{"id":481,"date":"2020-11-03T13:31:00","date_gmt":"2020-11-03T10:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/03\/kuresel-guclerin-enerji-kaynaklari-uzerindeki-rekabetinin-orta-dogudaki-siyasi-gelismelere-etkileri\/"},"modified":"2020-11-03T13:31:00","modified_gmt":"2020-11-03T10:31:00","slug":"kuresel-guclerin-enerji-kaynaklari-uzerindeki-rekabetinin-orta-dogudaki-siyasi-gelismelere-etkileri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/03\/kuresel-guclerin-enerji-kaynaklari-uzerindeki-rekabetinin-orta-dogudaki-siyasi-gelismelere-etkileri\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u00dcRESEL G\u00dc\u00c7LER\u0130N ENERJ\u0130 KAYNAKLARI \u00dcZER\u0130NDEK\u0130 REKABET\u0130N\u0130N ORTA DO\u011eU\u2019DAK\u0130 S\u0130YAS\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELERE ETK\u0130LER\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Tarih ders notlar\u0131, yks tarih ders notlar\u0131, ayt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tyt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tarih \u00f6zet, tarih 9 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 10 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 11 ders notlar\u0131, ink\u0131lap tarihi ders notlar\u0131, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve d\u00fcnya tarihi ders notlar\u0131, g\u00fcncel tarih ders notlar\u0131, \u00f6zet konu anlat\u0131m, k\u0131sa tarih, yeni kitaba g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ders notlar\u0131, yeni m\u00fcfredat tarih , tarih pdf<\/p>\n

4. \u00dcN\u0130TE SO\u011eUK SAVA\u015e D\u00d6NEM\u0130<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n



\n<\/ins>
\nK\u00dcRESEL G\u00dc\u00c7LER\u0130N ENERJ\u0130 KAYNAKLARI \u00dcZER\u0130NDEK\u0130 REKABET\u0130N\u0130N ORTA DO\u011eU\u2019DAK\u0130 S\u0130YAS\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELERE ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/b><\/p>\n

Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/b>
-Sykes-Picot Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanan Filistin b\u00f6lgesinde, Balfour Deklarasyonu ile bir Yahudi devleti kurulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ad\u0131m at\u0131ld\u0131.
-San Remo Konferans\u0131 ile \u0130ngiliz idaresine b\u0131rak\u0131lan Filistin\u2019e \u00e7ok say\u0131da Yahudi g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ya\u015fand\u0131.
-Arap toplumunda rahats\u0131zl\u0131klara neden olan bu g\u00f6\u00e7ler; 1920, 1921 ve 1929 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Araplar ile Yahudilerin \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na neden oldu.
-\u0130ngiltere, i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Filistin meselesini Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler g\u00fcndemine ta\u015f\u0131yarak \u00e7\u00f6zmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131.
-BM\u2019de kurulan Filistin \u00d6zel Komitesi ile iki farkl\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak \u00c7o\u011funluk Plan\u0131 ve Az\u0131nl\u0131k Plan\u0131 ortaya konuldu.
-Aralar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de oldu\u011fu \u0130slam \u00fclkeleri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Filistin devleti fikrini benimsedi.
-ABD ve SSCB birlikte hareket ederek Filistin\u2019in taksimi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde tav\u0131r ald\u0131.
-\u0130ngiltere ise tarafs\u0131z kald\u0131.
-Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Kurulunun Filistin\u2019in taksimi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki karar\u0131na Arap Birli\u011finin tepkisi \u00fczerine iki toplum aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flad\u0131.
-\u0130ngiltere, 14 May\u0131s 1948\u2019de Filistin\u2019deki kuvvetlerini \u00e7ekece\u011fini ve manda y\u00f6netimini kald\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.
-Yahudi Mill\u00ee Konseyi de \u0130srail Devleti\u2019nin kuruldu\u011funu ilan etti.
-\u0130srail Devleti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131, Araplar ile Yahudiler aras\u0131nda kesin bir ayr\u0131\u015fmaya ve bu devlet ile baz\u0131 Arap devletlerinin 1948, 1956, 1967 ve 1973\u2019te sava\u015fmalar\u0131na neden oldu.<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n


