{"id":780,"date":"2019-02-09T12:47:00","date_gmt":"2019-02-09T09:47:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2019\/02\/09\/osmanli-devletinde-demokratiklesme-sureci-tarih-11-4-unite-devrimler-caginda-degisen-devlet-toplum-iliskileri-4-konu\/"},"modified":"2019-02-09T12:47:00","modified_gmt":"2019-02-09T09:47:00","slug":"osmanli-devletinde-demokratiklesme-sureci-tarih-11-4-unite-devrimler-caginda-degisen-devlet-toplum-iliskileri-4-konu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2019\/02\/09\/osmanli-devletinde-demokratiklesme-sureci-tarih-11-4-unite-devrimler-caginda-degisen-devlet-toplum-iliskileri-4-konu\/","title":{"rendered":"OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE DEMOKRAT\u0130KLE\u015eME S\u00dcREC\u0130- TAR\u0130H 11 4. \u00dcN\u0130TE DEVR\u0130MLER \u00c7A\u011eINDA DE\u011e\u0130\u015eEN DEVLET-TOPLUM \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LER\u0130 4. KONU"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Tarih ders notlar\u0131, yks tarih ders notlar\u0131, ayt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tyt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tarih \u00f6zet, tarih 9 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 10 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 11 ders notlar\u0131, ink\u0131lap tarihi ders notlar\u0131, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve d\u00fcnya tarihi ders notlar\u0131, g\u00fcncel tarih ders notlar\u0131, \u00f6zet konu anlat\u0131m, k\u0131sa tarih, yeni kitaba g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ders notlar\u0131, yeni m\u00fcfredat tarih , tarih pdf<\/span><\/b>
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\n<\/span><\/b>
\nOSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE DEMOKRAT\u0130KLE\u015eME S\u00dcREC\u0130<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\n
<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\nSened-i \u0130ttifak (1808)<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\nTanzimat Ferman\u0131 (G\u00fclhane Hatt-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2yunu-1839)<\/a><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\nIslahat Ferman\u0131 (1856)<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\nI. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in \u0130lan\u0131 ve Kanun-i Esasi\u2019nin Kabul\u00fc<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\nII. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in \u0130lan\u0131 (24 Temmuz 1908)<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\nTanzimat\u2019\u0131n \u0130lan Edilmesinden Sonra \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan Belli Ba\u015fl\u0131 Kanunlar<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\nDa\u011f\u0131lmay\u0131 \u00d6nleme \u00c7abalar\u0131<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\n\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\nT\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck (Milliyet\u00e7ilik)<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
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\nOSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE DEMOKRAT\u0130KLE\u015eME S\u00dcREC\u0130<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\n
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\nSENED-\u0130 \u0130TT\u0130FAK (1808)<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\n
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\n<\/p>\n
\nXVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 <\/div>\n
\neyaletlerinde mali, idari ve asker\u00ee kanunlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu<\/div>\n
\n zeminin etkisiyle \u00e2yan ad\u0131 verilen zengin bir z\u00fcmre, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nII. Mahmut, merkezde siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fc artan Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 , sadrazaml\u0131\u011fa getirdi. <\/div>\n
\nAlemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa devlet otoritesinin yeniden tesisi i\u00e7in yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n muhasebesini tefti\u015f vesilesiyle yeni\u00e7eri zorbalar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc veya s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderildi.<\/div>\n
\nAlemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa, ta\u015frada yok olan merkez\u00ee otoriteyi tekrar tesis etmek amac\u0131yla \u00e2yanlarla anla\u015fma yoluna giderek \u00e2yanlar\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019a \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nAmac\u0131 merkez ile ta\u015fra aras\u0131nda bir uzla\u015fma sa\u011flamak, \u00e2yanlara hak ve g\u00f6revler vererek resmiyet kazand\u0131rmak, b\u00f6ylece devletin da\u011f\u0131lma tehlikesini \u00f6nlemekti.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n

