{"id":810,"date":"2018-12-18T11:10:00","date_gmt":"2018-12-18T08:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2018\/12\/18\/osmanli-devletinin-siyasi-varligina-yonelik-tehditler-tarih-11-3-unite-uluslararasi-iliskilerde-denge-stratejisi-1774-1914-2-konu\/"},"modified":"2018-12-18T11:10:00","modified_gmt":"2018-12-18T08:10:00","slug":"osmanli-devletinin-siyasi-varligina-yonelik-tehditler-tarih-11-3-unite-uluslararasi-iliskilerde-denge-stratejisi-1774-1914-2-konu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2018\/12\/18\/osmanli-devletinin-siyasi-varligina-yonelik-tehditler-tarih-11-3-unite-uluslararasi-iliskilerde-denge-stratejisi-1774-1914-2-konu\/","title":{"rendered":"OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019N\u0130N S\u0130YAS\u0130 VARLI\u011eINA Y\u00d6NEL\u0130K TEHD\u0130TLER TAR\u0130H 11 3. \u00dcN\u0130TE ULUSLARARASI \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LERDE DENGE STRATEJ\u0130S\u0130 (1774-1914) 2. KONU"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Tarih ders notlar\u0131, yks tarih ders notlar\u0131, ayt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tyt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tarih \u00f6zet, tarih 9 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 10 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 11 ders notlar\u0131, ink\u0131lap tarihi ders notlar\u0131, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve d\u00fcnya tarihi ders notlar\u0131, g\u00fcncel tarih ders notlar\u0131, \u00f6zet konu anlat\u0131m, k\u0131sa tarih, yeni kitaba g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ders notlar\u0131, yeni m\u00fcfredat tarih , tarih pdf<\/b><\/span><\/span>
\n
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\nOSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019N\u0130N S\u0130YAS\u0130 VARLI\u011eINA Y\u00d6NEL\u0130K TEHD\u0130TLER<\/b><\/span><\/span>
\n
<\/b><\/span><\/span>
\n1821 Rum \u0130syan\u0131 ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n Kurulmas\u0131<\/b><\/span>
\nHasta Adam<\/b><\/span>
\nKutsal Yerler Sorunu<\/b><\/span>
\nK\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 (1853-1856)<\/b><\/span>
\nParis Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1856)<\/b><\/span>
\n<\/a>
\n1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 (93 Harbi) ve Berlin Kongresi<\/b><\/span>
\nBerlin Kongresi (1878)<\/b><\/span>
\nErmeni Meselesi<\/b><\/span>
\nMakedonya Sorunu<\/b><\/span>
\n\u0130talya ve Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Siyasi Birliklerini Kurmas\u0131<\/b><\/span>
\n<\/span><\/b><\/span>
\n\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130ttifak ve \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130tilaf<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n