\n<\/ins>
\n1948 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131<\/b>
– M\u0131s\u0131r, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, Suriye, L\u00fcbnan ve Irak ordular\u0131n\u0131n 15 May\u0131s\u2019ta Filistin\u2019e girmesiyle sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131.
-\u0130srail, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00fcst\u00fcn duruma ge\u00e7ti ve galip geldi.
-M\u0131s\u0131r, L\u00fcbnan, \u00dcrd\u00fcn ve Suriye ile 1949\u2019da yap\u0131lan ate\u015fkes antla\u015fmalar\u0131yla sava\u015f sona erdi.
-ABD\u2019nin \u0130srail\u2019e mali ve asker\u00ee alanlarda yard\u0131mda bulunarak Arap \u00fclkelerine ambargo uygulamas\u0131 da sonucu etkilemi\u015ftir.
-SSCB, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n etkisiyle Araplarla iyi ili\u015fkiler kurmay\u0131 tercih etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1956 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131<\/b>
-M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan 1936\u2019da \u00e7ekilen \u0130ngiltere, S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde asker\u00ee haklar elde etmi\u015fti.
-M\u0131s\u0131r, ABD\u2019nin yeterli deste\u011fini alamay\u0131nca SSCB\u2019ye yakla\u015ft\u0131.
-Bu durum \u0130ngiltere ile Fransa\u2019n\u0131n tepkisini \u00e7ekti.
-\u0130ngiltere ve Fransa, \u0130srail ile i\u015f birli\u011fine giderek bir sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131.
-\u0130srail\u2019in 29 Ekim 1956\u2019da M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a sald\u0131rmas\u0131yla sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131. SSCB\u2019nin duruma tepki g\u00f6stermesi ve ABD\u2019nin de \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019y\u0131 sert \u015fekilde uyarmas\u0131 \u00fczerine sava\u015f durduruldu ve i\u015fgal birlikleri geri \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n

1967 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131<\/b>
-1964\u2019teki Arap Birli\u011fi toplant\u0131s\u0131nda, Filistin davas\u0131n\u0131n tek \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Yaser Arafat liderli\u011findeki Filistin Kurtulu\u015f \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn (FK\u00d6) ve El-Fetih\u2019in kurulmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.
-El-Fetih\u2019in gerilla tarz\u0131 asker\u00ee birlikleri \u0130srail\u2019in Suriye ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn ile ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda etkin rol oynad\u0131.
-SSCB\u2019nin deste\u011fini alan M\u0131s\u0131r, Tiran Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131 \u0130srail\u2019in ge\u00e7i\u015flerine kapatt\u0131.
-\u0130srail bu olay\u0131 sava\u015f sebebi kabul etti ve 5 Haziran\u2019da d\u00fczenledi\u011fi ani bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ile sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131.
-ABD donanmas\u0131na ait 6. Filo\u2019nun b\u00f6lgede olmas\u0131 ve \u0130srail\u2019e lojistik yard\u0131m yapmas\u0131, sava\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131 g\u00fcnde bitmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.
-\u0130srail daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendi, \u0130srail, topraklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6rt kat art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130slam \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (\u0130\u0130T)<\/b>
-\u0130slam devletleri aras\u0131nda tek seslilik olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 zamanlarda yap\u0131lan giri\u015fimler sonu\u00e7suz kald\u0131.
-Ya\u015fanan Arap-\u0130srail sava\u015flar\u0131, bu fikrin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesine ortam haz\u0131rlad\u0131.
-Mescid-i Aksa\u2019n\u0131n 1969\u2019da bir Yahudi taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131lmak istenmesi \u00fczerine Arap Birli\u011finin giri\u015fimleri sonucunda \u0130slam Konferans\u0131 Te\u015fkilat\u0131 kuruldu.
-\u00dcye devletleraras\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek ve farkl\u0131 alanlarda yap\u0131lacak i\u015f birlikleri ile peki\u015ftirmek Te\u015fkilat\u0131n kurulu\u015f ama\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda idi.
-Astana\u2019da 2011\u2019de yap\u0131lan 38. D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanlar\u0131 Konseyinde al\u0131nan kararla te\u015fkilat\u0131n ad\u0131 \u0130slam \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131
(\u0130\u0130T) olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n


