{"id":4255,"date":"2026-11-13T23:43:06","date_gmt":"2026-11-13T20:43:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=4255"},"modified":"2026-11-13T23:43:07","modified_gmt":"2026-11-13T20:43:07","slug":"islam-kultur-ve-medeniyetinin-dogusu-1-unite-ders-notlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/11\/13\/islam-kultur-ve-medeniyetinin-dogusu-1-unite-ders-notlari\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130slam K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyetinin Do\u011fu\u015fu | 1. \u00dcnite | Ders Notlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyetinin do\u011fu\u015fu, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n anlamlar\u0131yla ba\u015flar. Bu ders notunda Ziya G\u00f6kalp, \u0130bni Haldun, Farabi ve di\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin k\u00fclt\u00fcr, medeniyet ve toplum hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ele al\u0131n\u0131r. \u0130slam medeniyetinin vahiy gelene\u011fi, do\u011fu\u015f co\u011frafyas\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 toplumlarla etkile\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. Tevhit ilkesi ile akl\u0131selim, Kur\u2019an ve s\u00fcnnet, be\u015f duyu, \u00f6rf ve \u00e2detlerin medeniyetin kaynaklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki yeri incelenir. Yunan\u2013Roma, Sami ve \u0130ran, Hindu ve Uzak Do\u011fu havzalar\u0131yla ili\u015fkiler ve \u00e7eviri faaliyetleri de\u011ferlendirilir. Son olarak \u0130slam medeniyetinin yay\u0131lma alanlar\u0131, ba\u015fl\u0131ca merkezleri ve farkl\u0131 halklar\u0131n ortak katk\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde durulur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n#tk-ders-notu{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;max-width:890px;margin:0 auto;padding:16px 14px 42px;background:#fff;color:#263238;font:400 17px\/1.7 system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;overflow-wrap:break-word}\n#tk-ders-notu *,#tk-ders-notu *::before,#tk-ders-notu *::after{box-sizing:border-box;min-width:0}\n#tk-ders-notu h2,#tk-ders-notu h3,#tk-ders-notu h4{max-width:100%;line-height:1.35;overflow-wrap:break-word}\n#tk-ders-notu h2{margin:38px 0 18px;padding:0 0 11px;border-bottom:2px solid #d3e2df;color:#733149;font-size:1.52rem;font-weight:750}\n#tk-ders-notu h2:first-child{margin-top:4px}\n#tk-ders-notu h3{margin:26px 0 12px;color:#28565f;font-size:1.24rem;font-weight:750}\n#tk-ders-notu h4{margin:20px 0 11px;color:#28565f;font-size:1.15rem;font-weight:700}\n#tk-ders-notu p{margin:0 0 15px}\n#tk-ders-notu strong{font-weight:750;color:#24545d}\n#tk-ders-notu em{font-style:italic}\n#tk-ders-notu ul{list-style-type:disc;list-style-position:outside;padding-left:1.55em;margin:8px 0 15px}\n#tk-ders-notu ul>li{list-style-type:disc;display:list-item;padding:0;margin:2px 0}\n#tk-ders-notu ul>li::before{content:none}\n#tk-ders-notu ol{list-style-type:decimal;padding-left:1.6em;margin:8px 0 16px}\n#tk-ders-notu ol>li::before{content:none}\n#tk-ders-notu li{line-height:1.65}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-note{display:block;margin:15px 0 25px;padding:12px 14px;background:#fff4e4;border:1px solid #eed6b9;border-left:4px solid #c88f43;border-radius:6px;line-height:1.55;color:#493d32}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-note strong{color:#644121}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table{width:100%;max-width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:12px 0 10px;font-size:.96em;table-layout:fixed}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table th,#tk-ders-notu .tk-table td{border:1px solid #d9e2e2;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;overflow-wrap:break-word}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table thead th{background:#f6ebef;color:#733149;font-weight:750}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table tbody th[scope=row]{background:#edf5f4;color:#24545d;font-weight:750}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table tbody td{background:#fff}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table tbody tr:nth-child(even) td{background:#f8faf9}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table td p,#tk-ders-notu .tk-table th p{margin:0}\n@media(max-width:600px){\n#tk-ders-notu{padding:12px 10px 32px;font-size:17px;line-height:1.6}\n#tk-ders-notu h2{font-size:1.37rem;margin-top:30px}\n#tk-ders-notu h3{font-size:1.18rem}\n#tk-ders-notu h4{font-size:1.1rem}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table{display:block;border:0;margin:12px 0 20px;font-size:.97em}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table thead{display:none}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table tbody{display:block}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table tr{display:block;margin:0 0 12px;border:1px solid #cbdad7;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;background:#fff}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table tbody th[scope=row],#tk-ders-notu .tk-table tbody td{display:block;width:100%;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e3e9e7;padding:9px 12px;background:#fff}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table tbody tr>:last-child{border-bottom:0}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table tbody th[scope=row]{background:#edf5f4}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-table [data-label]::before{content:attr(data-label);display:block;color:#733149;font-size:.78em;font-weight:750;line-height:1.35;margin-bottom:4px}\n#tk-ders-notu .tk-note{padding:11px 12px}\n}\n<\/style>\n<article id=\"tk-ders-notu\" lang=\"tr\">\n<h2 id=\"1-kultur-ve-medeniyet-kavramlari\">1 K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet kavramlar\u0131<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"kultur-kavrami\">K\u00fclt\u00fcr kavram\u0131<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/strong>, insan\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi maddi ve manevi b\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nan\u00e7lar\u0131, de\u011ferleri, davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve eserleri kapsar.