{"id":786,"date":"2019-02-01T22:18:00","date_gmt":"2019-02-01T19:18:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2019\/02\/01\/devrimler-ve-degisimler-tarih-11-4-unite-devrimler-caginda-degisen-devlet-toplum-iliskileri-1-konu\/"},"modified":"2019-02-01T22:18:00","modified_gmt":"2019-02-01T19:18:00","slug":"devrimler-ve-degisimler-tarih-11-4-unite-devrimler-caginda-degisen-devlet-toplum-iliskileri-1-konu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2019\/02\/01\/devrimler-ve-degisimler-tarih-11-4-unite-devrimler-caginda-degisen-devlet-toplum-iliskileri-1-konu\/","title":{"rendered":"DEVR\u0130MLER VE DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130MLER – TAR\u0130H 11 4. \u00dcN\u0130TE DEVR\u0130MLER \u00c7A\u011eINDA DE\u011e\u0130\u015eEN DEVLET-TOPLUM \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LER\u0130 1. KONU"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Tarih ders notlar\u0131, yks tarih ders notlar\u0131, ayt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tyt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tarih \u00f6zet, tarih 9 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 10 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 11 ders notlar\u0131, ink\u0131lap tarihi ders notlar\u0131, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve d\u00fcnya tarihi ders notlar\u0131, g\u00fcncel tarih ders notlar\u0131, \u00f6zet konu anlat\u0131m, k\u0131sa tarih, yeni kitaba g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ders notlar\u0131, yeni m\u00fcfredat tarih , tarih pdf<\/span><\/b>
\n
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\nDEVR\u0130MLER VE DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130MLER<\/b><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/a>
\nFrans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nin \u0130mparatorluklara Etkisi<\/b><\/span>
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Hareketleri<\/b><\/span>
\nXIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sosyal Muhalefet Hareketleri<\/b><\/span>
\n1830 \u0130htilalleri<\/b><\/span>
\n1848 \u0130htilalleri<\/b><\/span>
\nModern Siyasal \u0130deolojiler<\/b><\/span>
\nLiberalizm<\/b><\/span>
\nKapitalizm<\/b><\/span>
\nKapitalizm \u0130deolojisinin Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kma Nedenleri<\/b><\/span>
\nSosyalizm<\/b><\/span>
\nMarksizm<\/b><\/span>
\nSiyasi \u0130deolojilerin Toplumsal Etkileri<\/b><\/span>
\n<\/span><\/b><\/span>
\nMutlak Monar\u015fiden Anayasal Monar\u015fiye<\/b><\/span>
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\n<\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\nFRANSIZ \u0130HT\u0130LAL\u0130\u2019N\u0130N \u0130MPARATORLUKLARA ETK\u0130S\u0130<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
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\n<\/span><\/p>\n
\nFrans\u0131z \u0130htilali beraberinde ulus, milliyet\u00e7ilik, mill\u00ee <\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\negemenlik, demokrasi, laiklik, adalet gibi kavramlar\u0131 <\/div>\n
\nortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve bu kavramlar t\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019ya yay\u0131ld\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nFrans\u0131z \u0130htilali, \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ok uluslu yap\u0131lar\u0131 olan Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Rusya ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni etkiledi. Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nin getirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131 ve liberal fikirlerle bu devletler par\u00e7alanabilirdi.<\/div>\n
\nAvusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, \u00fclkede otoriteyi artt\u0131rarak Metternich Politikas\u0131yla milliyet\u00e7i ve liberal hareketleri bast\u0131rma yolunu tercih etti. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in ayaklanan S\u0131rplar, H\u0131rvatlar ve Romenler isteklerine kavu\u015famad\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nAvusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Alman ve \u0130talyan mill\u00ee birliklerinin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ysa da 1870 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130talya, 1871 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Almanya mill\u00ee birli\u011fini kurdu. <\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n

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\n<\/span><\/p>\n
\n1830 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan Polonyal\u0131lar h\u00fcrriyetlerini kazanmak<\/span><\/div>\n

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\ni\u00e7in ayakland\u0131lar. ancak Ruslar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketini \u00e7ok sert bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131rd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n1830\u2019da Fransa kral\u0131 devrilince Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 isyan\u0131 Rusya bast\u0131rd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nMacar \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Avusturya\u2019ya asker g\u00f6nderen Rusya, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne de Kavalal\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda yard\u0131m etti.<\/div>\n
