{"id":482,"date":"2020-11-03T09:51:00","date_gmt":"2020-11-03T06:51:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/03\/yumusama-doneminde-ortaya-cikan-siyasi-ve-askeri-gelismeler\/"},"modified":"2020-11-03T09:51:00","modified_gmt":"2020-11-03T06:51:00","slug":"yumusama-doneminde-ortaya-cikan-siyasi-ve-askeri-gelismeler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/03\/yumusama-doneminde-ortaya-cikan-siyasi-ve-askeri-gelismeler\/","title":{"rendered":"YUMU\u015eAMA D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE ORTAYA \u00c7IKAN S\u0130YAS\u0130 VE ASKER\u00ce GEL\u0130\u015eMELER"},"content":{"rendered":"

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<\/a><\/div>\n

Tarih ders notlar\u0131, yks tarih ders notlar\u0131, ayt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tyt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tarih \u00f6zet, tarih 9 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 10 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 11 ders notlar\u0131, ink\u0131lap tarihi ders notlar\u0131, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve d\u00fcnya tarihi ders notlar\u0131, g\u00fcncel tarih ders notlar\u0131, \u00f6zet konu anlat\u0131m, k\u0131sa tarih, yeni kitaba g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ders notlar\u0131, yeni m\u00fcfredat tarih , tarih pdf<\/p>\n

4. \u00dcN\u0130TE SO\u011eUK SAVA\u015e D\u00d6NEM\u0130<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/ins>
\nYUMU\u015eAMA D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE ORTAYA \u00c7IKAN S\u0130YAS\u0130 VE ASKER\u00ce GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/b><\/p>\n

Yumu\u015fama D\u00f6nemi (Detant)
<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n


-Yumu\u015fama D\u00f6nemi, Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 bloklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sava\u015f tehlikesinin azalmas\u0131 ile siyasi, ekonomik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve teknolojik anla\u015fmalar\u0131n artmas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r.
-Bu d\u00f6nem, uluslararas\u0131 sisteme h\u00e2kim olan devletlerin, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn herhangi bir b\u00f6lgesinde \u00e7\u0131kacak bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n k\u00fcresel bir sava\u015fa yol a\u00e7mamas\u0131 i\u00e7in belirli kurallar i\u00e7inde tedbirli hareket ettikleri d\u00f6nemdir.
-Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 bloklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sava\u015f tehlikesi Stalin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden (1953) sonra iktidara gelen Kru\u015f\u00e7ev\u2019in ki\u015fisel y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 sonucunda etkisini azaltt\u0131.
-Sovyetlerin 1957\u2019de ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sputnik Program\u0131 ile n\u00fckleer teknolojide uzay \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131.
-1957\u2019den sonra deh\u015fet dengesinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 istikrar\u0131 beraberinde getirdi.
-K\u00fcba Buhran\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 ili\u015fkilerinde yumu\u015fama d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131.
-Yumu\u015faman\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00c7in-Sovyet \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131z devletler de etkili oldu.
-ABD ve SSCB aras\u0131nda 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren konvansiyonel silahlardaki s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rma bir tarafa b\u0131rak\u0131larak n\u00fckleer silahs\u0131zlanmaya dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yap\u0131ld\u0131.
-1962 K\u00fcba Buhran\u0131 ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n n\u00fckleer bir sava\u015f\u0131n e\u015fi\u011finden d\u00f6nmesi, bu s\u00fcreci h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131 ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in pek \u00e7ok antla\u015fma imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kru\u015f\u00e7ev-Kennedy (Kenedi) G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesi ve Etkileri<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n


<\/b>-1950\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonu itibar\u0131yla SSCB-ABD ili\u015fkilerindeki gerilimin merkezinde Berlin bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

-SSCB lideri Kru\u015f\u00e7ev, 1958\u2019de Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin Berlin\u2019deki kararg\u00e2hlar\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015faltmalar\u0131n\u0131 istedi.<\/p>\n