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsan hayat\u0131n\u0131n <strong>farkl\u0131 faaliyet alanlar\u0131yla<\/strong> ili\u015fkilidir.<\/li>\n<li>Hem <strong>hayat\u0131 \u015fekillendiren ilkeleri<\/strong> ifade eder.<\/li>\n<li>Hem bu ilkelerin <strong>g\u00fcnl\u00fck uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> kapsar.<\/li>\n<li>Ortak ilkeler, toplumlarda farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde uygulanabilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>\u0130lkenin ortak olmas\u0131<\/strong>, uygulaman\u0131n her toplumda ayn\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmez.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"kultur-tanimlarindaki-temel-vurgular\">K\u00fclt\u00fcr tan\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki temel vurgular<\/h3>\n<table class=\"tk-table\"><thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">K\u00fclt\u00fcre ili\u015fkin vurgu<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><strong>Ziya G\u00f6kalp<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"K\u00fclt\u00fcre ili\u015fkin vurgu\">Bir milletin <strong>din\u00ee, ahlaki, hukuki, iktisadi, dilsel ve akli birikimlerinin<\/strong> b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><strong>M\u00fcmtaz Turhan<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"K\u00fclt\u00fcre ili\u015fkin vurgu\">Bir toplumun <strong>maddi ve manevi de\u011ferlerini<\/strong> kapsayan b\u00fct\u00fcn.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><strong>T. S. Eliot<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"K\u00fclt\u00fcre ili\u015fkin vurgu\">Toplumun <strong>dininin hayatta somutla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><strong>Y\u0131lmaz \u00d6zakp\u0131nar<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"K\u00fclt\u00fcre ili\u015fkin vurgu\">Refleks ve i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda insan\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu <strong>davran\u0131\u015flar ve eserler<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong>Tan\u0131mlar\u0131n <strong>vurgu noktalar\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong>; bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcn tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 di\u011ferine mal etme.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"kulturun-temel-ozellikleri\">K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn temel \u00f6zellikleri<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>K\u00fclt\u00fcr <strong>insan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr<\/strong>; do\u011fada kendili\u011finden olu\u015fmaz.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6z\u00fc <strong>zihn\u00ee ve manevidir<\/strong>; insan\u0131n anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarih i\u00e7inde olu\u015fur<\/strong> ve de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/li>\n<li>Unsurlar\u0131 etkile\u015fir; <strong>b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck ve tutarl\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong> g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<li>Her toplumun k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r; d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 <strong>se\u00e7icidir<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130htiya\u00e7lara g\u00f6re \u015fekillenir<\/strong>; onlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layarak s\u00fcrer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>De\u011fi\u015fme<\/strong>, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn veya s\u00fcreklili\u011finin zorunlu olarak kaybolmas\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"maddi-ve-manevi-kultur-unsurlari\">Maddi ve manevi k\u00fclt\u00fcr unsurlar\u0131<\/h3>\n<table class=\"tk-table\"><thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">T\u00fcr<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Kapsam<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"T\u00fcr\"><strong>K\u00fclt\u00fcr unsuru<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Kapsam\">\u0130nsan\u0131n <strong>biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong> kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131nda rol oynayan etken.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"T\u00fcr\"><strong>Manevi unsurlar<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Kapsam\"><strong>\u0130nan\u00e7, dil, de\u011ferler, gelenekler<\/strong>, sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"T\u00fcr\"><strong>Maddi unsurlar<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Kapsam\"><strong>Mimari, ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7, giysi ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 eserler<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>Sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong> manevi; bu anlay\u0131\u015fla olu\u015fturulan somut <strong>eser<\/strong> maddi boyuttad\u0131r.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"medeniyetle-ilgili-terimler\">Medeniyetle ilgili terimler<\/h3>\n<table class=\"tk-table\"><thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Terim<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Anlam\u0131 veya kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Terim\"><strong>Medeniyet<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131 veya kullan\u0131m\u0131\">Arap\u00e7a <strong>mdn<\/strong> k\u00f6k\u00fcyle ili\u015fkilidir; \u015fehir ve medeni ya\u015fam kavramlar\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Terim\"><strong>Et-temedd\u00fcn<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131 veya kullan\u0131m\u0131\">Medeniyet kavram\u0131n\u0131n Arap\u00e7adaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan biri.