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\n\u00c2yan:<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\n<\/p>\n
\nHerhangi bir vilayet ve kazada o yerin idaresi ile alakadar olarak halk ile h\u00fck\u00fbmet aras\u0131ndaki i\u015fleri idare eden ve halk taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen bir vazife sahibidir. <\/div>\n
\n\u00c2yanlar o memleketin n\u00fcfuzlu aileleri olan ve \u201ce\u015fraf-\u0131 belde\u201d denilen z\u00fcmre aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilirdi. <\/div>\n
\nH\u00fck\u00fbmet \u00e2yanlar\u0131 se\u00e7mez bu i\u015fi valiler takip ederdi. \u00c2yanlar vergi ve asker toplamada devlete yard\u0131m ederlerdi.<\/div>\n
\nBu yard\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00e2yanlara toplanan vergiden hisse verilirdi.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nAlemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa gibi birinin Sadrazaml\u0131k makam\u0131nda olmas\u0131, bir\u00e7ok \u00e2yan ve a\u011fan\u0131n davete itaat etmesinde etkili oldu. <\/div>\n
\nBulgar \u00e2yanlar\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi Kavalal\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa, Alemdar\u2019\u0131 rakip g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri i\u00e7in davete kat\u0131lmad\u0131lar.<\/div>\n
\n\u00d6neriler oturuma kat\u0131lanlar aras\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ve al\u0131nan kararlar \u201cSened-i \u0130ttifak\u201d ad\u0131 verilen belgeye yaz\u0131larak imzalan\u0131p m\u00fch\u00fcrlendi.<\/div>\n
\nII. Mahmut bu senedi mevcut durumun k\u00f6t\u00fc olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 istemeyerek de olsa imzalad\u0131.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\nSENED-\u0130 \u0130TT\u0130FAK\u2019IN BAZI MADDELER\u0130<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\n
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\n<\/p>\n
\n\u00c2yanlar padi\u015fah\u0131n emirlerini yerine getirerek ona sad\u0131k kalacaklard\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n\u00c2yanlar, eyaletlerden devletin asker almas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 gelmeyeceklerdi. Kar\u015f\u0131 gelenlerden b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e2yanlar davac\u0131 olacaklard\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nHazine gelirlerinin toplanmas\u0131 devletin koymu\u015f oldu\u011fu kanun ve h\u00fck\u00fcmlere g\u00f6re yap\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n Sadrazam\u0131n kanun ve ittifaka uygun olarak verece\u011fi emirlere itaat edilecek, uygun olmayanlara birlikte kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130stanbul\u2019da Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer ocaklarda isyan \u00e7\u0131karsa \u00e2yanlar emir beklemeksizin gelip isyan\u0131 bast\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklard\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nPadi\u015fah \u00e2dil ve e\u015fit vergi alacak, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 vergi konmayacakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n
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\nSENED-\u0130 \u0130TT\u0130FAK\u2019IN DE\u011eERLEND\u0130RMES\u0130<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
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\n
\nDevlet, Anadolu\u2019da ve Rumeli\u2019de kendi kendine <\/div>\n
\ng\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015f ve bir bak\u0131ma \u00f6zerkli\u011fini ilan etmi\u015f olan <\/div>\n
\n\u00e2yanlar\u0131n varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, bu senetle kabul edip hukuki h\u00e2le getirdi. <\/div>\n
\nBu belge ile baz\u0131 yetkilerinden zorunlu olarak vazge\u00e7mesiyle padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkileri s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bundan dolay\u0131 II. Mahmut, bu senedin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcn ko\u015fullar\u0131 gere\u011fi zorunlu olarak kabul etti.<\/div>\n
\nSened-i \u0130ttifak\u2019\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7ek g\u00fc\u00e7 olan Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa, 15 Kas\u0131m 1808\u2019de yeni\u00e7eriler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan isyan sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. <\/div>\n
\nAlemdar\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcnden \u00e7ekinen II. Mahmut, bu duruma adeta seyirci kald\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Sened-i \u0130ttifak etkisini yitirdi.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nTANZ\u0130MAT FERMANI 1839 <\/b><\/div>\n
\n(G\u00dcLHANE HATT-I H\u00dcM\u00c2YUNU)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
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\nTanzimat, Sultan Abd\u00fclmecit D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde 1839 Tanzimat<\/div>\n