\n<\/ins>
\n1973 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131<\/b>
-Arap \u00fclkeleri ile \u0130srail aras\u0131nda 1967 Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm m\u00fczakerelere ra\u011fmen bir uzla\u015fma sa\u011flanamad\u0131.
-Bu sava\u015fta as\u0131l ama\u00e7 \u0130srail\u2019i yok etmek de\u011fil, 1967 Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda kaybedilen yerleri geri almakt\u0131.
– M\u0131s\u0131r ve Suriye\u2019nin ani sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ile genel sava\u015f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu.
-SSCB\u2019nin deste\u011findeki Suriye ve M\u0131s\u0131r, ABD destekli \u0130srail kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda di\u011fer sava\u015flara oranla ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir sava\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc.
-ABD Kongresi\u2019nin \u0130srail\u2019e silah ve para yard\u0131m\u0131 karar\u0131 almas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Petrol \u0130hra\u00e7 Eden Arap \u00dclkeleri (OAPEC), petrol ihracat\u0131n\u0131 azaltt\u0131 ve fiyat art\u0131\u015f\u0131na gitti.
-\u0130srail, OAPEC\u2019in bu tavr\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin araya girmesiyle 25 Ekim 1973\u2019te M\u0131s\u0131r ve Suriye ile ate\u015fkes imzalad\u0131.
-1967 Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131ndan \u00e7ekildi.
-Bu sava\u015f ramazan ay\u0131na rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Ramazan Sava\u015f\u0131 veya Yahudilerin kutsal ay\u0131na rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Yom Kippur (Yam Kipor) diye de an\u0131l\u0131r.
-ABD ve SSCB ili\u015fkileri yumu\u015fama s\u00fcrecine girdi.
-Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r ve \u0130srail genelkurmay ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla ilk Arap-\u0130srail antla\u015fmas\u0131 (101. Kilometre Antla\u015fmas\u0131) imzaland\u0131.
-31 May\u0131s 1974) ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Kissinger\u2019in giri\u015fimleriyle S\u00fcvey\u015f ve Kahire aras\u0131ndaki 101. km\u2019de yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu ad\u0131 ald\u0131.
-Camp David Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na giden yolu a\u00e7mas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n