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Terim\"><strong>El-had\u00e2re<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131 veya kullan\u0131m\u0131\">Medeniyet anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan bir ba\u015fka kavram.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Terim\"><strong>Umran, mamur, imar<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131 veya kullan\u0131m\u0131\">Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve dilinde medeniyetle ili\u015fkili ifadeler.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Terim\"><strong>Civilisation \/ uygarl\u0131k<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131 veya kullan\u0131m\u0131\">Bat\u0131 dillerindeki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 civilisation; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrk\u00e7esindeki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>uygarl\u0131k<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>Umran<\/strong>, \u00f6zellikle \u0130bni Haldun\u2019un toplum ve medeniyet a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"medeniyet-tanimlarindaki-temel-vurgular\">Medeniyet tan\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki temel vurgular<\/h3>\n<table class=\"tk-table\"><thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Medeniyet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><strong>Ziya G\u00f6kalp<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Medeniyet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131\">K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn y\u00fckselerek <strong>evrensel nitelik<\/strong> kazanmas\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><strong>Nurettin Top\u00e7u<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Medeniyet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131\">\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak \u00fcretti\u011fi <strong>teknik eserlerin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><strong>Malik bin Nebi<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Medeniyet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131\"><strong>\u0130nsan, toprak ve zaman<\/strong> aras\u0131nda kurulan yap\u0131c\u0131 ili\u015fki; s\u00fcreci harekete ge\u00e7iren temel unsur <strong>din<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><strong>Sezai Karako\u00e7<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Medeniyet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131\">B\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011fa hitap eden; <strong>maddi, manevi, ahlaki, metafizik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong> birlikte g\u00f6zeten tarih olgusu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong>Top\u00e7u\u2019nun <strong>teknik eser<\/strong> vurgusuyla Karako\u00e7\u2019un <strong>insan\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nleriyle ele alan<\/strong> yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131r.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"kultur-ve-medeniyet-ayrimi-1\">K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet ayr\u0131m\u0131 1<\/h3>\n<table class=\"tk-table\"><thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Medeniyet<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><strong>Ziya G\u00f6kalp<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"K\u00fclt\u00fcr\"><strong>Hars<\/strong>; bir toplumun ortak de\u011ferleri. <strong>Mill\u00eedir<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Medeniyet\">Bir veya yak\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin milletleraras\u0131 d\u00fczeye ula\u015fan <strong>bilgi, kurum ve faaliyetleri<\/strong>. <strong>Evrenseldir<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><strong>Erol G\u00fcng\u00f6r<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"K\u00fclt\u00fcr\"><strong>\u0130nan\u00e7, bilgi, his ve heyecanlar\u0131n<\/strong> b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Medeniyet\">Medeniyet kurumlar\u0131, bu <strong>de\u011fer ve inan\u00e7lar\u0131n eserleri<\/strong> olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>Mill\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u2013evrensel medeniyet<\/strong> ayr\u0131m\u0131 G\u00f6kalp\u2019in yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r; b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin ortak tan\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"kultur-ve-medeniyet-ayrimi-2\">K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet ayr\u0131m\u0131 2<\/h3>\n<table class=\"tk-table\"><thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Medeniyet<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><strong>Nurettin Top\u00e7u<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"K\u00fclt\u00fcr\">Toplumun tarihinde olu\u015fan <strong>ilim, sanat, ahlak ve dinle ilgili de\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmleri<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Medeniyet\">\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi <strong>teknik eserlerin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\"><strong>Y\u0131lmaz \u00d6zakp\u0131nar<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"K\u00fclt\u00fcr\">\u0130nsan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan <strong>eserler ve olu\u015fumlar<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Medeniyet\">Eserlerin ama\u00e7, y\u00f6n ve niteliklerini belirleyen <strong>inan\u00e7 ve ahlak d\u00fczeni<\/strong>; se\u00e7er, s\u0131n\u0131rlar ve de\u011ferlendirir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>Medeniyet<\/strong> Top\u00e7u\u2019da teknik eserleri, \u00d6zakp\u0131nar\u2019da eserlerin arkas\u0131ndaki <strong>inan\u00e7 ve ahlak d\u00fczenini<\/strong> belirtir.