\n Ferman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilan\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan 1876 Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131 ile sona eren d\u00f6neme denir.<\/div>\n
\nTanzimat, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne Bat\u0131l\u0131 anlam\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve y\u00f6netim \u015fekli getirmek i\u00e7in Avrupa\u2019dan esinlenerek yap\u0131lan programl\u0131 bir yenilik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr hareketidir.<\/div>\n
\nTanzimat Ferman\u0131, devletin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f nedenlerle da\u011f\u0131lma tehlikesi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine devleti bu durumdan kurtarmak i\u00e7in bir \u00e7are olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. <\/div>\n
\nTanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca ama\u00e7lar\u0131, <\/div>\n
\nDevlet i\u00e7erisindeki halk\u0131n bir k\u0131s\u0131m haklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve Hristiyan toplumlar\u0131 siyasi y\u00f6nlerden birbirine yakla\u015ft\u0131rmak  <\/div>\n
\nAvrupal\u0131 devletlerin az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 bahane ederek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyerek i\u00e7 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sa\u011flamakt\u0131.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n
\nTANZ\u0130MAT FERMANI \u0130LE KABUL ED\u0130LEN MADDELER<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
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\nKanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde herkes e\u015fit say\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nVergiler herkesin gelirine g\u00f6re toplanacakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nHi\u00e7 kimseye yarg\u0131lanmadan ve sorgulanmadan <\/p>\n
\nceza verilmeyecekti.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nMahkemeler herkese a\u00e7\u0131k olarak yap\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nKi\u015filere m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nacakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nAskerlik i\u015fleri d\u00fczene sokulacakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nM\u00fcsadere usul\u00fc kald\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nTANZ\u0130MAT FERMANI\u2019NIN DE\u011eERLEND\u0130RMES\u0130<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
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\nTanzimat D\u00f6nemi, merkeziyet\u00e7i bir y\u00f6netim ve b\u00fcrokrasi d\u00f6nemiydi.<\/div>\n
\n3 Kas\u0131m 1839\u2019da Mustafa Re\u015fit Pa\u015fa Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 ile \u00fclkenin problemlerini dile getirdi sonra memleketin iyi idaresi i\u00e7in de yeni kanunlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011funu belirtti. <\/div>\n
\nAnayasal y\u00f6netim ve demokratikle\u015fme yolunda \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. <\/div>\n
\nTanzimat Ferman\u0131 ile Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahale etmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa da Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin el\u00e7ileri fermandaki baz\u0131 maddeleri kullanarak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahale ettiler.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nISLAHAT FERMANI (1856)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
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\n
\nIslahat Ferman\u0131, K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne yard\u0131m eden \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n isteklerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nBat\u0131 devletlerinin el\u00e7ileri, Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n vaat etti\u011fi reformlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek kanun ve nizamlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, yap\u0131lanlar\u0131n da uygulanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan \u015fik\u00e2yet\u00e7i olmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nSadrazam, d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131 ve \u015feyh\u00fclislam ile bu devletlerin el\u00e7ilerinin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar sonunda Tanzimat kurallar\u0131n\u0131 tekrarlayan, a\u00e7\u0131klayan ve geni\u015fleten bir ferman haz\u0131rland\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nIslahat Ferman\u0131\u2019nda Hristiyanlara yeni haklar tan\u0131nd\u0131. Hristiyanlar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n d\u00fczeyine getirilerek halk\u0131n kayna\u015fmas\u0131 sa\u011flanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.
