ve savunmas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131. Kriz m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, \u00c7in Hindistan rekabeti, b\u00f6lgesel birli\u011fin etkisizli\u011fi ve yapt\u0131r\u0131m tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 do\u011furdu. T\u00fcrkiye, Banglade\u015f ve Malezya erken tepki veren \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Filistin ve Gazze b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde uzun s\u00fcreli ablukan\u0131n 7 Ekim 2023 sonras\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131; ya\u015fam, g\u00fcvenlik, g\u0131da, su, ila\u00e7 ve bar\u0131nma haklar\u0131n\u0131n zedelendi\u011fi; \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r tehdit alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Zorla yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme, b\u00f6lgesel sava\u015f riski, protestolar ve uluslararas\u0131 hukuk tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/li>\n<li>Kaynak BM ate\u015fkes ve yard\u0131m giri\u015fimlerine y\u00f6nelik ABD vetolar\u0131n\u0131, AB \u00fcyelerinin farkl\u0131 tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n me\u015fruiyet tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 aktar\u0131r. A\u011fustos 2025&#x27;te 46 \u00fclkeden yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 aktivistin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sumud Filosu Gazze&#x27;ye yard\u0131m ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 ve ablukan\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in fark\u0131ndal\u0131k olu\u015fturmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131; en fazla g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye&#x27;den oldu\u011fu belirtilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">9 \u0130hlallerden \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lacak Ortak Dersler<\/h2>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--three\" aria-label=\"Ortak Sorun\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Ortak Sorun<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Korunmas\u0131 Gereken Hak ve \u0130lke<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Gerekli Yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Ortak Sorun\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k nefret s\u00f6ylemi ve propaganda<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Korunmas\u0131 Gereken Hak ve \u0130lke\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">E\u015fitlik, insan onuru, kimlik, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve inan\u00e7 haklar\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gerekli Yakla\u015f\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u00d6n yarg\u0131lara erken kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak, do\u011fru bilgi payla\u015fmak, bar\u0131\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve insan haklar\u0131 e\u011fitimini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Ortak Sorun\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Sivillere y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddet ve zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Korunmas\u0131 Gereken Hak ve \u0130lke\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Ya\u015fam, g\u00fcvenlik, bar\u0131nma, m\u00fclkiyet, yerle\u015fme, aile b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gerekli Yakla\u015f\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Sivilleri zaman\u0131nda korumak, insani yard\u0131ma g\u00fcvenli eri\u015fim sa\u011flamak ve ihlalleri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bi\u00e7imde ara\u015ft\u0131rmak.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Ortak Sorun\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u0130\u015fkence keyf\u00ee tutuklama ve cezas\u0131zl\u0131k<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Korunmas\u0131 Gereken Hak ve \u0130lke\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u0130nsan onuru, ki\u015fi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, adil yarg\u0131lanma ve hukuk \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gerekli Yakla\u015f\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denetim ve yarg\u0131lama sa\u011flamak; a\u00e7\u0131klanan ama\u00e7 kadar kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemleri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 da de\u011ferlendirmek.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Ortak Sorun\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Uluslararas\u0131 toplumun gecikmesi<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Korunmas\u0131 Gereken Hak ve \u0130lke\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Evrensellik, tutarl\u0131l\u0131k, hesap verebilirlik ve bar\u0131\u015f<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gerekli Yakla\u015f\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Erken uyar\u0131, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, yard\u0131m ve yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fctmek; co\u011frafya, kimlik ve inanca g\u00f6re se\u00e7ici davranmamak.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Ortak Sorun\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Gen\u00e7lerin ve sanat\u0131n rol\u00fc<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Korunmas\u0131 Gereken Hak ve \u0130lke\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kat\u0131l\u0131m, dayan\u0131\u015fma, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u015fiddetsizlik<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gerekli Yakla\u015f\u0131m\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Ayr\u0131mc\u0131 s\u00f6ylemlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak, ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n sesini duyurmak, sanatla tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmek ve okul ile dijital ortamda haklara sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermek.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note tk-note--result\" role=\"note\"><strong>TEMEL YARGI <\/strong>Adalet ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck amac\u0131 insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerini hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmaz. Devletlerin ve uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n me\u015fruiyeti, vaatlerinin yan\u0131nda y\u00f6ntemlerinin hukuka uygunlu\u011fu ve siviller \u00fczerindeki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/aside>\n<h2 class=\"tk-major\">10 H\u0131zl\u0131 Tekrar Kronolojisi<\/h2>\n<table class=\"tk-table tk-table--two\" aria-label=\"Tarih\">\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<\/colgroup>\n<thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Tarih<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Belge veya Geli\u015fme<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">M\u00d6 2350 ve M\u00d6 1760<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">S\u00fcmer Kanunlar\u0131 ve Hammurabi Kanunlar\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">M\u00d6 539 ve M\u00d6 451 449<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Kyros Silindiri ve On \u0130ki Levha Kanunlar\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">622 632 638<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Medine S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi Veda Hutbesi Kud\u00fcs Emannamesi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1463<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Bosna Ferman\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1776 ve 1789<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Amerikan ve Frans\u0131z bildirgeleri<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1824 ve 1833<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Talim-i S\u0131byan ve Fabrikalar Yasas\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1948 ve 1963<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">\u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Evrensel Bildirgesi ve T\u00fcrk \u00c7ocuk Haklar\u0131 Bildirgesi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">1979 ve 1989<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">CEDAW ve \u00c7ocuk Haklar\u0131na Dair S\u00f6zle\u015fme<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">2025<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Belge veya Geli\u015fme\"><span class=\"tk-cell-line\">Dijital D\u00fcnyada \u00c7ocuk Haklar\u0131 giri\u015fimi ve Sumud Filosu<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note tk-note--result\" role=\"note\"><strong>GENEL SONU\u00c7 <\/strong>Haklar\u0131n tarihsel geli\u015fimi, yaz\u0131l\u0131 kurallarla keyf\u00eeli\u011fin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131ndan evrensel e\u015fitli\u011fe ve belirli gruplar i\u00e7in \u00f6zel korumalara uzan\u0131r. Belgelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir; fakat ger\u00e7ek koruma i\u00e7in uygulama, denetim, eri\u015filebilir ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131 ve zaman\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fma gerekir.<\/aside>\n<\/article>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Maarif Model Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 dersi 1. \u00dcnite kapsam\u0131nda yer alan D\u0130H1.2 \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131, insan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fimlerin gerek\u00e7elerini sorgulamay\u0131 <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/18\/insan-hak-ve-ozgurluklerinin-tarihsel-gelisimi-1-unite-demokrasi-ve-insan-haklarinin-gelisimi-maarif-modeli\/\" title=\"\u0130nsan Hak ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi \/ 1. \u00dcnite: Demokrasi ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi | 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