{"id":475,"date":"2020-11-04T10:17:00","date_gmt":"2020-11-04T07:17:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/04\/avrupada-meydana-gelen-siyasi-gelismeler\/"},"modified":"2020-11-04T10:17:00","modified_gmt":"2020-11-04T07:17:00","slug":"avrupada-meydana-gelen-siyasi-gelismeler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/04\/avrupada-meydana-gelen-siyasi-gelismeler\/","title":{"rendered":"AVRUPA\u2019DA MEYDANA GELEN S\u0130YAS\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELER"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/a><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

5.\u00dcN\u0130TE K\u00dcRESELLE\u015eEN D\u00dcNYA<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/ins>
\nAVRUPA\u2019DA MEYDANA GELEN S\u0130YAS\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n


Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00dclkelerindeki De\u011fi\u015fimler<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n

-Do\u011fu Bloku ve SSCB, 1975\u2019te imzalanan Helsinki Deklarasyonu sonras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lman\u0131n i\u015faretlerini vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131.
-Helsinki Deklarasyonu ve glasnost-perestroyka ile Do\u011fu Bloku\u2019nda ba\u015flayan demokrasi ve h\u00fcrriyet ak\u0131mlar\u0131 neticesinde SSCB ve uydusu olan \u00fclkelerde birer birer y\u00f6netim ve rejim de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n


SSCB\u2019nin Uydusu Olan \u00dclkelerdeki De\u011fi\u015fimler<\/b><\/span>
-Do\u011fu Bloku i\u00e7inde Helsinki Deklarasyonu\u2019na tepki veren ilk \u00fclke \u00c7ekoslovakya\u2019d\u0131r.
-Macaristan, Polonya, Romanya ve Bulgaristan\u2019da kom\u00fcnist idareler pe\u015f pe\u015fe y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yerlerine demokratik idareler kurulmu\u015ftur.
-Bu \u00fclkelerin tamam\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra AB\u2019ye \u00fcye olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu Almanya<\/b>
-Do\u011fu Almanya, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 SSCB taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Do\u011fu Bloku\u2019na en sad\u0131k uydu devletti.
-Helsinki Deklarasyonu ve glasnost-perestroykadan di\u011fer devletler kadar etkilenmedi.
-Do\u011fu Almanya \u00fclkedeki rejim kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n etkileri artt\u0131.
-\u00dclkeden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p bir daha d\u00f6nmemeleri umuduyla turistik \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f vizesi uygulamas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi.
– Do\u011fu Alman vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlara y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 bir krize neden oldu. Bu insan y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 \u201cWe are the people\u201d \u015fark\u0131s\u0131 e\u015fli\u011finde \u201cDuvar y\u0131k\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d sloganlar\u0131 atarak kom\u00fcnizm kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 g\u00f6sterilere ba\u015flad\u0131.
-Bask\u0131lara dayanamayan h\u00fck\u00fbmet 1989\u2019da Berlin Duvar\u0131\u2019ndan ge\u00e7i\u015flere izin verdi.
-Berlin Duvar\u0131 ayn\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.
-Bat\u0131 Almanya ve Do\u011fu Almanya Moskova\u2019da yapt\u0131klar\u0131 antla\u015fma sonunda birle\u015fti, 3 Aral\u0131k 1990\u2019da yap\u0131lan demokratik se\u00e7imlerle yeni y\u00f6netimi belirlenen Almanya Cumhuriyeti kuruldu.<\/p>\n