\nFrans\u0131z \u0130htilali temelleri at\u0131lan sosyalizm, 1917\u2019de \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali ile y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130htilalin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki gayrim\u00fcslim halk \u00fczerinde etkili olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en bariz \u00f6rne\u011fi 1820 Yunan Ayaklanmas\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halka ihtilalin etkileri ise ancak XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda yans\u0131d\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nFrans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nin yaym\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n etkisi ile I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hemen \u00f6ncesinde devlet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n Meri\u00e7 Nehri\u2019ne kadar gerilemesine, Balkan \u00fclkelerinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanmalar\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n
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\n\u0130htilalin yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikir ak\u0131mlar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki <\/div>\n
\nsubay ve teknik okullarda ders veren yabanc\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmenler <\/div>\n
\ntaraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n1830-1860 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Bat\u0131\u2019da sivil toplum hayat\u0131na yer etmi\u015f olan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve anayasac\u0131l\u0131k gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, Osmanl\u0131\u2019da da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hayranl\u0131k uyand\u0131rd\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nBu do\u011frultuda meydana gelen en b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmelerden biri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde 1839 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 oldu.<\/div>\n
\n Kendilerine \u201cGen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar\u201d diyen bir grup ayd\u0131n, 1865-1875 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ilk anayasan\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesini sa\u011flad\u0131lar (1876). B\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nII. Me\u015frutiyet y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ak\u0131m\u0131 h\u0131zla Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131nda yay\u0131lmaya<\/div>\n
\nba\u015flad\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra kurulan T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin temelinde bu T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi yer ald\u0131.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n
\nOSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE BA\u011eIMSIZLIK HAREKETLER\u0130<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
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\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti \u00fczerinde emelleri olan devletler,<\/div>\n
\nmilliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131klar aras\u0131nda yaymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. <\/div>\n
\nNapolyon Bonapart, Balkanlar\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kmak ve Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019i bir Frans\u0131z g\u00f6l\u00fc h\u00e2line getirmek i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nRusya, Yedi Ada\u2019da Rumlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131. Rusya Balkanlar\u2019da milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi yaymaya devam etti.<\/div>\n
\nAvusturya ve Rusya, Balkanlar\u2019daki emellerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in S\u0131rbistan\u2019a yollad\u0131klar\u0131 ajanlarla milliyet\u00e7ilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini S\u0131rplar aras\u0131nda yaymaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1804 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan isyan 1878 y\u0131l\u0131nda S\u0131rplar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\nS\u0131rplardan sonra 1821 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rumlar isyan ettiler. Avrupal\u0131 devletler m\u00fcdahale ederek Rum \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 bir mesele h\u00e2line getirdiler.<\/div>\n
\nRum isyan\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131ran Osmanl\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r donanmalar\u0131 \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ve Rus ittifak\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Navarin\u2019de yak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n1828-1829 Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti yenilince yap\u0131lan Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Yunanistan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti. <\/div>\n
\nYunanistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131 di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n da isyan ederek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden kopmalar\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n
\nXIX. Y\u00dcZYIL SOSYAL MUHALEFET HAREKETLER\u0130 <\/b><\/div>\n
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\n1830 \u0130HT\u0130LALLER\u0130<\/b><\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