\n<\/ins>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nISLAHAT FERMANI \u0130LE GET\u0130R\u0130LEN \u0130LKELER<\/b><\/div>\n
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\nB\u00fct\u00fcn uyruklar i\u00e7in din\u00ee ibadet ve t\u00f6renlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 serbesttir.<\/div>\n
\nHristiyanlar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcc\u00fc, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara oranla fark g\u00f6zetici, hakaretamiz muamelede bulunulmayacak ve s\u00f6z s\u00f6ylenilmeyecektir.<\/div>\n
\nB\u00fct\u00fcn memurluklar ve okullar herkese a\u00e7\u0131k olacakt\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla Hristiyanlar aras\u0131ndaki ticaret ve cinayet davalar\u0131na karma mahkemeler bakacak.<\/div>\n
\nM\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayanlar da askere al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nM\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayanlar da yerel meclislerde temsil edilecektir.<\/div>\n
\nB\u00fct\u00fcn uyruklar i\u00e7in vergi e\u015fitli\u011fi sa\u011flanacakt\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130ltizam sistemi kald\u0131r\u0131larak vergiler do\u011frudan al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nISLAHAT FERMANI\u2019NIN DE\u011eERLEND\u0130RMES\u0130<\/b><\/div>\n
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\nIslahat Ferman\u0131, konu olarak sadece M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan <\/div>\n
\nuluslar\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmi\u015f, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk i\u00e7in yeni bir hak getirmemi\u015ftir. <\/div>\n
\nBu nedenle Islahat Ferman\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan olumlu kar\u015f\u0131lanmad\u0131. Hristiyanlar ise Islahat Ferman\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kendilerine askerlik y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc getirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in olumlu kar\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131lar.<\/div>\n
\nGer\u00e7ekte Islahat Ferman\u0131, Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n geni\u015fletilmi\u015f bir \u015fekliydi ancak Tanzimat, \u00fclkenin i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fc durumdan kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015f etki olmadan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nIslahat Ferman\u0131 ise yabanc\u0131 devletlerin bask\u0131s\u0131 sonucunda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f ve ilan edilmi\u015fti.<\/div>\n
\nParis Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndaki, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015f\u0131lmayacak\u201d maddesine ra\u011fmen 1856-1876 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Islahat Ferman\u0131\u2019na dayanan yabanc\u0131 devletler, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine daha \u00e7ok kar\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n
\nI. ME\u015eRUT\u0130YET\u2019\u0130N \u0130LANI VE <\/b><\/div>\n
\nKANUN-\u0130 ESAS\u0130\u2019N\u0130N KABUL\u00dc (1876)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
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\nMe\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131n\u0131 isteyen ve kendilerine \u201cGen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar\u201d diyen bir grup ayd\u0131n 1865 tarihinde \u0130stanbul\u2019da \u201cGen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar Cemiyeti\u201dni kurdular. <\/div>\n
\n\u015einasi, Nam\u0131k Kemal, Ali Suavi, Ziya Pa\u015fa, Ag\u00e2h Efendi bu \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda, padi\u015fah\u0131n mutlak otoritesine kar\u015f\u0131 ilk muhalefeti olu\u015fturdular. <\/div>\n
\nGen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n temel amac\u0131 mutlak monar\u015fi yerine anayasal bir monar\u015fi kurmak yani padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkilerini halk\u0131n temsilcilerinden olu\u015fan bir meclis ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nBu olu\u015fum Devlet \u015e\u00fbras\u0131 (\u015e\u00fbra-y\u0131 Devlet) Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Mithat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n deste\u011fi ile g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019i destekleyerek tahta ge\u00e7mesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131lar.<\/div>\n
\nII. Abd\u00fclhamit, devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n, bas\u0131n\u0131n ve yabanc\u0131 devletlerin istekleri do\u011frultusunda me\u015frutiyete ge\u00e7meye karar verdi. II. Abd\u00fclhamit 8 Ekim 1876\u2019da Kanun-i Esasi\u2019nin haz\u0131rlama i\u015fini Mithat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kurulan bir komisyona verdi.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nBirinci Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131, XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda <\/div>\n