\n<\/ins>
\nYugoslavya<\/b>
-I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda kurulan Yugoslavya\u2019n\u0131n federal sistemi i\u00e7erisinde S\u0131rplar\u0131n etkisi di\u011fer milletlere g\u00f6re daha fazlayd\u0131.
-S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131n Yugoslavya i\u00e7erisindeki konumu, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n SSCB i\u00e7indeki konumuna benziyordu.
-1989\u2019da Do\u011fu Bloku\u2019nda ba\u015flayan demokratikle\u015fme s\u00fcreci Yugoslav milletlerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketlerinin ba\u015flamas\u0131na neden oldu.
-Bu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k istekleri b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc bozmayan fakat haklar\u0131n e\u015fitlendi\u011fi konfederasyon iste\u011finden ibaretti.
– S\u0131rplar ise S\u0131rbistan etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fmekten yanayd\u0131.
– \u201cS\u0131rplar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 her yer S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olacak.\u201d fikriyle hareket ettiler.
-\u0130lk olarak 1991\u2019de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan eden Slovenya ve H\u0131rvatistan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 S\u0131rplar diren\u00e7 g\u00f6sterdilerse de Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi tepki kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda durumu kabullendiler.
-Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde Makedonya da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.
– 1991\u2019de Karada\u011f, S\u0131rbistan\u2019la birle\u015ferek Yeni Yugoslavya (Federal) Devleti\u2019ni kurduklar\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.
-\u00dc\u00e7 etnik unsurdan olu\u015fan Bosna-Hersek\u2019te ise Aliya \u0130zzetbegovi\u00e7 liderli\u011findeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, H\u0131rvatlarla anla\u015farak 1992\u2019de Bosna-Hersek\u2019in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ettiler.
-Durumu tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildiren Bosna-Hersekli S\u0131rplar isyan ba\u015flatt\u0131. S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131n da destek vermesiyle olay bir i\u00e7 sava\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Bosna Sava\u015f\u0131 (1992-1995)<\/b>
-Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta H\u0131rvatlarla birlikte S\u0131rp sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Bo\u015fnaklar, bir m\u00fcddet sonra H\u0131rvatlar\u0131n, Bosna-Hersek H\u0131rvat Devleti\u2019ni kurduklar\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmeleri \u00fczerine iki ate\u015f aras\u0131nda kald\u0131.
-Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6zleri \u00f6n\u00fcnde ya\u015fananlara di\u011fer devletlerin de duyars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 eklenince vah\u015fet soyk\u0131r\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.
-Bo\u015fnaklar (Bosnal\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar) ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelelerini \u201cBaba, Bilge Kral\u201d gibi unvanlar verdikleri Aliya \u0130zzetbegovi\u00e7\u2019in etraf\u0131nda kenetlenerek y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc.<\/p>\n


Bosna Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ac\u0131 Tablosu<\/b>
-Bosna Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 bin Bo\u015fnak hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti,
3,5 milyon insan g\u00f6\u00e7men durumuna d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc,
30 bin ki\u015fi kayboldu,
500 toplu mezar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.
-Bu toplu mezarlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu mavi kelebekler sayesinde tespit edildi.
-K\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131n %80\u2019i yok edildi.<\/p>\n


\n<\/ins>
\nBosna Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda K\u00fcresel G\u00fc\u00e7ler ve Uluslararas\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fctlerin Tutumu<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n


Rusya<\/b>
-Bar\u0131\u015ftan yana oldu\u011funu ilan eden Rusya, BM ambargo karar\u0131na ra\u011fmen S\u0131rplar\u0131 desteklemekten ve onlara yard\u0131m etmekten geri durmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
ABD<\/b>
-ABD, Kuveyt Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi tepkiyi Bosna\u2019da g\u00f6stermemi\u015f, sadece birka\u00e7 g\u00f6stermelik bombard\u0131man yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
NATO<\/b>
-1994\u2019te NATO\u2019nun S\u0131rplara verdi\u011fi \u00fcltimatom sonras\u0131nda S\u0131rplar Saraybosna muhasaras\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 m\u00fcdahaleler NATO\u2019nun g\u00f6stermelik hamleleridir.
Avrupa Toplulu\u011fu<\/b>
-AB \u00fclkeleri, S\u0131rp zulm\u00fcnden ka\u00e7an Bo\u015fnaklar\u0131 \u00fclkelerine kabul etmemi\u015f, yap\u0131lacak yard\u0131mlar\u0131 da Bo\u015fnaklar\u0131n kendi b\u00f6lgelerinde kalmalar\u0131 \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011flam\u0131\u015flar, S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131 k\u0131namak, b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7iliklerini Belgrad\u2019dan \u00e7ekmek,
AG\u0130K\u2019teki oy ve s\u00f6z hakk\u0131n\u0131 ask\u0131ya almak gibi etkisiz \u00f6nlemler almakla yetinmi\u015flerdir.
BM<\/b>
-Kuveyt\u2019in i\u015fgalinde t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 aya\u011fa kald\u0131ran BM, Bosna Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda sesini \u00e7\u0131karmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n

Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131<\/b>
-S\u0131rbistan i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6zerk bir yap\u0131s\u0131 olan Kosova\u2019da millet meclisi 1990\u2019da Kosova Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kabul etti.
-Kosova, 1991\u2019de yap\u0131lan referandum sonras\u0131nda 1992\u2019de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.
-1997\u2019de Kosova \u00dcniversitesinde ba\u015flayan olaylar \u00fclke geneline yay\u0131lan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.
-S\u0131rp bask\u0131 ve \u015fiddeti kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Kosova\u2019daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Arnavutlar, 1997\u2019de Kosova Kurtulu\u015f Ordusunu (U\u00c7K) kurdu.
-S\u0131rplar, 15 Ocak 1999\u2019da Re\u00e7ak\u2019ta ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 katliam\u0131 \u00fclke geneline yayd\u0131lar.
-Bosna Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda ortaya koydu\u011fu k\u00f6t\u00fc intibay\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek isteyen uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar ve NATO\u2019nun m\u00fcdahalesi bu kez fazla gecikmedi.
-S\u0131rplar ile bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.
-Kosova; AG\u0130T, NATO bar\u0131\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc ordusu KFOR ve BM\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131 UNMIK idaresine b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.
-2001\u2019de yap\u0131lan genel se\u00e7imlerle Kosova\u2019da demokratik idare tesis edildi.
-2008\u2019de Kosova\u2019n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ilan\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye ve di\u011fer \u00fclkeler tan\u0131d\u0131.
-Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr katliam\u0131 da ya\u015fand\u0131.
-Osmanl\u0131 miras\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr varl\u0131klar\u0131 bu \u015fekilde yok edilmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

AB\u2019nin Geni\u015flemesi<\/b>
-II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kaybetti\u011fi d\u00fcnya liderli\u011fi, ABD ve SSCB\u2019nin eline ge\u00e7ti.
-Bu durumda Avrupa kendi i\u00e7inde ekonomik geli\u015fmeyi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in 1951\u2019de alt\u0131 \u00fclkenin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla AK\u00c7T\u2019yi kurdu.
-Bu kurulu\u015f 1957\u2019de AET\u2019ye, 1992\u2019de AB\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.
-Kurulu\u015fundan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze gelinceye kadar \u00fcye say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 28\u2019e \u00e7\u0131karan birli\u011fin geni\u015flemesindeki esaslar, Roma Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 237. maddesine g\u00f6re sadece Avrupa devleti olma ko\u015fuluna ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
-Tam \u00fcyelik i\u00e7in Avrupa devleti olma \u015fart\u0131na hukuk devleti olma, temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler ile demokrasinin kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131 da eklendi.
-Kopenhag\u2019da Haziran 1993\u2019te yap\u0131lan zirvede tam \u00fcyelikle ilgili nihai kriterler belirlenerek Kopenhag Nihai Kriterleri uygulamaya konuldu.
-1995\u2019te yap\u0131lan Madrid Zirvesi\u2019nde ise devletlerin idari yap\u0131s\u0131 ve entegrasyonuna dair esaslar belirlendi.<\/p>\n


Kopenhag Kriterleri<\/b>
-AB\u2019ye tam \u00fcyelik \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlendi\u011fi kriterlerdir.
-Kopenhag Kriterleri ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan bu kriterler \u00fc\u00e7 ba\u015fl\u0131kta toplanmaktad\u0131r: 1. Uyum Kriterleri
2. Siyasi Kriterler
3. Ekonomik Kriterler<\/p>\n


