Tarih kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 ve akademik kaynaklar\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde \u0130stanbul\u2019un i\u015fgali i\u00e7in genellikle iki farkl\u0131 tarih kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar: 13 Kas\u0131m 1918 ve 16 Mart 1920. Peki, koskoca bir ba\u015fkent nas\u0131l iki ayr\u0131 tarihte i\u015fgal edilebilir? Tarih\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re bu durumun temel nedeni, i\u015fgal s\u00fcrecinin “fiil\u00ee” (eylemsel) ve “resm\u00ee” olmak \u00fczere iki farkl\u0131 a\u015famada ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
13 Kas\u0131m 1918: Fiil\u00ee \u0130\u015fgalin Ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan imzalanan Mondros M\u00fctarekesi, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7in karanl\u0131k g\u00fcnlerin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131. Anla\u015fman\u0131n hemen sonras\u0131nda, 13 Kas\u0131m 1918\u2019de \u0130tilaf Devletleri donanmas\u0131na ait sava\u015f gemileri \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019na demir att\u0131. Yabanc\u0131 askerler karaya \u00e7\u0131karak \u015fehrin stratejik noktalar\u0131n\u0131, ula\u015f\u0131m ve ileti\u015fim a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak bu d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmeti k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde de olsa varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00f6revini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Yani \u015fehre el konulmu\u015ftu fakat bu durum hen\u00fcz resm\u00ee bir beyana d\u00f6k\u00fclmemi\u015fti. Akademik literat\u00fcrde bu a\u015fama “fiil\u00ee i\u015fgal”<\/strong> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bu tarih, Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Bo\u011faz’daki d\u00fc\u015fman gemilerine bakarak o me\u015fhur “Geldikleri gibi giderler”<\/em> s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc sarf etti\u011fi g\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 16 Mart 1920: Resm\u00ee \u0130\u015fgal ve Meclis’in Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1918’den 1920’ye kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre\u00e7te Anadolu’da Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Son Osmanl\u0131 Mebusan Meclisi’nin toplan\u0131p tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k bildirgesi olan “Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee” kararlar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmesi, \u0130tilaf Devletleri’ni harekete ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 16 Mart 1920 sabah\u0131 \u0130tilaf kuvvetleri, \u015eehzadeba\u015f\u0131 Karakolu’na kanl\u0131 bir bask\u0131n d\u00fczenledi. Ard\u0131ndan milli iradenin kalbi olan Meclis-i Mebusan zorla da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131, pek \u00e7ok ayd\u0131n ve milletvekili tutuklanarak Malta’ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderildi. Art\u0131k ba\u015fkentteki t\u00fcm y\u00f6netim, silah zoruyla ve a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a i\u015fgal kuvvetlerinin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. Bu tarih, \u0130stanbul’un “resmen”<\/strong> i\u015fgal edildi\u011fi an olarak kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonu\u00e7 Olarak<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6zetle; 13 Kas\u0131m 1918 tarihi, \u0130stanbul’un asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan fiilen kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131; 16 Mart 1920 ise siyasi iradenin yok edilerek \u015fehrin resmen ve hukuken i\u015fgal edildi\u011fi tarihtir. Bu iki a\u015famal\u0131 i\u015fgal s\u00fcreci, T\u00fcrk milletinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ate\u015fini daha da harlam\u0131\u015f ve Ankara’da TBMM’nin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na giden yolu ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"