-ABD, SSCB, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa aras\u0131nda 1960\u2019ta Paris\u2019te yap\u0131lan D\u00f6rt \u00dclke Zirvesi sonu\u00e7suz kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

-Kru\u015f\u00e7ev ile Kennedy, Berlin Buhran\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc konusunda Haziran 1961\u2019de Viyana\u2019da bir araya geldi.<\/p>\n

-Berlin konusunda NATO\u2019nun kararl\u0131 duru\u015fu ile Kru\u015f\u00e7ev geri ad\u0131m atmak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

-Viyana Zirvesi sonras\u0131 gerilimin t\u0131rmand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde SSCB ve Do\u011fu Almanya 13 A\u011fustos 1961\u2019de Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 aras\u0131n\u0131nay\u0131ran Berlin Duvar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 \u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

-Berlin Duvar\u0131 bir anlamda Avrupa\u2019daki stat\u00fckonun Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 bloklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kabullenilmesi oldu.<\/p>\n


\n<\/ins>
\nK\u00fcba Buhran\u0131 (1962)<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n


<\/b>-K\u00fcba, 1930\u2019dan beri diktat\u00f6r Fulgencio Batista (Fulgensio Batista) taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmekteydi.
-Batista y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 Fidel Castro\u2019nun (Fidel Kastro) ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fccadele 8 Ocak 1959\u2019da ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131.
-Amerika ilk d\u00f6nemden itibaren Castro\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 mesafeli durdu.
-ABD\u2019nin ekonomik h\u00e2kimiyetinden kurtulmak isteyen K\u00fcba, 1960\u2019ta SSCB ile ekonomik ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in antla\u015fmalar yapt\u0131.
-Fidel Castro bu geli\u015fmeler \u00fczerine SSCB\u2019den adan\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi konusunda yard\u0131m talebinde bulundu.
-ABD ve SSCB bir n\u00fckleer sava\u015fa do\u011fru h\u0131zla s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmekteydi.
-SSCB, Amerikan kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda geri ad\u0131m att\u0131.
-K\u00fcba\u2019daki Sovyet f\u00fczelerinin s\u00f6k\u00fclmesini kabulleneceklerini fakat ABD\u2019nin de aday\u0131 i\u015fgal etmemesini ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki J\u00fcpiter f\u00fczelerini s\u00f6kmesini istedi.
-Kriz T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin iki s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu, ABD ile m\u00fcttefik olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n g\u00fcvende olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu.
-K\u00fcba Buhran\u0131\u2019n\u0131n zirveye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 27 Ekim 1962, n\u00fckleer sava\u015f\u0131n e\u015fi\u011finden d\u00f6n\u00fclen g\u00fcn olarak n\u00fckleer silahs\u0131zlanma \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu.
-K\u00fcba Buhran\u0131, \u00c7in ile SSCB ili\u015fkilerinde gerilime neden oldu.
-SSCB\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fan g\u00fcvensizlik Castro\u2019yu \u00c7in\u2019e yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.