\nba\u015flay\u0131p s\u00fcrekli devam etmi\u015f olan bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma hareketinin bir sonucudur.<\/div>\n
\nBalkanlar\u2019da ya\u015fanan olumsuzluklara \u00e7are bulmak amac\u0131yla \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Rusya, Avusturya, Almanya, \u0130talya ve Osmanl\u0131 devletlerinin temsilcileri \u0130stanbul (Tersane) Konferans\u0131\u2019nda bir araya geldiler. <\/div>\n
\n\u0130\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f siyaset buhran\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tmak isteyen Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, \u0130stanbul Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilk oturumunun yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada Kanun-i Esasi\u2019yi B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li\u2019de toplanan devlet adamlar\u0131 ve halk \u00f6n\u00fcnde t\u00f6renle ilan etti (23 Aral\u0131k 1876). <\/div>\n
\nB\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrk toplumunun ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 anayasas\u0131 kabul edildi.<\/div>\n
\nII. Abd\u00fclhamit ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 mebuslar\u0131n faaliyetlerini ve 93 Harbi\u2019ni gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek Kanun\u2019un kendisine verdi\u011fi yetkiyle Meclisi feshetti (13 \u015eubat 1878).<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nKANUN-\u0130 ESAS\u0130<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n\u0130lan edilen Kanun-i Esasi\u2019ye g\u00f6re y\u00fcr\u00fctme <\/div>\n
\ng\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131nda padi\u015fah bulunuyordu. <\/div>\n
\nYarg\u0131 yetkisi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nYasama yetkisi ise Mebusan Meclisi ve \u00c2yan Meclisi\u2019nden kurulu bir Genel Meclis taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek, yasama faaliyetleri padi\u015fah\u0131n onay\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olacakt\u0131. \u00c2yan Meclisi \u00fcyelerini padi\u015fah, Mebusan Meclisi \u00fcyelerini halk se\u00e7ecekti. <\/div>\n
\nMeclisi fesh etme yetkisi ise padi\u015faha aitti. Di\u011fer yandan padi\u015fah, h\u00fck\u00fbmete olan g\u00fcveni zedeledi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle istedi\u011fi ki\u015fiyi memleket d\u0131\u015f\u0131na s\u00fcrmek yetkisine sahipti. <\/div>\n
\nDevlet y\u00f6netimiyle ilgili yetkilerin t\u00fcm\u00fc ger\u00e7ekte yine h\u00fck\u00fcmdarda toplanm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nII. ME\u015eRUT\u0130YET \u00d6NCES\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nII. Me\u015frutiyet \u00f6ncesi 1878 Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla S\u0131rbistan, <\/div>\n
\nKarada\u011f ve Romanya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda Kars-Ardahan-Batum\u2019un Rusya\u2019ya verilmi\u015fti.<\/div>\n
\nK\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n ayr\u0131 bir antla\u015fmayla \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye verilmesi Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesine sebep olmu\u015ftur. <\/div>\n
\nFrans\u0131zlar\u0131n 1881\u2019de Tunus\u2019u, \u0130ngilizlerin 1882\u2019de M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Akdeniz\u2019deki h\u00e2kimiyetine b\u00fcy\u00fck darbe vurmu\u015ftur. <\/div>\n
\nAvrupal\u0131 devletlerin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kendilerine olan bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 almak i\u00e7in 1881\u2019de D\u00fcy\u00fbn-u Umum\u00eeye\u2019yi (Genel Bor\u00e7lar \u0130daresi) kurmalar\u0131 devleti ekonomik olarak k\u00f6t\u00fc etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
\nII. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019in Meclis-i Mebusan\u2019\u0131 kapatmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n tepki g\u00f6sterip muhalefet etmelerine neden oldu. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni ayakta tutmak i\u00e7in otoriter bir rejim uygulayan II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 olan muhalefet g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nII. ME\u015eRUT\u0130YET\u2019\u0130N \u0130LANI (24 TEMMUZ 1908)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n\u0130ngiliz Kral\u0131 III. Edward (Edv\u0131rt) ile Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 II. Nikola\u2019n\u0131n Reval G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti (9-10 Haziran 1908). Reval G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri\u2019nde Rusya ile \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 haberi k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede duyuldu. <\/div>\n
\n\u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019ye g\u00f6re devleti kurtaracak tek yol II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019in tahttan indirilmesi ve me\u015frutiyet rejimine ge\u00e7ilmesiydi. <\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin sonunun geldi\u011fi iddialar\u0131 art\u0131nca Kola\u011fas\u0131 Niyazi ve Enver Beyler Selanik ve Manast\u0131r\u2019da ayaklanma \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar. <\/div>\n