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\n
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\n
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\nOSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019N\u0130N S\u0130YAS\u0130 VARLI\u011eINA Y\u00d6NEL\u0130K TEHD\u0130TLER<\/b><\/span><\/span>
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\nXIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde, <\/span>toprak ve denizlerin kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rt milyon kilometre kareydi. <\/span>
\nDevletin n\u00fcfusu ise yirmi milyon civar\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/span>
\nXIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa\u2019daki devletler aras\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesinin \u015fartlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde <\/span>de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/span>
\nBu de\u011fi\u015fim kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti d\u0131\u015fardan kendisine y\u00f6nelen tehlikelere kar\u015f\u0131, yan\u0131na en az bir b\u00fcy\u00fck devleti almak suretiyle siyasi denge meydana getirerek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (Denge politikas\u0131) <\/span>
\nXIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n siyasetine \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Avusturya ve Rusya y\u00f6n vermekteydi. <\/span>
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\nAlmanya ve \u0130talya ise XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda siyasi birliklerini tamamlay\u0131p tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/span>
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\nViyana Kongresi (1815)<\/b><\/span>
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\nSanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131 ile birlikte geli\u015fen yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 beraberinde ham madde ve pazar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 getirdi. <\/span>
\nBu ama\u00e7la hareket eden Avrupal\u0131 devletler Asya, Avrupa ve Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131nda milyonlarca kilometrekare topra\u011fa sahip Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni par\u00e7alama planlar\u0131n\u0131 devreye koydular.<\/span>
\nNapolyon Sava\u015flar\u0131 sonras\u0131 bozulan dengelerin yeniden kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7layan Rusya, Avusturya ve Prusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin de kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla monar\u015fi y\u00f6netimleri Viyana\u2019da (1815) bir araya geldi. Fransa girdi\u011fi sava\u015flardan yenik \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kongreye davet edildi.<\/span>
\nViyana Kongresi\u2019nde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen konulardan biri de \u015eark Meselesi\u2019dir.<\/span>
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\nDo\u011fu Sorunu olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u015eark Meselesi, politik bir terimdir. Bu terim ilk defa 1815\u2019te Viyana Kongresi\u2019nde kullan\u0131ld\u0131. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u015eark Meselesi, Avrupa devletlerinin XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ve sonras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctecekleri siyaseti ifade eden bir kavramd\u0131r.<\/span>
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\n\u015eark meselesi<\/b><\/span>
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\nAmac\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri Anadolu\u2019dan ve Balkanlar\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131karmak olan \u015eark Meselesi\u2019nin iki a\u015famas\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/span>
\nBu meselenin birinci a\u015famas\u0131 1071-1683 aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Avrupa savunma, T\u00fcrkler taarruz h\u00e2lindedir. 1683\u2019de T\u00fcrklerin Viyana\u2019da yenilgiye u\u011framalar\u0131 ile \u015eark Meselesi\u2019nin ilk a\u015famas\u0131 bitti.<\/span>
\n\u015eark Meselesi\u2019nin ikinci a\u015famas\u0131nda Avrupal\u0131 devletler Balkanlar\u2019daki Hristiyan halklar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetinden \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 hedefledi.<\/span>
\nXIX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren h\u0131z kazanan \u015eark Meselesi kapsam\u0131nda T\u00fcrkleri Balkanlar\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131karmak \u0130stanbul\u2019u geri alma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle hareket edildi.<\/span>
\nBunun yan\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Asya topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayan az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131na \u00f6nce \u00f6zerklik verilmesi daha sonra da onlar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 hedeflendi.<\/span>
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\nRusya, \u015eark Meselesi\u2019nde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin jeopolitik \u00f6neme sahip topraklar\u0131ndan en b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131 almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\nAvrupal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck devletler, bazen aralar\u0131nda anla\u015fsalar da genellikle rakiplerinin Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndan tek ba\u015f\u0131na istifade etmelerine engel oldular.<\/span><\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti bu devletlerden biri yahut birka\u00e7\u0131yla di\u011ferinin aleyhinde ittifak kurarak denge stratejisini uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/span><\/div>\n
\nXIX. y\u00fczy\u0131la girildi\u011finde Avrupal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7ler \u015eark Meselesi ekseninde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015fgalci faaliyetlerine devam ettiler. <\/span><\/div>\n
\nRusya, \u0130stanbul\u2019a ula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken Fransa ise Osmanl\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131 olan M\u0131s\u0131r ve Cezayir\u2019e sald\u0131rd\u0131. <\/span><\/div>\n
\nAvrupal\u0131 devletler, Balkanlar\u2019da S\u0131rplar\u0131n isyan \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck ederken Yunanlara devlet kurma yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131lar.<\/span><\/div>\n

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\n1821 Rum \u0130syan\u0131 ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n Kurulmas\u0131<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
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\nRumlar, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7inde ayr\u0131 bir yere sahip olan az\u0131nl\u0131klardand\u0131.<\/span><\/div>\n