K\u00fcresel G\u00fc\u00e7lerin Arap \u0130srail Sava\u015flar\u0131na Etkisi<\/b>
-1956 S\u00fcvey\u015f Krizi ile \u0130srail\u2019den yana tav\u0131r alan \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Orta Do\u011fu\u2019daki otoriteleri sona erdi.
-ABD ve SSCB\u2019nin bu otorite bo\u015flu\u011fundan yararlanarak b\u00f6lgede \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irmek istemesi So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n Orta Do\u011fu\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na neden oldu.
-So\u011fuk Sava\u015f s\u00fcrecinde \u00dcrd\u00fcn ve L\u00fcbnan Bat\u0131 Bloku taraf\u0131ndan desteklenirken M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Enver Sedat, Suriye\u2019de devrimci Baas rejimi ve Filistinli gerillalar Do\u011fu Bloku taraf\u0131ndan desteklendi.
-Bu geli\u015fmeler Arap \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeyi iyice derinle\u015ftirdi.
-\u0130srail, Bat\u0131 Bloku\u2019nda yer alarak ABD ile ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirdi.
– ABD\u2019nin Orta Do\u011fu\u2019daki SSCB yay\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ilk hamlelerinden biri, 1955\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6nderli\u011finde kurulan Ba\u011fdat Pakt\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel dengeleri etkiledi.
-Bu pakt\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan kurulup M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 bertaraf etmesi, i\u00e7erisinde Irak hari\u00e7 Arap \u00fclkesinin olmamas\u0131 Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda tepkilere ve beraberinde SSCB\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 yak\u0131nl\u0131k duyulmas\u0131na neden oldu.
-ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Eisenhower, kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan doktrin ile b\u00f6lgeye ekonomik yard\u0131m yapma ve asker\u00ee m\u00fcdahalede bulunma yetkisini elde etti.
-Bu hamle Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ayr\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 daha da art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Camp David Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/b>
-M\u0131s\u0131r H\u00fck\u00fbmetinin politikas\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmeler ba\u015flad\u0131.
-ABD ve Bat\u0131\u2019dan gelecek yard\u0131mlara duyulan ihtiya\u00e7 gibi nedenlerle SSCB\u2019den uzakla\u015fma e\u011filimi ba\u015flad\u0131.
-M\u0131s\u0131r, ilk olarak 1974\u2019te ABD arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleriyle birtak\u0131m avantajlar elde etmenin yan\u0131nda Sina Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 da geri ald\u0131.
-ABD\u2019de 1977\u2019de ba\u015fkan olan Carter, Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n tesis edilmesine a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verdi.
-Arap ve \u0130srail taraflar\u0131na bask\u0131 yaparak bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engelleri kald\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
-ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Henry Kissenger da, Arap-\u0130srail bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla 1978\u2019de Arap \u00fclkeleriyle \u0130srail aras\u0131nda mekik diplomasisi y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc.
-M\u0131s\u0131r lideri Enver Sedat, \u0130srail\u2019e giderek Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc ziyaret etti.
-\u0130srail Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Menahem Begin\u2019\u0131n (Men\u0131h\u0131m Bic\u0131n) da M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a gitmesiyle \u0130smailiye\u2019de bir zirve yap\u0131ld\u0131.
-M\u0131s\u0131r, \u0130srail\u2019i tan\u0131yan ilk Arap devleti oldu.
-ABD ve SSCB, b\u00f6lgede bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla Cenevre\u2019de bir konferans d\u00fczenlemeye karar verdi fakat konferans bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc toplanamad\u0131
-BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 242 say\u0131l\u0131 kararla \u0130srail-M\u0131s\u0131r aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak antla\u015fmaya dair baz\u0131 esaslar belirlendi.
-\u0130ran Devrimi\u2019nin ya\u015fanmas\u0131 ABD ve \u0130srail\u2019i tedirgin etti.
-\u0130srail\u2019in Sina Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7ekilmesi ve S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 \u00fczerindeki haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 gibi konularda uzla\u015fmaya var\u0131ld\u0131.
-26 Mart 1979\u2019da Beyaz Saray\u2019da Camp David Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.
-Bu antla\u015fmaya tepki olarak 18 Arap devleti M\u0131s\u0131r ile ili\u015fkilerini kesti.
-Bu antla\u015fman\u0131n Arap devletleri aras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131\u015fma, en \u00e7ok SSCB\u2019nin i\u015fine yarad\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Arap devletlerinde ve toplumunda Bat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ciddi oranda artt\u0131.<\/p>\n


\n<\/ins>
\n1960 Sonras\u0131 Enerji Kaynaklar\u0131ndaki De\u011fi\u015fim ve 1973 Petrol Krizi OPEC<\/b>
-Sanayi Devrimi ile makinele\u015fme alan\u0131nda ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmeler, enerji kaynaklar\u0131na olan ihtiyac\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131.
-Petrol\u00fcn ke\u015ffiyle d\u00fcnya dengeleri tamamen de\u011fi\u015fti.
-Petrol, l. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve ll. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ya\u015fanan bir\u00e7ok \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n en \u00f6nemli nedenlerinden biri oldu.
-Bu enerji kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 1960\u2019a kadar Yedi K\u0131z Karde\u015f diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan ABD men\u015feli yedi petrol \u015firketi y\u00f6netti.
-OPEC\u2019in 1960\u2019ta kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra petrol \u00fcreten \u00fclkeler de petrol enerjisinde s\u00f6z sahibi olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.
-OPEC\u2019in \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan Arap \u00fclkeleri, Petrol \u0130hra\u00e7 Eden Arap \u00dclkeleri \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (OAPEC) ad\u0131yla farkl\u0131 bir olu\u015fum daha kurdu.
-OPEC, 1960\u2019ta Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine \u0130ran, Irak, Kuveyt ve Suudi Arabistan\u2019\u0131n da aralar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan kurulan birliktir. Sonras\u0131nda Cezayir, Angola, Libya, Nijerya, Katar ve Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri de bu birli\u011fe d\u00e2hil olmu\u015ftur.
-ABD\u2019li b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol \u015firketlerinin tek tarafl\u0131 olarak petrol fiyatlar\u0131nda indirime gitmesi ile petrol \u00fclkeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck zarara u\u011frad\u0131.
-Petrol\u00fcn siyaset \u00fczerindeki etkisini fark eden Arap \u00fclkeleri, Arap-\u0130srail sava\u015flar\u0131nda \u0130srail ve yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in petrol\u00fc bir silah gibi kulland\u0131.
-1970\u2019lerin sonuna kadar enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 lideri, petrold\u00fc.
-Ya\u015fanan krizler sonras\u0131nda bol ve ucuz olan do\u011fal gaza a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verildi.
-Gelece\u011fe y\u00f6nelik olarak hidrokarbon, dalga, gelgit, biyoenerji, metanhidrat, uzay tabanl\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi gibi farkl\u0131 alanlarda enerji \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in altyap\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