<\/aside>\n<h2 id=\"2-medeniyet-ve-toplumsal-hayat\">2 Medeniyet ve toplumsal hayat<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"ibni-haldun-ve-umran\">\u0130bni Haldun ve umran<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mukaddime<\/strong>, \u0130bni Haldun\u2019un umran\u0131 ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserdir.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsan, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi <strong>medeni ve toplumsal<\/strong> bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Medeniyeti, <strong>akl\u0131n\u0131 kullanan insan<\/strong> kurar.<\/li>\n<li>Medeniyetleri <strong>do\u011fma, geli\u015fme ve sona erme<\/strong> ile a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/li>\n<li>Sona eren medeniyetin yerini bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 alabilir.<\/li>\n<li>Kurumlar <strong>ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamazsa<\/strong> me\u015fruiyet zay\u0131flar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong>Bu ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc, <strong>\u0130bni Haldun\u2019un a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong>; b\u00fct\u00fcn medeniyetler i\u00e7in verilmi\u015f kesin bir takvim de\u011fildir.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"farabi-ve-toplumsal-hayat\">Farabi ve toplumsal hayat<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Farabi<\/strong>, medine ve medeni ya\u015fam\u0131 birlikte a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>el-Medinet\u00fc\u2019l-Faz\u0131la<\/strong>, medeni ya\u015famla ilgili eseridir.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsan <strong>ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na<\/strong> kar\u015f\u0131layamaz.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Yard\u0131mla\u015fma ve i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong>, toplumsal hayat\u0131 gerektirir.<\/li>\n<li>Toplum, insana \u00f6zg\u00fc <strong>yetkinlikleri<\/strong> geli\u015ftirmeyi sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ger\u00e7ek mutlulu\u011fu<\/strong> ama\u00e7layan toplum erdemlidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong>Farabi\u2019de toplumun erdemini, yaln\u0131z b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de\u011fil <strong>ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mutlulu\u011fun niteli\u011fi<\/strong> belirler.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"farabide-topluluklarin-orgutlenmesi\">Farabi\u2019de topluluklar\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi<\/h3>\n<table class=\"tk-table\"><thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Topluluk<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Birbiriyle ili\u015fkisi ve i\u015flevi<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Topluluk\"><strong>Medine<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Birbiriyle ili\u015fkisi ve i\u015flevi\"><strong>\u015eehir<\/strong>; insan\u0131n yetkinle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in yeterli toplumsal yap\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Topluluk\"><strong>\u00dcmmet<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Birbiriyle ili\u015fkisi ve i\u015flevi\"><strong>Millet<\/strong>; \u015fehirlerin birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fur.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Topluluk\"><strong>Ma\u2018m\u00fbre<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Birbiriyle ili\u015fkisi ve i\u015flevi\"><strong>Milletler toplulu\u011fu<\/strong>; milletlerin birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fur.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Topluluk\"><strong>K\u00f6y, mahalle, sokak, aile<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Birbiriyle ili\u015fkisi ve i\u015flevi\">\u015eehrin <strong>temel dokusunu<\/strong> olu\u015fturur; Farabi\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131nda tek ba\u015f\u0131na tam yetkinlik ortam\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong>Buradaki <strong>\u00fcmmet<\/strong>, Farabi\u2019nin topluluk s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131ndaki terimdir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topluluklar de\u011fersiz de\u011fil, \u015fehri olu\u015fturan birimlerdir.<\/aside>\n<h2 id=\"3-islam-medeniyetinin-dogusu-ve-gelisimi\">3 \u0130slam medeniyetinin do\u011fu\u015fu ve geli\u015fimi<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"vahiy-gelenegi-ve-medeniyetin-dogusu\">Vahiy gelene\u011fi ve medeniyetin do\u011fu\u015fu<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0130slam medeniyetinin inan\u00e7 temeli <strong>\u0130slamiyet\u2019tir<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Vahiy anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 <strong>Hz. \u00c2dem\u2019e<\/strong> dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsan, akl\u0131n\u0131 <strong>ilahi rehberlikle<\/strong> kullanmakla sorumludur.<\/li>\n<li>Peygamberler insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>vahyin ilkelerine<\/strong> y\u00f6neltir.<\/li>\n<li>Bu anlay\u0131\u015fta tarih, <strong>sapma ve yeniden y\u00f6neli\u015fle<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hz. Muhammed (sav)<\/strong> ile vahiy gelene\u011fi tamamlan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong>Burada medeniyetin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 <strong>vahiy gelene\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r; arkeolojik bir d\u00f6nemlendirme yap\u0131lmaz.