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\n1830 \u0130htilallerinin sebepleri: <\/div>\n
\nEkonomik hayat\u0131n geli\u015fmesinin ancak siyasal <\/div>\n
\nalandaki liberalizm ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fine inan\u0131lmas\u0131, <\/div>\n
\nAvrupa halklar\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n gittik\u00e7e yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131,<\/div>\n
\n1815 Viyana Kongresi\u2019nden sonra Metternich Sistemi ile krallar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini benimseyen Avrupa halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde haklar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 politika uygulamas\u0131, <\/div>\n
\n1815-1830 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00fclkelerin anayasal d\u00fczene ge\u00e7meleri ve krallar\u0131n anayasay\u0131 kald\u0131rmak veya anayasan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 daraltmak istemesi, <\/div>\n
\nBa\u015fka devletlerin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131ndaki halklarda milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi, <\/div>\n
\nAlmanya\u2019da bilim ve felsefenin ilerlemesiyle Avrupa\u2019ya liberalizmin yerle\u015fmesi yer al\u0131r.<\/div>\n
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\n1830 \u0130htilalleri, ilk olarak Fransa\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130htilal ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olunca Almanya, \u0130talya, Polonya, \u0130ngiltere ve \u0130spanya\u2019da da etkilerini hissettirdi. <\/div>\n
\nFransa, Bel\u00e7ika ve \u0130spanya\u2019da liberalizm hareketi ba\u015far\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Liberalizm ak\u0131m\u0131 sayesinde \u0130svi\u00e7re ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n1830 \u0130htilallerinde Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da aristokrat s\u0131n\u0131f, burjuvazi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na yenilmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
\n1830 \u0130htilalleri Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019de i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n siyasal ya\u015famda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n15 Ekim 1833\u2019te gizli bir antla\u015fma ile monar\u015fiyi savunan Avusturya, Rusya ve Prusya aralar\u0131nda Do\u011fu Bloku\u2019nu, <\/div>\n
\nNisan 1834\u2019te Londra\u2019da yap\u0131lan antla\u015fma ile de \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, \u0130spanya ve Portekiz liberalizmi savunan Bat\u0131 Bloku\u2019nu olu\u015fturdu.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n
\n1848 \u0130HT\u0130LALLER\u0130<\/b><\/div>\n
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\nAvrupa\u2019da 1815-1830 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan siyasi, <\/div>\n
\nsosyal, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fmeler ile 1815 Viyana <\/div>\n
\nKongresi\u2019nin getirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00fczen, 1848 \u0130htilallerini de beraberinde getirdi.<\/div>\n
\n1848 \u0130htilalleri 1830 \u0130htilalleri\u2019ne g\u00f6re daha etkili oldu. \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan milletlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in ayaklanmalar\u0131 bu ihtilalleri yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nLiberalizm, nasyonalizm ve sosyalizm gibi fikir ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n insanlar aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lmas\u0131 1848 \u0130htilallerine g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nSicilya\u2019da ba\u015flayan 1848 \u0130htilalleri 1848 \u0130htilalleri Fransa\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanarak di\u011fer uluslar\u0131 da etkiledi.<\/div>\n
\nAlmanya, \u0130talya ve Macaristan\u2019daki ihtilal hareketleri, milliyet\u00e7ilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nBel\u00e7ika, Hollanda, Danimarka, Sardinya ve \u0130svi\u00e7re ihtilalleri ise \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\nAvrupa\u2019daki bu ihtilallerin genel olarak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/div>\n
\ndemokrasinin geli\u015fmesini olumsuz etkilediyse de Avrupa\u2019y\u0131<\/div>\n
\nbir sava\u015f alan\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmekten de korudu \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Rusya bu t\u00fcr ihtilal giri\u015fimlerine m\u00fcdahale etmek i\u00e7in adeta f\u0131rsat kollamaktayd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nAvrupa\u2019da yeni bir bar\u0131\u015f d\u00f6nemine girilerek Avrupa uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirecek yeni ad\u0131mlar at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nH\u00fck\u00fbmetler, ideoloji veya inan\u00e7lar \u00fczerinden de\u011fil g\u00fc\u00e7 ve ger\u00e7eklik \u00fczerinden siyaset yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/div>\n
\nDevletler do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fman veya m\u00fcttefik gibi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 sergilemek yerine kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zettiler.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130htilalden sonra iktisadi alanda bir refah d\u00f6nemi meydana geldi. 1848 \u0130htilallerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan Avusturya ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131 \u0130talya ve Almanya\u2019n\u0131n siyasi birliklerinin de olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/div>\n