\n<\/ins>
\nAB ve T\u00fcrkiye<\/b>
-II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan AET\u2019nin (Avrupa Ekonomik Toplulu\u011fu) k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede geni\u015flemesi \u00fczerine b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmak istemeyen T\u00fcrkiye m\u00fcracaat konusunda kendini zorunlu hissetmi\u015ftir.
-T\u00fcrkiye 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda AET\u2019ye ba\u015fvuru yaparak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de devam etmekte olan adayl\u0131k s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
-T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen 27 May\u0131s 1960 Darbesi ile s\u00fcre\u00e7 yava\u015flam\u0131\u015f olsa da 1963 Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye- AET ili\u015fkilerinin geli\u015ftirilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m olmu\u015ftur.
-1980\u2019lerde d\u00fcnyada ya\u015fanan h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim, Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 bloklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ili\u015fkilerin yumu\u015famas\u0131, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye bak\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir de\u011fi\u015fim ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
-Ekonomik refah\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n AB\u2019ye \u00fcyelikten ge\u00e7ti\u011fine dair d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 14 Nisan 1987\u2019de tam \u00fcyelik ba\u015fvurusu yapmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
-T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tam \u00fcyeli\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015fte b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ad\u0131m olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi Antla\u015fmas\u0131 1995\u2019te imzalanarak 1 Ocak 1996\u2019dan itibaren y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir.
-Tek tarafl\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler \u00fcstlenen T\u00fcrkiye, tam \u00fcye olmadan G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fine giren ilk ve tek \u00fclke olmu\u015ftur.
-Aral\u0131k 1997\u2019deki L\u00fcksemburg Zirvesi kararlar\u0131nda K\u0131br\u0131s d\u00e2hil on bir \u00fclkeden tam \u00fcyeli\u011fe aday \u00fclke olarak s\u00f6z edilirken T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in adayl\u0131k kavram\u0131 kullan\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
-L\u00fcksemburg kararlar\u0131 ile K\u0131br\u0131s ve T\u00fcrk-Yunan ikili sorunlar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6n\u00fcne ilk defa \u00f6n ko\u015ful olarak konulmu\u015ftur.
-T\u00fcrkiye, 1998\u2019de di\u011fer adaylar\u0131n oldu\u011fu rapor sistemine d\u00e2hil edilmi\u015ftir.
-1999 Helsinki Zirvesi’nde T\u00fcrkiye’nin adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 resmen onaylanm\u0131\u015f ve di\u011fer aday \u00fclkelerle e\u015fit konumda olaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bir dille ifade edilmi\u015ftir.
-AB; Helsinki Zirvesi, K\u0131br\u0131s ve Ege sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019ye uyum s\u00fcrecinde siyasi kriterler h\u00e2line getirmi\u015ftir.
-T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan Kat\u0131l\u0131m Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Belgesi, 8 Mart 2011\u2019de AB Konseyi taraf\u0131ndan onaylanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
-Ya\u015fanan b\u00fct\u00fcn bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lere ra\u011fmen T\u00fcrkiye, AB\u2019ye kabul edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n


-AB\u2019nin, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin nihai \u00fcyeli\u011fini geciktirmesinde \u00fc\u00e7 temel sorun alan\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u00fcfus, <\/b>
-T\u00fcrkiye seksen milyonluk n\u00fcfusuyla AB \u00fcyesi olursa AB kurumlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde en b\u00fcy\u00fck kat\u0131l\u0131m ve temsil hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde etmesi,
-T\u00fcrkiye, ayn\u0131 zamanda AB\u2019deki fonlardan en \u00e7ok yararlanan \u00fclke olmas\u0131,
Jeopolitik konum<\/b>
-T\u00fcrkiye, ABD\u2019nin ter\u00f6re destek veren \u00fclkeler listesinde yer alan devletlerle kom\u015fudur.
-T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB \u00fcyesi olmas\u0131 AB\u2019yi, \u0130ran, Irak ve Suriye gibi \u00fclkelerle kom\u015fu yapacakt\u0131r.
K\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar<\/b>
-T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin demokratik, laik ve sosyal bir hukuk devleti olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen AB\u2019deki baz\u0131 \u00e7evreler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sahip oldu\u011fu \u0130slami kimli\u011fin AB de\u011ferleriyle uyumlu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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