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"dogusun-cografi-cevresi\">Do\u011fu\u015fun co\u011frafi \u00e7evresi<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0130slam\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu\u015f co\u011frafyas\u0131 <strong>Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019d\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mekke ve Medine<\/strong>, Hicaz b\u00f6lgesinde yer al\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7evrede <strong>Do\u011fu Roma ve Sasani<\/strong> devletleri bulunuyordu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Habe\u015f Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>, K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019in kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Asya\u2019da <strong>G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, \u00c7in ve Hindistan<\/strong> yer al\u0131yordu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong>D\u00f6nemin devletlerini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr havzalar\u0131n\u0131 <strong>bug\u00fcnk\u00fc siyasi s\u0131n\u0131rlarla<\/strong> \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirme.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"etkilesim-ve-yayilma-yollari\">Etkile\u015fim ve yay\u0131lma yollar\u0131<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tebli\u011f, fetih ve ticaret<\/strong>, k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerle ili\u015fki kurdurdu.<\/li>\n<li>Farkl\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n <strong>tecr\u00fcbe ve birikimleri<\/strong> tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nan\u00e7lar, kavramlar ve kurumlar incelendi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130ktisat, siyaset ve ilim<\/strong> alanlar\u0131nda etkile\u015fim kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Birikimden yararlanmada \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct <strong>tevhide uygunluktu<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130leti\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ve ku\u015fat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong>, yay\u0131lmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>Etkile\u015fim<\/strong>, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan her unsuru oldu\u011fu gibi kabul etmek de\u011fildir; se\u00e7ici de\u011ferlendirme vard\u0131r.<\/aside>\n<h2 id=\"4-islam-medeniyetinin-kaynaklari\">4 \u0130slam medeniyetinin kaynaklar\u0131<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"tevhit-ve-ortak-medeniyet\">Tevhit ve ortak medeniyet<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tevhit<\/strong>, Allah\u2019\u0131n (cc) birli\u011fine inanmakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Her \u015feyin <strong>mutlak yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Allah<\/strong> oldu\u011funu kabul eder.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130slam medeniyetinin <strong>\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ve ortak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong> olu\u015fturur.<\/li>\n<li>Farkl\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halklar\u0131n <strong>ortak birikimidir<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vahiy, ak\u0131l ve tecr\u00fcbe<\/strong>, hayat\u0131 d\u00fczenlemede birlikte i\u015fler.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsan, ilahi rehberlik do\u011frultusunda <strong>faaliyette bulunur<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong>Medeniyet, <strong>yaln\u0131z insan \u00e7abas\u0131na<\/strong> veya insan eme\u011fini d\u0131\u015flayan <strong>kendili\u011finden bir sonuca<\/strong> indirgenemez.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"islam-medeniyetinin-kaynaklari\">\u0130slam medeniyetinin kaynaklar\u0131<\/h3>\n<table class=\"tk-table\"><thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Kaynak<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Temel i\u015flevi<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Kaynak\"><strong>Akl\u0131selim<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Temel i\u015flevi\">Do\u011fruyu yanl\u0131\u015ftan ve iyiyi k\u00f6t\u00fcden <strong>ay\u0131rt etme<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Kaynak\"><strong>Kur\u2019an ve s\u00fcnnet<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Temel i\u015flevi\">\u0130nan\u00e7, ahlak ve hayat i\u00e7in <strong>ana rehberlik<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Kaynak\"><strong>Be\u015f duyu<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Temel i\u015flevi\">D\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadan <strong>veri ve bilgi edinme<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Kaynak\"><strong>\u00d6rf ve \u00e2detler<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Temel i\u015flevi\">\u0130lkelere uygun <strong>toplumsal birikimden<\/strong> yararlanma.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Kaynak\"><strong>Di\u011fer medeniyetler<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Temel i\u015flevi\">\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak miras\u0131n\u0131 <strong>de\u011ferlendirme ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong>Kaynaklar s\u0131ralan\u0131rken <strong>Kur\u2019an ve s\u00fcnnet birlikte<\/strong> ana kaynaklar\u0131 olu\u015fturur; b\u00fct\u00fcn kaynaklar ayn\u0131 i\u015flevi \u00fcstlenmez.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"4-1-akliselim\">4.1 Akl\u0131selim<\/h3>\n<h4 id=\"akliselim-ve-dogru-degerlendirme\">Akl\u0131selim ve do\u011fru de\u011ferlendirme<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Akl\u0131selim<\/strong>, do\u011fru\u2013yanl\u0131\u015f ve iyi\u2013k\u00f6t\u00fc ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapar.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsan\u0131n <strong>f\u0131trat\u0131ndaki temizli\u011fi<\/strong> koruyan ak\u0131ld\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lahi emirlere muhatap olmay\u0131 ve <strong>hakikati izlemeyi<\/strong> sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nefsi kontrol etmek<\/strong>, ak\u0131ll\u0131 davranman\u0131n bir y\u00f6n\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Enf\u00e2l 29<\/strong>, do\u011fruyu ay\u0131rt eden anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 vurgular.