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\n\u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi ile beraber Rumlara ibadet h\u00fcrriyeti tan\u0131nd\u0131. Patri\u011fin zaman i\u00e7inde yetkileri artt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131ya kat\u0131lan her Ortodoks topluluk, Rum Patrikli\u011fi\u2019ne ba\u011fland\u0131. <\/div>\n
\n\u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rumlar yabanc\u0131 dillere h\u00e2kim olduklar\u0131ndan devlet kademesinde terc\u00fcmanl\u0131k g\u00f6revlerine getirilerek Reis\u2019\u00fcl k\u00fcttablar\u0131n en yak\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015flar\u0131 oldular.<\/div>\n
\nXVIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nden etkilenen Rumlar, Megali \u0130dea ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00e7evresinde bir araya gelerek isyan haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin temelinde Bizans\u2019\u0131 yeniden diriltme \u00fclk\u00fcs\u00fc yatmaktayd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nYeni \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan H\u00fcmanizm ve R\u00f6nesans hareketleriyle Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ayd\u0131nlar\u0131, eski Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle temas edince Avrupa\u2019da Yunan hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/div>\n

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\nRumlar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek ilk ad\u0131m 1814\u2019te Odessa\u2019da gizlice Filik-i Eterya Cemiyeti kurularak at\u0131ld\u0131. Bu cemiyet 1894\u2019te Etnik-i Eterya Cemiyeti ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. <\/span><\/div>\n
\nG\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte e\u011fitim- \u00f6\u011fretim amac\u0131yla kurulan bu dernek, Rum ayaklanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in para toplayarak, silah da\u011f\u0131tarak propaganda faaliyetleri yap\u0131yordu. <\/span><\/div>\n
\nBizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu yeniden canland\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan cemiyetin 1815 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019da ilk \u015fubesi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/span><\/div>\n
\nRumlar\u0131n ilk isyan\u0131 Bo\u011fdan\u2019da Alexander (Aleksandr) \u0130psilanti taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131.<\/span><\/div>\n
\nRum \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Eflak-Bo\u011fdan\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedeni Rusya\u2019ya s\u0131n\u0131r olmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/span><\/div>\n
\nNe Bo\u011fdan\u2019daki Romenler ayaklanmaya kat\u0131ld\u0131 ne de Rusya\u2019dan istenilen destek geldi. Bu sayede isyan, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\nRumlar\u0131n as\u0131l isyan\u0131 1821\u2019de Mora Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda ba\u015flad\u0131. Mora \u0130syan\u0131 ile beraber Yanya Valisi Tepedelenli Ali Pa\u015fa da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 isyan etti.<\/span><\/div>\n

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\nTepedelenli Ali Pa\u015fa isyan\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ancak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Mora Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda ba\u015flayan Rum \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bast\u0131rmakta yetersiz kald\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nBunun \u00fczerine Padi\u015fah II. Mahmut, M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi Kavalal\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019dan Mora \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yard\u0131m istedi. <\/div>\n
\nMehmet Ali Pa\u015fa yard\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda II. Mahmut\u2019tan kendisine Mora\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda Girit valili\u011finin de verilmesini talep etti. <\/div>\n
\nMehmet Ali Pa\u015fa, o\u011flu \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 Mora\u2019ya isyan\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderdi. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan gelen yard\u0131m sayesinde Osmanl\u0131 Mora \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bast\u0131rd\u0131.<\/div>\n