\nMakedonya\u2019daki olaylar gittik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek halk\u0131n ve III. Ordu\u2019nun kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 genel bir isyan h\u00e2lini ald\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti Selanik\u2019te harekete ge\u00e7ti. 23 Temmuz 1908\u2019de padi\u015faha bir telgraf \u00e7ekerek Kanun-i Esasi\u2019nin derh\u00e2l y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve meclisin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, bu yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde daha k\u00f6t\u00fc olaylar\u0131n meydana gelebilece\u011fi bildirildi.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n

\nII. Abd\u00fclhamit olaylar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmemesi ve devlet otoritesinin yeniden tesis edilmesi amac\u0131yla me\u015frutiyeti yeniden ilan etti (24 Temmuz 1908).<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nMe\u015frutiyet\u2019in duyurulmas\u0131 \u00fczerine mebus se\u00e7imi ile ilgili haz\u0131rl\u0131klar ba\u015flad\u0131. <\/div>\n
\n25 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmu\u015f ve devlete vergi veren erkekler se\u00e7imlerde oy kullanma hakk\u0131na sahipti. 50 bin erkek n\u00fcfus ad\u0131na bir mebus se\u00e7ilecekti. <\/div>\n
\nMebus aday\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in de 30 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmu\u015f olmak ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e okuma yazma bilmek zorunlulu\u011fu getirilmi\u015fti. <\/div>\n
\nBir\u00e7ok siyasi parti  olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen se\u00e7imler \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin denetimi alt\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nYap\u0131lan se\u00e7imler sonucunda 240 mebus halk\u0131 temsil edecekti.<\/div>\n
\nMeclis-i Mebusan\u2019\u0131n, 17 Aral\u0131k 1908\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla siyasi hayatta yeni bir d\u00f6nem ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu yeni d\u00f6nem art\u0131k \u00e7ok partili ve parlamentolu olacakt\u0131.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\nII. ME\u015eRUT\u0130YET \u0130LE OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE <\/div>\n
\nKURULAN S\u0130YAS\u0130 PART\u0130LER<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n1. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki F\u0131rkas\u0131 <\/span><\/div>\n
\n2. H\u00fcrriyet ve \u0130tilaf F\u0131rkas\u0131 <\/span><\/div>\n
\n3. Osmanl\u0131 Ahrar F\u0131rkas\u0131 <\/span><\/div>\n
\n4. Fedak\u00e2r\u00e2n-\u0131 Millet Cemiyeti <\/span><\/div>\n
\n5. Osmanl\u0131 Demokrat F\u0131rkas\u0131 <\/span><\/div>\n
\n6. \u0130ttihad-\u0131 Muhammediye F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n7. Mutedil H\u00fcrriyetperveran F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/div>\n
\n8. Islahat-\u0131 Esasiye-i Osmaniye F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/div>\n
\n9. Ahali F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/div>\n
\n10. Osmanl\u0131 Sosyalist F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/div>\n
\n11. Mill\u00ee Me\u015frutiyet F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nKANUN-\u0130 ESAS\u0130\u2019DE YAPILAN BAZI DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130KL\u0130KLER<\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nH\u00fck\u00fbmet meclise kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlu oldu.<\/div>\n
\nPadi\u015fah\u0131n s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yetkisi kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nPadi\u015fah\u0131n mutlak veto yetkisi kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nYasa teklifi i\u00e7in gerekli olan padi\u015fah izni kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nPadi\u015fah\u0131n meclisi a\u00e7ma-kapama yetkisi zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nSans\u00fcr yasa\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nSiyasi parti kurma hakk\u0131 getirilerek \u00e7ok partili hayata ge\u00e7i\u015f sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nPadi\u015fah\u0131n kanunlar\u0131 onaylama s\u00fcresi s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nTANZ\u0130MAT\u2019IN \u0130LAN ED\u0130LMES\u0130NDEN SONRA \u00c7IKARILAN BELL\u0130 BA\u015eLI KANUNLAR<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\n1840 Tarihli Ceza Kanunu:<\/b> Ki\u015fi haklar\u0131na de\u011fer veren <\/div>\n
\nyeni bir ceza kanunu yap\u0131ld\u0131. Frans\u0131z hukukundan etkilenilmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
\n1851 Tarihli Ceza Kanunu (Kanun-\u0131 Cedit): <\/b>Zab\u0131taya kar\u015f\u0131 gelmek, sarho\u015fluk, kumarbazl\u0131k, k\u0131z ka\u00e7\u0131rma, sahtek\u00e2rl\u0131k, gibi su\u00e7lar da bu kanuna ilave edildi.<\/div>\n