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130spat ve delil<\/strong>, de\u011ferlendirmede \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong>Akl\u0131selim, yaln\u0131z bilgi biriktirme de\u011fil <strong>do\u011fru de\u011ferlendirme ve davran\u0131\u015fa y\u00f6n verme<\/strong> yetisidir.<\/aside>\n<h4 id=\"akliselim-ve-vicdan\">Akl\u0131selim ve vicdan<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Vicdan<\/strong>, insan\u0131 iyiye y\u00f6nelten yetidir.<\/li>\n<li>Ahlaki do\u011frular\u0131 kavramaya, <strong>adalet ve erdeme<\/strong> y\u00f6neltir.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130yi davran\u0131\u015f\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckten sak\u0131nmay\u0131 ve <strong>\u00e7evreyi \u0131slah\u0131<\/strong> destekler.<\/li>\n<li>Akl\u0131selim ki\u015fi <strong>\u00f6z g\u00fcvenli ve dengeli<\/strong> davran\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Farkl\u0131 insanlar\u0131n birikimlerine <strong>ileti\u015fimle<\/strong> ula\u015f\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c7eli\u015fkili iddialar\u0131<\/strong> reddeder; ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ve de\u011fi\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>\u00d6z g\u00fcven<\/strong>, kan\u0131ts\u0131z iddiada \u0131srar etmek de\u011fildir; yeni bilgiye ve de\u011ferlendirmeye a\u00e7\u0131k olmay\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"4-2-kuran-ve-sunnet\">4.2 Kur\u2019an ve s\u00fcnnet<\/h3>\n<h4 id=\"kuran-ve-sunnetin-rehberligi\">Kur\u2019an ve s\u00fcnnetin rehberli\u011fi<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim ve s\u00fcnnet<\/strong>, medeniyetin ana kaynaklar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6\u011fretinin merkezinde <strong>Allah inanc\u0131<\/strong> bulunur.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsan\u0131n <strong>varolu\u015f amac\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> ve akl\u0131n i\u015flevini a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsan, Allah, toplum ve di\u011fer varl\u0131klarla ili\u015fkileri d\u00fczenler.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aile, toplum ve devlet hayat\u0131na<\/strong> rehberlik eder.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nahl 89<\/strong>, Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n rehberli\u011fini vurgular.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong>Kur\u2019an ve s\u00fcnnetin rehberli\u011fi <strong>yaln\u0131z bireysel ibadetle<\/strong> s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/aside>\n<h4 id=\"guzel-orneklik-ve-olculu-hayat\">G\u00fczel \u00f6rneklik ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc hayat<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ahz\u00e2b 21<\/strong>, Hz. Muhammed\u2019i g\u00fczel \u00f6rnek olarak belirtir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00dcsveihasene<\/strong>, g\u00fczel \u00f6rnek demektir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcnnet, <strong>Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n hayata uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130frat<\/strong>, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fc a\u015fma; <strong>tefrit<\/strong>, gerekenin gerisinde kalmad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc tutum, aile ve toplum ili\u015fkilerine yans\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Tebli\u011f, diplomasi, sava\u015f ve antla\u015fmalarda da rehberdir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmak<\/strong>, sorumlulu\u011fu eksik yerine getirmek de\u011fildir; ifrat ve tefritten ka\u00e7\u0131nmakt\u0131r.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"4-3-bes-duyu\">4.3 Be\u015f duyu<\/h3>\n<h4 id=\"bes-duyu\">Be\u015f duyu<\/h4>\n<table class=\"tk-table\"><thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Duyu<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\u0130lgili organ<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Bilgi edinme y\u00f6n\u00fc<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Duyu\"><strong>G\u00f6rme<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"\u0130lgili organ\">G\u00f6z<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bilgi edinme y\u00f6n\u00fc\">G\u00f6rsel \u00f6zellikleri alg\u0131lama.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Duyu\"><strong>\u0130\u015fitme<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"\u0130lgili organ\">Kulak<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bilgi edinme y\u00f6n\u00fc\">Sesleri alg\u0131lama.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Duyu\"><strong>Tatma<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"\u0130lgili organ\">Dil<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bilgi edinme y\u00f6n\u00fc\">Tatlar\u0131 ay\u0131rt etme.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Duyu\"><strong>Koku alma<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"\u0130lgili organ\">Burun<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bilgi edinme y\u00f6n\u00fc\">Kokular\u0131 alg\u0131lama.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Duyu\"><strong>Dokunma<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"\u0130lgili organ\">Deri<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bilgi edinme y\u00f6n\u00fc\">Temasla \u00f6zellikleri alg\u0131lama.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>Duyu organlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong>; duyusal veri tek ba\u015f\u0131na her konuda kesin bilgi sa\u011flamaz.<\/aside>\n<h4 id=\"duyular-ve-bilginin-denetimi\">Duyular ve bilginin denetimi<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Havass\u0131selime<\/strong>, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 duyular\u0131 ifade eder.<\/li>\n<li>Duyu i\u00e7in <strong>his ve hassa<\/strong> terimleri de kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Havas<\/strong>, hassa kelimesinin \u00e7o\u011fuludur.