1973 Petrol Krizi<\/b>
-ABD, 1971\u2019de dolar\u0131n alt\u0131nla de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini temel alan Bretton Woods sistemi yerine piyasa kanunlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ini\u015f- \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n ya\u015fanabilece\u011fi ve dolar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6deme arac\u0131 oldu\u011fu yeni sisteme ge\u00e7ti.
-Bu sistem de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi d\u00fcnya finans dengelerini alt\u00fcst etti ve 1929 Ekonomik Buhran\u0131\u2019na benzer etkiler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.
-\u0130lk etapta dolarda deval\u00fcasyon ya\u015fand\u0131.
-Petrol gelirlerinden adil pay alamayan petrol \u00fcreticisi \u00fclkeler hem fiyat kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamak hem de aralar\u0131nda i\u015f birli\u011fine gitmek i\u00e7in OPEC\u2019i kurmu\u015ftu.
-1970\u2019li y\u0131llara gelindi\u011finde OPEC \u00fclkelerindeki petrol \u015firketleri mill\u00eele\u015ftirilip devletle\u015ftirildi (1972-Irak, 1973-\u0130ran vb.).
-Bu hamlelerle OPEC \u00fcyesi \u00fclkelerin petrol \u00fczerindeki kontrolleri art\u0131nca bu durumdan en \u00e7ok etkilenen, petrol ihra\u00e7 eden Arap \u00fclkeleri oldu.
-OAPEC (Petrol \u0130hra\u00e7 Eden Arap \u00dclkeleri Birli\u011fi) 1968\u2019de Suudi Arabistan, Kuveyt ve Libya aras\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla kuruldu.
-Sonra Cezayir, Bahreyn, Katar, BAE, Irak, Suriye ve M\u0131s\u0131r da birli\u011fe d\u00e2hil oldu.
-Petrol fiyatlar\u0131 1973\u2019te 2,59 dolarken 1974\u2019te 11,65 dolara y\u00fckseldi.
-Uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik krizler ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.
-1973 Petrol Krizi ile petrol fiyatlar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan art\u0131\u015f, geli\u015fmi\u015f sanayileri olumsuz etkiledi.
-Krizin etkileri 1980\u2019li y\u0131llara kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc.
-Bu kriz geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde (Brezilya, T\u00fcrkiye, Hindistan gibi) enflasyon, sanayile\u015fmenin yava\u015flamas\u0131 gibi olumsuz etkilere neden oldu.
-Buna benzer bir krizin ya\u015fanmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de kurucular\u0131 aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n