\nArazi Kanunnamesi: <\/b>Mir\u00ee arazinin m\u00fclk h\u00e2line ge\u00e7i\u015fi bu kanunla kolayla\u015ft\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nMecelle-i Ahk\u00e2m-\u0131 Adliyye:<\/b> Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde haz\u0131rlanan en \u00f6nemli kanun Mecelle-i Ahk\u00e2m-\u0131 Adliyye\u2019dir. Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kurulan Mecelle Cemiyeti mill\u00ee bir medeni kanun haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Mecelle bir bak\u0131ma modern hukukla \u015fer\u00ee hukukun sentezlenmesiydi.<\/div>\n
\nHukuk-\u0131 Aile Kararnamesi: \u0130slam hukukunun aileye dair k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kanunla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 mahiyetindedir (1917).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nUsul-i Muhakeme-i \u015eeriye Nizamnamesi:<\/b> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin klasik d\u00f6neminde asli ve tek mahkeme olan \u015feriye mahkemelerinin yarg\u0131lama usul\u00fc, Mecelle\u2019de yer alan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerle yeniden d\u00fczenlenmekteydi. Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir yek\u00fbn olu\u015fturan bu d\u00fczenlemeler, 1917 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir araya getirilip Usul-i Muhakeme-i \u015eeriye Nizamnamesi olarak \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nKanunname-i Ticaret: <\/b>1849 y\u0131l\u0131nda Frans\u0131z Ticaret Kanunu\u2019nu, Kanunname-i Ticaret ad\u0131yla terc\u00fcme ettirerek 1850 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koydu.<\/div>\n
\nTicaret-i Bahriye Kanunnamesi:<\/b> 1863 tarihli Ticaret-i Bahriye Kanunnamesi\u2019nin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesiyle Kanunname-i Ticaret\u2019in deniz ticareti ile ilgili eksikli\u011fi tamamland\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nUsul-i Muhakeme-i Ticaret Nizamnamesi: <\/b>Dava a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, dilek\u00e7e verilmesi, taraflar\u0131n mahkemeye celbi, davan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, karar, g\u0131yab\u00ee yarg\u0131lama, karara itiraz, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n h\u00fckme itiraz\u0131 ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmler Usul-i Muhakeme-i Ticaret Nizamnamesi\u2019nde yer almaktayd\u0131.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\nDA\u011eILMAYI \u00d6NLEME \u00c7ABALARI<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\nOSMANLICILIK<\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan M\u00fcslim, gayrim\u00fcslim halka yeni haklar vererek aralar\u0131nda e\u015fitlik sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k fikri benimsenmi\u015fti. <\/div>\n
\nAma\u00e7 din, dil, \u0131rk ayr\u0131m\u0131 yapmadan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Osmanl\u0131 milleti olu\u015fturmakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nII. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile ilgili ilk ciddi ad\u0131m\u0131 att\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 bir\u00e7ok \u0131slahat yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k fikrinin en \u00f6nemli savunucular\u0131 Ali Pa\u015fa, Fuat Pa\u015fa, Mithat Pa\u015fa ve Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lard\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nTanzimat\u2019\u0131n ilan\u0131ndan sonra sosyal alanda uygulanmaya ba\u015flanan bu fikir, Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019e me\u015frutiyeti kabul ettirmesiyle siyasi alanda da yerini ald\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nMe\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile S\u0131rbistan, Karada\u011f ve Romanya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k fikrine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir darbe vurdu. <\/div>\n
\nBalkanlar\u2019da, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da ya\u015fanan olaylar, gayrim\u00fcslimlerin M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 ve devlete kar\u015f\u0131 isyanlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k fikrinin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n\u0130SLAMCILIK<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nTanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019yla resmen ba\u015flayan Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma hareketine <\/div>\n
\nve Bat\u0131c\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n \u0130slamiyet aleyhine yazm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 yaz\u0131lara <\/div>\n
\nbir tepki olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k fikri \u00f6nemini kaybedince \u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k fikri \u00f6nem kazanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik co\u011frafyalar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan b\u00fct\u00fcn M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplama d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi etkinlik kazand\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k fikri sultan Abd\u00fclaziz\u2019in son d\u00f6nemlerinde Panislamizm olarak diplomatik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Baz\u0131 Asya h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 ile diplomatik ili\u015fkiler kurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k, II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde devlet politikas\u0131 h\u00e2line geldi.<\/div>\n