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\nMODERN S\u0130YASAL \u0130DEOLOJ\u0130LER<\/b><\/div>\n
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\nSiyasal veya toplumsal bir \u00f6\u011freti olu\u015fturan ve bir h\u00fck\u00fbmetin, bir partinin, bir grubun davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na y\u00f6n veren politik, hukuki, bilimsel, felsefi, din\u00ee, moral ve estetik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne \u201cideoloji\u201d denir.<\/div>\n
\n1815 Viyana Kongresi\u2019nin getirdi\u011fi yeni d\u00fczen, birtak\u0131m modern fikir ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. <\/div>\n
\nBu ak\u0131mlar: Marksizm, liberalizm, kapitalizm ve sosyalizmdir.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nL\u0130BERAL\u0130ZM<\/b><\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, serbestlik anlamlar\u0131na gelen liberalizm, insanlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc savunan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemidir. Liberal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, \u015fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri savundular:<\/div>\n
\nT\u00fcm bireyler e\u015fit haklara sahiptirler (do\u011fal haklar doktrini).<\/div>\n
\nEkonomik faaliyetler ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmalar kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 (rekabet\u00e7i piyasa ekonomisi).<\/div>\n
\nKeyfi y\u00f6netimler s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 (anayasal y\u00f6netim felsefesi).<\/div>\n
\nDin ve devlet i\u015flerinin birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131p din ve vicdana ait hususlar\u0131n ki\u015filerin \u00f6zel alan\u0131na girdi\u011fi meseleler oldu\u011fu kabul edilmeli (sek\u00fclerizm-laiklik).<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nLiberal ak\u0131m\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayanlardan biri Thomas Hobbes\u2019t\u0131r (Tam\u0131s Habs) <\/div>\n
\nLiberalizmin siyasi bir teori olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda ise en b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131y\u0131 \u0130ngiliz filozof John Locke (Con Lok) yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nJohn Locke\u2019dan sonra XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Adam Smith (Ed\u0131m Simit) , Adam Ferguson (Ed\u0131m F\u00f6rgis\u0131n) ve David Hume (Deyvid H\u00fcm) fikirleri ile liberalizme katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131lar. <\/div>\n
\nDavid Hume ve Adam Smith\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile birlikte ekonomik liberalizm kimli\u011fi de tan\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/div>\n

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\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\nKAP\u0130TAL\u0130ZM<\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/span><\/div>\n

\n
<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\n<\/span><\/p>\n
\nKapitalizm, serbest piyasa ekonomisi veya serbest giri\u015fim ekonomisi olarak bilinir. \u00d6zel te\u015febb\u00fcse ve piyasa serbestli\u011fine dayal\u0131 olan bir \u00fcretim sistemidir.<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\nKapitalizmin merkezinde birey ve bireysel menfaatler \u00f6n planda tutulmu\u015ftur. Kapitalizmin ama\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u015funlar vard\u0131r: <\/div>\n
\nEn y\u00fcksek k\u00e2r\u0131 elde edebilmek, <\/div>\n
\nBireylere serbest giri\u015fim yapabilece\u011fi haklar\u0131 kazand\u0131rmak, <\/div>\n
\n\u00dcretim a\u015famas\u0131nda devletin m\u00fcdahalesini en asgari d\u00fczeye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek, <\/div>\n
\n\u00dcretilen mallar\u0131 satmak ve ekonomiyi \u00f6zel kesime b\u0131rakmakt\u0131r. <\/div>\n
\nAvrupa\u2019da de\u011ferli madenlerin artmas\u0131 y\u00fcksek enflasyona neden oldu. Bu durumdan faydalanan kapitalistler, ekonomik a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n devletten \u00f6zel giri\u015fimlere kaymas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131lar.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n

<\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/p>\n
\nXVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ba\u015flayan Sanayi Devrimi <\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\nAlmanya, Fransa ve ABD\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fime sebep oldu.<\/div>\n
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi \u015fehirleri olu\u015ftu. Proletaryan\u0131n (i\u015f\u00e7iler) haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in sendikalar ve siyasi partiler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nKapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131 sert ele\u015ftiriler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Ele\u015ftirenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Karl Marx (Karl Marks) ve Friedrich Engels (F\u0131ridrih Engils) gelmekteydi. <\/div>\n
\nBu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin eserleri, sosyalizm ve kom\u00fcnizm fikirlerinin kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu.<\/div>\n