Ke\u015fmir Sorunu<\/b>
-Pakistan\u2019\u0131n kuzeyinde bulunan Ke\u015fmir; 1947\u2019de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanan Hindistan ve Pakistan aras\u0131ndaki sorunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir.
-Ke\u015fmir\u2019in 1947\u2019de Hindistan\u2019a ilhak\u0131, 1948\u2019deki Pakistan-Hindistan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sebebi oldu.
-Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin araya girmesi ve plebisit karar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 ile ate\u015fkes sa\u011fland\u0131.
-Ke\u015fmir\u2019de ihtilaf i\u00e7inde olan Hindistan ve Pakistan, d\u0131\u015f politikada da farkl\u0131 tercihlerde bulunarak birbirlerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131lar.
-Pakistan\u2019\u0131n 1955\u2019te Ba\u011fdat Pakt\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131, SSCB\u2019yi Hindistan yanl\u0131s\u0131 politika izlemeye y\u00f6neltti.
-Mart 1959\u2019da \u00c7in\u2019in Tibet\u2019i i\u015fgal ederek kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na d\u00e2hil etmesi, \u00c7in-Hindistan ili\u015fkilerinde gerginli\u011fe neden olurken Pakistan-\u00c7in ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirdi.
-Pakistan, \u00c7in\u2019i Hindistan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 bir denge unsuru olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc.
-1963 Aral\u0131k ay\u0131ndan itibaren Ke\u015fmir\u2019de Hindularla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fand\u0131.
-1965\u2019te Pakistan askerlerinin Ke\u015fmir\u2019e girmesi ile sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131.
-BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyinin ate\u015fkes \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na taraflar\u0131n olumlu cevap vermesiyle ate\u015fkes antla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.
-SSCB arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Pakistan ve Hindistan, Ta\u015fkent\u2019te bir araya gelerek 10 Ocak 1966\u2019da Ta\u015fkent Deklarasyonu\u2019nu yay\u0131mlad\u0131lar.
-Ke\u015fmir sorunu iki devlet aras\u0131ndaki silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 n\u00fckleer g\u00fcce sahip olma boyutuna ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
-Ke\u015fmir halk\u0131, Hindistan\u2019\u0131n takip etti\u011fi bast\u0131rma, sindirme ve asimilasyon politikalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 1987\u2019den beri kendi imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 ile m\u00fccadele vermektedir.<\/p>\n


\n<\/ins>
\nVietnam Sava\u015f\u0131 (1955-1975)<\/b>
-Hindistan ve \u00c7in aras\u0131nda bulunan yar\u0131madad\u0131r.
-II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sona ermesiyle Ho Chi Minh (Ho \u015ei Min), Vietnam Demokratik Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kuruldu\u011funu ilan etti.
-Asya\u2019daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerini kaybetmek istemeyen ve ABD\u2019nin deste\u011fini alan Fransa, buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.
-Fransa\u2019n\u0131n 1946\u2019daki sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 \u00c7inhindi Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131.
-1954\u2019teki Cenevre Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re 17. paralel esas al\u0131narak kuzeyde Ho Chi Minh taraf\u0131ndan Vietnam Demokratik Cumhuriyeti, g\u00fcneyde Bat\u0131 yanl\u0131s\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fbmet kuruldu.
-ABD\u2019nin destekledi\u011fi bu h\u00fck\u00fbmet, Cenevre Antla\u015fmas\u0131 gere\u011fi 1956\u2019da yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken se\u00e7imleri kabul etmedi ve kendisini G\u00fcney Vietnam Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc.
-Kuzey Vietnem\u2019\u0131n G\u00fcney Vietnam Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne ekonomik ve asker\u00ee yard\u0131m yapmas\u0131, ABD\u2019yi Vietnam meselesine d\u00e2hil etti.
-1964\u2019te Kuzey Vietnam (Viet Kong) devriye botlar\u0131n\u0131n Tonkin (Tankin) K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nde TurnerJoy ve Madox sava\u015f gemilerini bat\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131 \u00fczerine Amerikan Kongresi, Tonkin K\u00f6rfezi Karar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 onaylad\u0131.
-ABD de 1965\u2019te Kuzey Vietnam\u2019a sald\u0131rarak sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131.
-ABD kamuoyunda ve bat\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fcttefikler taraf\u0131ndan sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 gelen tepkiler nedeniyle ABD bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerine ba\u015flad\u0131.
-G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler sonucunda 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vietnam Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 imzaland\u0131.
-1976\u2019da Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Vietnam birle\u015fti ve Vietnam Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti kuruldu.
-Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131 II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 insan eliyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck felaket olmu\u015ftur.
-Bu sava\u015f\u0131n sonucunda SSCB-\u00c7in politikalar\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n belirginle\u015fmesi ile yumu\u015fama s\u00fcreci h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.