\u0130ran-Irak Sava\u015f\u0131<\/b>
-\u0130ran\u2019la yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Cezayir Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (1975) ile \u015eatt-\u00fcl Arap ve K\u00fcrt meselesini halleden Irak, Petrol Krizi ile de 1973\u2019te 2 milyar dolar olan petrol gelirini 1980\u2019de 26 milyar dolara \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131
-Bu ekonomik refah d\u00fczeyi Irak Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Saddam H\u00fcseyin\u2019de bir \u00f6z g\u00fcven meydana getirdi.
-Saddam H\u00fcseyin Irak\u2019\u0131n Arap Birli\u011fini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fine inanan politikalar y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.
-Fransa, SSCB, Almanya gibi geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerden silah alarak bir silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine girdi.
-\u0130ran ile ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 ancak sava\u015f yoluyla halledebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Irak\u2019\u0131n, \u0130ran ile sava\u015fa girme gerek\u00e7eleri olu\u015fturdu.
-Irak, \u0130ran\u2019da ya\u015fanan ihtilal sonras\u0131nda ba\u015f g\u00f6steren kaos ortam\u0131ndan istifade ederek aralar\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 kendi lehine \u00e7\u00f6zmek istedi.
-\u0130ran\u2019da devrim yapan Humeyni y\u00f6netimi, y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli subaylar\u0131 ordudan ihra\u00e7 etti.
-ABD ve SSCB\u2019yi \u015feytan devletler ilan etmesinden dolay\u0131 \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerle aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.
-Irak ani bir taarruzla \u0130ran i\u00e7lerine do\u011fru girdi ve sava\u015f 22 Eyl\u00fcl 1980\u2019de ba\u015flad\u0131.
-Sava\u015f, iki taraf a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ele ge\u00e7irilemedi\u011fi bir m\u00fccadeleye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.
-1986\u2019da \u0130rangate (\u0130rangeyt) Olay\u0131 ( \u0130srailli bir general arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u0130ranl\u0131 yetkililerle gizlice g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fen ABD\u2019nin \u0130ran\u2019a silah satmas\u0131)\u2019n\u0131n patlak vermesi \u00fczerine t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya \u015foka girdi.
-Sava\u015f\u0131n petrol g\u00fcvenli\u011fine zarar vermesi \u00fczerine yeni bir krize meydan vermemek i\u00e7in ABD, olaya etki etti.
-BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararla en k\u0131sa zamanda ate\u015fkes yap\u0131lmas\u0131 istendi (1987).
-Irak \u00f6neriyi kabul etti\u011fi h\u00e2lde biraz daha avantajl\u0131 durumda olan \u0130ran, anla\u015fmaya yana\u015fmad\u0131.
-Irak\u2019\u0131n SSCB\u2019den ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 f\u00fczelerle \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 vurmas\u0131, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimyasal silahlarla s\u0131n\u0131r boylar\u0131n\u0131 vurmas\u0131, katliam derecesine varan y\u0131k\u0131mlara neden oldu.
-\u0130ran, 18 Temmuz 1988\u2019de bar\u0131\u015fa raz\u0131 oldu. 20 A\u011fustos 1988\u2019de ate\u015fkesin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ile sava\u015f fiilen sona erdi.
-\u0130ran-Irak Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda T\u00fcrkiye tarafs\u0131z kald\u0131.
-Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeler her iki \u00fclkeye silah satmaktan ve kredi vermekten geri kalmad\u0131.
-Sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcp sava\u015f\u0131 destekleyen Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu ikili oyunu \u0130rangate Olay\u0131\u2019nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.
-Bu olayda \u0130ran-ABD-\u0130srail \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fc akt\u00f6r olarak yer ald\u0131.
-\u00c7in, \u0130ran ile iyi ili\u015fkiler kurarak bu \u00fclkeye f\u00fcze sat\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulundu.
-SSCB, Irak ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fma gere\u011fi Irak\u2019a silah satt\u0131.
-Her iki \u00fclkeden de yakla\u015f\u0131k birer bu\u00e7uk milyon insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.
-Her iki \u00fclkenin de milyarlarca dolar kayna\u011f\u0131 heba oldu ve iki \u00fclke de ekonomik darbo\u011faza girdi.
-Her iki \u00fclkenin de petrol kaynaklar\u0131 tahrip oldu.
-Arap \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131l\u0131klar daha da artt\u0131.
-\u0130srail\u2019in b\u00f6lgede daha rahat hareket etmesine neden oldu.
-\u0130ran\u2019da devrimi ele\u015ftirenler tasfiye edildi ve yeni rejim \u00fclkeye tamamen h\u00e2kim oldu.
-Irak\u2019\u0131n bu sava\u015ftan kazan\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131 Saddam H\u00fcseyin\u2019i yeni bir maceraya (Kuveyt\u2019in i\u015fgali) itti.<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/div>\n

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