\nI. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 kapitalizmin geli\u015fiminde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu. Alt\u0131n standard\u0131n\u0131n yerini ulusal para birimleri ald\u0131. Bankac\u0131l\u0131k hegemonyas\u0131 Avrupa\u2019dan ABD\u2019ye ge\u00e7ti. <\/div>\n
\nD\u00fcnya Ekonomik Krizi (1929), kapitalizme olan bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. \u0130nsanlar kapitalizmin k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00e7\u00f6kece\u011fine inand\u0131lar ama kapitalizm kendini yenileyerek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirdi.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n

<\/span><\/div>\n

\nSOSYAL\u0130ZM<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\n<\/span><\/p>\n
\nSosyalizm, kapitalizme bir tepki olarak do\u011fan ve kapitalizmin \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet, piyasa ekonomisi ve k\u00e2r esas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan bir ideolojidir.<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\nSosyalizmin ama\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda <\/div>\n
\nSermaye sahipleriyle i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizli\u011fi giderme, <\/div>\n
\nServet ve refah farklar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rma, <\/div>\n
\n\u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 toplumun m\u00fclkiyetine ge\u00e7irme, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet yerine kolektif m\u00fclkiyeti olu\u015fturma,<\/div>\n
\nToplumda s\u0131n\u0131f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rma yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n1815 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Sosyalizm ideolojisi do\u011fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nSosyalizmin en \u00f6nemli simalar\u0131ndan olan Karl Marx ile sosyalizm, farkl\u0131 bir boyut kazand\u0131. Karl Marx kendi sosyalist sistemini i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na dayand\u0131rd\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine \u00e7ok \u00f6nem verdi. Bu do\u011frultuda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda I ve II. Enternasyonaller (Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Federasyonu) kuruldu.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nSosyalizm, farkl\u0131 co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgelerde farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, geli\u015fti ve etkisini zamanla yitirdi.<\/div>\n
\nSosyalizminin Fransa\u2019daki en \u00f6nemli savunucusu Henri de Saint Simon\u2019dur (Henri d\u00f6 Sayint Simon)<\/div>\n
\nD\u00fcnyadaki ilk sosyalist devrim 1917\u2019de Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Vilademir \u0130liy\u00e7 Lenin) liderli\u011finde Rusya\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. <\/div>\n
\nII. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra sosyalizm yay\u0131larak Do\u011fu Avrupa, Uzakdo\u011fu, Latin Amerika ve pek \u00e7ok \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerinde y\u00f6netime gelme imk\u00e2n\u0131 buldu.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\nMARKS\u0130ZM<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nMarksizm, Karl Marx ve Fredrich Engels taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lan fikir ak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karan Karl Marx, bu s\u0131n\u0131fa kapitalizmi y\u0131k\u0131p yeni bir d\u00fczeni olu\u015fturma g\u00f6revi verir. Marksizm\u2019de irade, bireylere veya belirli bir gruba de\u011fil, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na verilmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
\nMarx\u2019\u0131n en \u00f6nemli eserleri olan Kapital\u2019deki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini temellendirir. <\/div>\n
\nMarksizm sadece bir iktisat teorisi veya siyasal bir program de\u011fildir. B\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl, devletin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni bir d\u00fcnya \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir ideolojidir.<\/div>\n
\nMarks\u2019a g\u00f6re kapitalist piyasadaki sermaye sahipleri, i\u015f\u00e7ileri s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcyor ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131na refah sa\u011flam\u0131yordu. Kapitalizm sadece kapitalistlerin refah\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Marksizm\u2019e g\u00f6re i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, bir s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi verecek ve kapitalist sistem bu devrimle y\u0131k\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nS\u0130YAS\u0130 \u0130DEOLOJ\u0130LER\u0130N TOPLUMSAL ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\nL\u0130BERAL\u0130ZM<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nLiberalizm, i\u00e7erisinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikirler ile halk\u0131n mutlak ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z y\u00f6netme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip krallar\u0131n y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. <\/div>\n