<\/li>\n<li>Duyular, maddenin <strong>nitelik ve niceliklerini<\/strong> bildirir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Deney ve g\u00f6zlem<\/strong>, ilim ve sanata katk\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n<li>Duyusal bilgi, <strong>ak\u0131l ve vahyin denetiminden<\/strong> ge\u00e7irilir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130sr\u00e2 36<\/strong>, bilgi ve alg\u0131lama sorumlulu\u011funu hat\u0131rlat\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>Alg\u0131lama<\/strong>, yan\u0131lmazl\u0131k de\u011fildir. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 veya yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 veriyi de\u011ferlendirmek gerekir.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"4-4-orf-ve-adetler\">4.4 \u00d6rf ve \u00e2detler<\/h3>\n<h4 id=\"orf-ve-adet-kavramlari\">\u00d6rf ve \u00e2det kavramlar\u0131<\/h4>\n<table class=\"tk-table\"><thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Kavram<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Anlam\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Kavram\"><strong>\u00d6rf\u00fcn s\u00f6zl\u00fck anlam\u0131<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131\">\u0130yi, yad\u0131rganmayan, <strong>bilinen ve tan\u0131nan<\/strong>; pe\u015f pe\u015fe gelen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Kavram\"><strong>\u00d6rf\u00fcn toplumsal anlam\u0131<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131\">Yerle\u015fik <strong>sosyal davran\u0131\u015flar ve dil kullan\u0131mlar\u0131<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Kavram\"><strong>\u00c2det<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Anlam\u0131\">Bir \u015feyi eskiden beri g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bi\u00e7imde yapma <strong>al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong>\u00d6rf ve \u00e2det <strong>birbirinin yerine kullan\u0131labilir<\/strong>; her al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k kendili\u011finden din\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcm h\u00e2line gelmez.<\/aside>\n<h4 id=\"orfun-kabul-sartlari\">\u00d6rf\u00fcn kabul \u015fartlar\u0131<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Farkl\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n gelenekleri <strong>etkile\u015fim<\/strong> olu\u015fturur.<\/li>\n<li>Kabulde belirleyici \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct <strong>Kur\u2019an ve s\u00fcnnettir<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Uygun uygulamalar s\u00fcrer; baz\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenir, ayk\u0131r\u0131lar reddedilir.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011frudan h\u00fck\u00fcm olmayan konuda <strong>sahih \u00f6rf<\/strong> dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6rf; <strong>dine, akla ve toplum yarar\u0131na<\/strong> ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00e2kimin \u00f6rf\u00fc bilmesi, uygulamay\u0131 do\u011fru de\u011ferlendirmeyi sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>Eskiden beri uygulanmak<\/strong>, tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli de\u011fildir; \u00f6rf\u00fcn kabul\u00fcnde ilkelere uygunluk aran\u0131r.<\/aside>\n<h3 id=\"4-5-diger-kultur-ve-medeniyetler\">4.5 Di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyetler<\/h3>\n<h4 id=\"dort-kultur-ve-medeniyet-havzasi\">D\u00f6rt k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet havzas\u0131<\/h4>\n<table class=\"tk-table\"><thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Havza<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">B\u00f6lge ve ay\u0131rt edici kapsam<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Havza\"><strong>Yunan\u2013Roma terkibi<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00f6lge ve ay\u0131rt edici kapsam\">Grek\u00e7e ve Latincenin konu\u015fuldu\u011fu <strong>Akdeniz havzas\u0131<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Havza\"><strong>Sami ve \u0130ran terkibi<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00f6lge ve ay\u0131rt edici kapsam\"><strong>Nil\u2019den Mavera\u00fcnnehir\u2019e<\/strong> uzanan Mezopotamya ve \u0130ran havzas\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Havza\"><strong>Hindu terkibi<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00f6lge ve ay\u0131rt edici kapsam\"><strong>Hindistan havzas\u0131<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Havza\"><strong>Uzak Do\u011fu terkibi<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00f6lge ve ay\u0131rt edici kapsam\"><strong>\u00c7in, kom\u015fu b\u00f6lgeler ve \u0130\u00e7 Asya<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>K\u00fclt\u00fcr havzas\u0131<\/strong>, ortak birikim ve etkile\u015fim alan\u0131d\u0131r; tek bir devletin siyasi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131yla ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/aside>\n<h4 id=\"havzalarla-etkilesim\">Havzalarla etkile\u015fim<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Do\u011fu\u015f b\u00f6lgesi, <strong>Sami ve \u0130ran terkibine<\/strong> kom\u015fuydu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Yunan\u2013Roma, Hindu ve Uzak Do\u011fu<\/strong> egemenli\u011fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar zamanla bu havzalarla <strong>ili\u015fki kurdu<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Ortak miras\u0131 <strong>koruyarak ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrerek<\/strong> de\u011ferlendirdi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00d6zg\u00fcn medeniyet tecr\u00fcbesini<\/strong> s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>Birikimden yararlanma<\/strong>, medeniyetin \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc zorunlu olarak ortadan kald\u0131rmaz.<\/aside>\n<h4 id=\"ceviriler-ve-yeni-uretim\">\u00c7eviriler ve yeni \u00fcretim<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>8. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren<\/strong> \u00e7eviri faaliyetleri geli\u015fti.<\/li>\n<li>Antik bilim ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce eserleri <strong>Arap\u00e7aya<\/strong> aktar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Arap\u00e7a, <strong>ortak ilim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr dili<\/strong> i\u015flevi g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Farkl\u0131 havzalar\u0131n <strong>tecr\u00fcbe ve yetenekleri<\/strong> bulu\u015ftu.<\/li>\n<li>Birikim, <strong>yeni ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00fcretimle<\/strong> zenginle\u015fti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>\u00c7eviri<\/strong>, yaln\u0131z aktarma olarak kalmad\u0131; birikimin yorumlanmas\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirilmesiyle birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/aside>\n<h4 id=\"hikmet-ve-ortak-miras\">Hikmet ve ortak miras<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hikmet<\/strong>, bilgelik ve do\u011fru anlay\u0131\u015fla ili\u015fkilidir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hikmet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong>, ortak insanl\u0131k miras\u0131na y\u00f6neltir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6nceki birikim <strong>t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yok edilmez<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kur\u2019an ve s\u00fcnnet \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda<\/strong> yeniden yorumlan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcncellenir ve <strong>bat\u0131l inan\u00e7lardan<\/strong> ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar <strong>tevhit ilkesiyle<\/strong> dengelenir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ku\u015fat\u0131c\u0131 tutum<\/strong>, farkl\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n birlikte ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong><strong>Yeniden yorumlama<\/strong>, ge\u00e7mi\u015fi aynen kopyalama veya b\u00fct\u00fcn ge\u00e7mi\u015fi reddetme de\u011fildir.<\/aside>\n<h4 id=\"yayilma-ve-medeniyet-merkezleri\">Yay\u0131lma ve medeniyet merkezleri<\/h4>\n<table class=\"tk-table\"><thead><tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Boyut<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Temel bilgi<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Boyut\"><strong>D\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Temel bilgi\">\u00d6zellikle <strong>8\u201318. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda<\/strong> geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyada etkili oldu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Boyut\"><strong>Co\u011frafya<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Temel bilgi\"><strong>Asya, Afrika ve Avrupa<\/strong>; Cebel-i Tar\u0131k Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan \u00c7in Seddi\u2019ne uzanan geni\u015f saha.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Boyut\"><strong>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca merkezler<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Temel bilgi\"><strong>Ba\u011fdat, Kurtuba, Lahor ve \u0130stanbul<\/strong>; ilim, ticaret ve sanat hayat\u0131nda \u00f6nemli merkezler.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Boyut\"><strong>\u00dcretim alanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/th>\n<td data-label=\"Temel bilgi\"><strong>\u0130lim, sanat, iktisat, edebiyat ve felsefe<\/strong>; birikim ba\u015fka toplumlar\u0131 da etkiledi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong>Geni\u015f co\u011frafi etki, b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgelerin <strong>ayn\u0131 tarihte ve tek devlet y\u00f6netiminde<\/strong> bulundu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez.<\/aside>\n<h4 id=\"ortak-katki-ve-ozgunluk\">Ortak katk\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fck<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Arap, T\u00fcrk ve \u0130ran<\/strong> topluluklar\u0131 katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hint, Afrika ve Malay<\/strong> toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n da pay\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Farkl\u0131 tecr\u00fcbeler, <strong>ortak birikimde<\/strong> bulu\u015ftu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130lme verilen de\u011fer<\/strong>, geli\u015fmeyi destekledi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Evrensel bak\u0131\u015f<\/strong>, birikimin ba\u015fka toplumlara ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-note\" role=\"note\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Dikkat! : <\/strong>\u0130slam medeniyeti <strong>tek bir millete indirgenemez<\/strong>; ortak inan\u00e7 \u00e7evresinde farkl\u0131 halklar\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/aside>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>\u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyetinin do\u011fu\u015fu, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n anlamlar\u0131yla ba\u015flar. Bu ders notunda Ziya G\u00f6kalp, \u0130bni Haldun, Farabi ve di\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin k\u00fclt\u00fcr, medeniyet ve <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/11\/13\/islam-kultur-ve-medeniyetinin-dogusu-1-unite-ders-notlari\/\" title=\"\u0130slam K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyetinin Do\u011fu\u015fu | 1. \u00dcnite | Ders Notlar\u0131\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":223,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[383],"tags":[384],"class_list":["post-4255","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-islam-kultur-ve-medeniyeti","tag-islam-kultur-ve-medeniyeti"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- 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