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\nII. Abd\u00fclhamit, \u0130slam birli\u011fi siyasetini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in sahip oldu\u011fu \u201chalife\u201d s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 etkin bir \u015fekilde kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/div>\n
\n\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k siyaseti sayesinde Hindistan gibi \u00fclkelerdeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne maddi ve manevi yard\u0131mlar\u0131 olmu\u015ftu.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k fikrini savunanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 din\u00ee, ahlaki ve sosyal de\u011ferlerin korunmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6rnek al\u0131nabilece\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur. \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n hurafelerden kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi \u00fczerinde durmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Arap-Acem, S\u00fcnni-\u015eii ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f g\u00f6stermesine ra\u011fmen XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda etkinli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/div>\n

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\nT\u00dcRK\u00c7\u00dcL\u00dcK (M\u0130LL\u0130YET\u00c7\u0130L\u0130K)<\/b><\/div>\n
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\nZiya G\u00f6kalp\u2019e  g\u00f6re millet \u201cDilce, dince, ahlak\u00e7a ve g\u00fczellik duygusu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan m\u00fc\u015fterek olan yani ayn\u0131 terbiyeyi alm\u0131\u015f fertlerden olu\u015fan <\/div>\n
\nbir topluluktur.\u201d <\/div>\n
\nMilliyet\u00e7ilik ise \u201c\u0130nsanlar\u0131n soy, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve co\u011frafi \u00f6zelliklerinden hareket ederek bir birlik olu\u015fturan kavram\u0131n ad\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/div>\n
\nT\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck fikri, Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin Tanzimat\u2019a, Islahat\u2019a ve Me\u015frutiyet\u2019e ra\u011fmen Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni par\u00e7alamaya y\u00f6nelik faaliyetlerini durdurmamas\u0131 \u00fczerine olu\u015fmu\u015f bir fikir ak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nT\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck fikri, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olup T\u00fcrk olmayan topluluklar\u0131 daha da ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nT\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck fikrini savunan ayd\u0131nlar: Ziya G\u00f6kalp, Yusuf Ak\u00e7ura, Ahmet A\u011fao\u011flu, Tekin Alp, \u00d6mer Seyfettin, Fuat K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc, Hamdullah Suphi, Kaz\u0131m Duru ve \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 Baltac\u0131o\u011flu\u2019dur.<\/div>\n
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\nNot: \u00dcnitenin devam\u0131na www.tarihkursu.com \/ders notlar\u0131<\/a><\/span> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/b><\/div>\n
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\nDaha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in bizi takip edin<\/o:p><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\nhttp:\/\/www.tarihkursu.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\nFacebook sayfam\u0131z\u0131 be\u011fenmek i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n

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Yotube kanal\u0131m\u0131za abone olmak i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Tarih ders notlar\u0131, yks tarih ders notlar\u0131, ayt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tyt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tarih \u00f6zet, tarih 9 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 10 ders notlar\u0131, […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[58],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-780","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":"","post_slider_layout_landscape_large":"","post_slider_layout_portrait_large":"","post_slider_layout_square_large":"","post_slider_layout_landscape":"","post_slider_layout_portrait":"","post_slider_layout_square":"","full":""},"yoast_head":"\nOSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE DEMOKRAT\u0130KLE\u015eME S\u00dcREC\u0130- TAR\u0130H 11 4. \u00dcN\u0130TE DEVR\u0130MLER \u00c7A\u011eINDA DE\u011e\u0130\u015eEN DEVLET-TOPLUM \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LER\u0130 4. 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