\n1789 \u0130htilali ile toplumlar krallar\u0131n mutlak g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayal\u0131 d\u00fczenlerini y\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nAvrupa\u2019daki krallar vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 eski d\u00fczene g\u00f6re y\u00f6netmeye kalk\u0131nca 1818-1822, 1830 ve 1848 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 devre h\u00e2linde ayaklanma ve ihtilaller ya\u015fand\u0131. B\u00f6ylece XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019da bir\u00e7ok devlette anayasal\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim modeline ge\u00e7ildi.<\/div>\n
\nLiberalizm hareketi Avrupa\u2019da insanlar\u0131 Cumhuriyet idaresiyle y\u00f6netilme fikrine de ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n
\nLiberal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ekonomi alan\u0131na da yans\u0131d\u0131. \u0130\u015f adamlar\u0131 ve sermayedarlar h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n izlemi\u015f oldu\u011fu ekonomik s\u0131n\u0131rlamalardan rahats\u0131z oldular. <\/div>\n
\nBu durum da ekonomik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ancak siyasal liberalizm ile olaca\u011f\u0131na olan inanc\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nLiberalizm Avrupa\u2019da g\u00fczel sanatlar\u0131 da etkiledi. G\u00fczel sanatlarda tabiat ile tabiattaki \u015fekilleri \u00f6zg\u00fcrce kullanmay\u0131 ilke edinen Romantizm ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nLiberaller, halka din ve vicdan h\u00fcrriyetinin devlet taraf\u0131ndan verilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterdiler. <\/div>\n
\nLiberalizm ve sosyalizm ideolojileri birbirleri ile z\u0131t g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7inde olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen halka bas\u0131n, din ve e\u011fitim \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini kazand\u0131rmada etkin bir rol oynad\u0131lar.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n
\nKAP\u0130TAL\u0130Z<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nAvrupa\u2019da ticaret kapitalizminin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/div>\n
\nXV ve XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda k\u00f6ylerden kentlere do\u011fru g\u00f6\u00e7ler meydana geldi.<\/div>\n
\nKentler zamanla b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/div>\n
\nKapitalist anlay\u0131\u015fa sahip olan Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletleri sahip olduklar\u0131 sermayeleri ile g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz olan \u00fclkelerin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fmak i\u00e7in yar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7erisine girmi\u015flerdir. B\u00f6ylece yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler elde etmi\u015flerdir.<\/div>\n
\nSanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131\u2019n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli fabrikalar daha fazla i\u015f\u00e7iyi gerekli k\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130nsanlar \u00e7ok zor \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda buralarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Art\u0131k toplumda bir i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nSosyalizmin etkisi ile \u0130ngiltere\u2019de i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine izin verildi.<\/div>\n
\n1864\u2019te Londra\u2019da Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Birli\u011fi kuruldu.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nMARKS\u0130ZM<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nMarksizm\u2019in en b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasi ve toplumsal etkisi XX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n \u0130lk olarak Vladimir Lenin \u00f6nderli\u011finde Rusya\u2019da, 1917 y\u0131l\u0131nda sosyalist devrim yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nDaha sonra bir di\u011fer kom\u00fcnist devrim olan \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Proleter K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi\u201d, 1966- 1976 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Mao Zedong liderli\u011finde \u00c7in\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nSSCB egemenli\u011fine b\u0131rak\u0131lan Do\u011fu Avrupa ve Balkanlar\u2019daki \u00fclkeler de kom\u00fcnizm y\u00f6netimine d\u00e2hil oldu. <\/div>\n
\n1939-1945 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kom\u00fcnist \u00fclkelerin say\u0131s\u0131 Rusya ve \u00c7in de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere otuz alt\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nD\u0130N<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
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\n
\nLiberalizm kendi sistemini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren kamu ve \u00f6zel ayr\u0131m\u0131na sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi m\u00fcddet\u00e7e dine m\u00fcdahale etmedi. Herkesi i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc h\u00e2line getiren kapitalizm, sek\u00fclerle\u015fmenin de h\u0131zlanmas\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/div>\n
\nKad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc h\u00e2line gelmesiyle eski geleneksel aile yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc. Ticaretin sek\u00fcler kurallar\u0131, din\u00ee m\u00fcsamahay\u0131 artt\u0131rarak farkl\u0131 inan\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda olumlu bir ileti\u015fimin de \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nMarksizm ve sosyalizm ideolojilerinde dinin herhangi bir olumlu fonksiyonunun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunuldu. Zamanla dinin toplum \u00fczerindeki etkisinin kalmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savundular.<\/div>\n