SSCB\u2019nin Afganistan\u2019\u0131 \u0130\u015fgali (1979)<\/b>
-Afganistan; Bat\u0131 Asya ile Orta Do\u011fu, Orta Asya ile Basra K\u00f6rfezi ve Hint Okyanusu aras\u0131nda bir ge\u00e7it noktas\u0131d\u0131r.
-\u00dclke, stratejik \u00f6neminden dolay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck devletleraras\u0131nda m\u00fccadele alan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.
-XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiltere ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n rekabet alan\u0131 olan Afganistan, Emir Emanullah y\u00f6netiminde 1919\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
-Afganistan\u2019da 1978\u2019de asker\u00ee darbe ile Afganistan Demokratik Halk Partisinin ba\u015fat siyasal g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011fu Demokratik Afgan Cumhuriyeti kuruldu.
-Devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Nur Muhammed Taraki getirildi.
-Taraki y\u00f6netimi Aral\u0131k 1978\u2019de SSCB ile Dostluk, \u0130yi Kom\u015fuluk ve \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalad\u0131.
-Yirmi y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek bu antla\u015fma ile Afganistan, Sovyet etkisi alt\u0131na girmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.
-Halk\u0131n Sovyet yanl\u0131s\u0131 y\u00f6netime kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi tepki \u00fczerine Afgan H\u00fck\u00fbmeti SSCB\u2019den yard\u0131m istedi.
-Sovyet birlikleri Afganistan\u2019a girmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.
-Afganistan\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgali ile \u00fclke i\u00e7indeki farkl\u0131 gruplar bir araya gelerek mill\u00ee direni\u015fi ba\u015flatt\u0131lar.
-Sovyetlerin Afganistan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgali ABD\u2019de Yumu\u015fama D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin sona erdi\u011fi kan\u0131s\u0131na neden oldu.
-ABD Senatosu, SALT-II Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 onaylamad\u0131.
-Afganistan i\u015fgali kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Carter (Kart\u0131r), tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve y\u00fcksek teknolojinin sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 hususunda SSBC\u2019ye ambargo uygulad\u0131 ve 1980 Moskova Olimpiyatlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 boykot etti.
-Afganistan, SSCB i\u00e7in insan ve para t\u00fcketen bir sava\u015f h\u00e2line geldi.
-SSCB, 14 Nisan 1988 Cenevre Antla\u015fmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 1988-1989\u2019da Afganistan\u2019dan \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n


\n<\/ins>
\nBa\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zlar Hareketi\u2019nin Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/b>
-Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zlar Hareketi kapitalist ve kom\u00fcnist bloka d\u00e2hil olmayan \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
-Latin Amerika, Orta Do\u011fu, G\u00fcney Asya ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya \u00fclkelerini kapsar.
-Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Asya ve Afrika devletleri i\u00e7erisindeki \u00f6nc\u00fc rol\u00fcn\u00fc Hindistan \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.
-Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k politikas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendiren Hindistan Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Jawaharlal Nehru (Javarla Nehru) olmu\u015ftur.
-Nehru\u2019nun ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k fikrinin temelinde bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde bir arada ya\u015fama siyasi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, asker\u00ee ittifaklara kat\u0131lmamak, kendi topraklar\u0131nda ba\u015fka devletlerin asker\u00ee \u00fcs kurmas\u0131na izin vermemek, ikili ittifaklara girmemek ve
mill\u00ee kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelelerini desteklemek \u015feklinde be\u015f ilkeye dayanmaktad\u0131r.
-Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kta bloklara kar\u015f\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k de\u011fil, herkesle dost olmak esast\u0131r.
-Nehru, ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc blok olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesine de kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
-1955 Bandung Konferans\u0131\u2019nda ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan en \u00f6nemli neden, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeni kazanan devletlerin zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.
-Bu \u015fekilde d\u00fcnyay\u0131 iki bloka ay\u0131ran durumun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir yol a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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