\nD\u00fcnya genelinde modernle\u015fme s\u00fcreciyle beraber insan\u0131n kutsalla olan ba\u011f\u0131 zay\u0131flad\u0131. Ya\u015fam\u0131n anlam ve amac\u0131 yaln\u0131zca d\u00fcnyaya \u00f6zg\u00fc t\u00fcketime indirgendi.<\/div>\n
\nDe\u011ferlerde ya\u015fanan a\u015f\u0131nma ve ahlaki \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc toplumsal pek \u00e7ok sorunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nMUTLAK MONAR\u015e\u0130DEN ANAYASAL MONAR\u015e\u0130YE<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nAnayasal gelenek ilk defa \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ba\u015flad\u0131. S\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan m\u00fccadeleler, iktidar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc aristokrasi ve burjuvazi aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130ngiltere\u2019nin anayasa gelene\u011finin Avrupa K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019ndan Amerika K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019na gelmesi \u0130ngiliz kolonileri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. <\/div>\n
\nAmerika\u2019daki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ilan edilen \u201cAmerika Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Bildirgesi\u201d de Fransa\u2019y\u0131 etkiledi. Fransa\u2019da mutlak monar\u015fi y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 tepkiler ba\u015flad\u0131. Burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin deste\u011fini alarak Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019ni ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali ile \u0130nsan ve Yurtta\u015f Haklar\u0131 Bildirgesi ilan edilerek yeni bir anayasa haz\u0131rland\u0131. Anayasa, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan mutlak monar\u015fiden anayasal monar\u015fiye ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f oldu.<\/div>\n
\nAvrupa\u2019n\u0131n monar\u015fi ile y\u00f6netilen devletleri Fransa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ittifaklar olu\u015fturdu.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nNapolyon y\u00f6netimi ile Avrupal\u0131 devletler aras\u0131nda s\u00fcren sava\u015flar <\/div>\n
\nneticesinde toplanan Viyana Kongresi\u2019yle Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bozulan d\u00fczenini <\/div>\n
\ntekrar eski h\u00e2line getirebilmek i\u00e7in Metternich Sistemi kabul edildi (1815). <\/div>\n
\nBu sistemle liberal ak\u0131mlar ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmak istendi fakat 1830 ve 1848 ihtilalleri Metternich Sistemi\u2019nin sonu oldu.<\/div>\n
\nSanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131\u2019ndan sonra burjuvaziyi egemen yapan ekonomik sistem i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. \u0130ktidarlar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmek yerine onlara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanmas\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc savunan liberallerle sosyalistlerin birlikte hareket etmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nBu durum \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc anayasalar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Mutlak monar\u015filerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da y\u00f6netim \u015feklini yumu\u015fatarak anayasal monar\u015filerle yollar\u0131na devam etti.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nNot: \u00dcnitenin devam\u0131na www.tarihkursu.com \/ders notlar\u0131<\/a><\/span> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/b><\/div>\n
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\n
\nDaha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in bizi takip edin<\/o:p><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\nhttp:\/\/www.tarihkursu.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\nFacebook sayfam\u0131z\u0131 be\u011fenmek i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n

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Yotube kanal\u0131m\u0131za abone olmak i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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<\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tarih ders notlar\u0131, yks tarih ders notlar\u0131, ayt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tyt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tarih \u00f6zet, tarih 9 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 10 ders notlar\u0131, […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[58],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-786","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":"","post_slider_layout_landscape_large":"","post_slider_layout_portrait_large":"","post_slider_layout_square_large":"","post_slider_layout_landscape":"","post_slider_layout_portrait":"","post_slider_layout_square":"","full":""},"yoast_head":"\nDEVR\u0130MLER VE DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130MLER - TAR\u0130H 11 4. \u00dcN\u0130TE DEVR\u0130MLER \u00c7A\u011eINDA DE\u011e\u0130\u015eEN DEVLET-TOPLUM \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LER\u0130 1. 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