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\nRum \u0130syan\u0131 bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca bu durumdan rahats\u0131z olan \u0130ngiltere, Rusya ve Fransa; Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden Yunanistan\u2019a \u00f6zerklik verilmesini istediler.<\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti bu iste\u011fi reddedince Osmanl\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r donanmalar\u0131 1827\u2019de Navarin\u2019de bask\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131 ve yak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130ngiltere Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r donanmas\u0131n\u0131n yok edilmesiyle Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 durabilecek bir deniz g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kalmamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 endi\u015felendi.<\/div>\n
\nRusya yeni topraklar kazanmak i\u00e7in 1828 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne sava\u015f ilan etti. 1829 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin yenilmesi \u00fczerine Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu antla\u015fma ile Yunanistan\u2019a ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k verildi.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\nKutsal Yerler Sorunu<\/b><\/div>\n
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\nSemavi \u00fc\u00e7 din (\u0130slamiyet, Hristiyanl\u0131k ve Musevilik) a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kutsal bir yere sahip olan Kud\u00fcs, tarih boyunca \u00f6nemini korumu\u015ftur. <\/div>\n
\nHz. \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer olmas\u0131 ve Hristiyanlara ait bir\u00e7ok kilise ve t\u00f6ren yerlerinin in\u015fa edilmesi Hristiyanlar i\u00e7in Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc kutsal k\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/div>\n
\nOrtodoks ve Katolik Hristiyanlar aras\u0131nda kutsal yerlerin koruyuculu\u011fu \u00fczerinden s\u00fcregelen rekabetin ad\u0131 \u201cKutsal Yerler Sorunu\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nYavuz Sultan Selim D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na kat\u0131lan Kud\u00fcs\u2019teki kutsal yerlerin haklar\u0131 ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 Rum ve Ermenilere yeni men\u015furlarla verilmi\u015fti. <\/div>\n
\nOrtodoks ve Katolikler aras\u0131nda bazen kutsal yerlere ili\u015fkin sorunlar \u00e7\u0131ksa da genel olarak bu sorun Ortodokslar\u0131n lehine \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleniyordu.<\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni y\u0131kma politikas\u0131nda kararl\u0131 olan Rusya, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki Hristiyanlar\u0131 etkileme amac\u0131yla Ortodokslar\u0131n koruyucusu durumuna gelmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/div>\n
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\nKutsal yerlerin koruyuculu\u011fu konusunda Katolik olan Frans\u0131zlara da bir k\u0131s\u0131m haklar tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nin etkisiyle din ve devlet i\u015flerini ayr\u0131 tutan Frans\u0131z politikas\u0131 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fine gelmi\u015fti.<\/div>\n
\nRusya, Kutsal Yerler Meselesi ve Ortodokslar\u0131n himayesi gibi konular\u0131 dile getirerek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni bask\u0131 alt\u0131na almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130stekleri kabul edilmeyince 1853\u2019te Ruslar, Eflak ve Bo\u011fdan\u2019a sald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nAyn\u0131 y\u0131l bu sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in Viyana\u2019da \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Avusturya ve Prusya aras\u0131nda bir kongre d\u00fczenlendi. Kongre sonucunda Rusya ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne aralar\u0131nda anla\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in nota g\u00f6nderildi.<\/div>\n
\nRusya kongreden \u00e7\u0131kan talepleri kabul etmedi. <\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin 4 Ekim 1853\u2019te Rusya\u2019ya sava\u015f ilan etmesiyle K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 (1853) ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/div>\n

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\nK\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 (1853-1856)<\/b><\/div>\n
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\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti, Rumeli ve Anadolu\u2019da <\/div>\n
\nRuslara kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan sava\u015flarda ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ba\u015far\u0131lar elde etti. <\/div>\n
\nRusya ise Sinop\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131 bir bask\u0131nla yakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131n Sinop\u2019ta yak\u0131lmas\u0131 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Karadeniz\u2019deki asker\u00ee varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ne d\u00fczeye getirdi\u011fini Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye g\u00f6sterdi. <\/div>\n
\n\u0130stanbul\u2019un ve Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n tehlike alt\u0131na girdi\u011fini anlayan \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Piyemonte (\u0130talya) 1854 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131na d\u00e2hil oldular.<\/div>\n
\nK\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 devam ederken Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc mali s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lardan dolay\u0131 ilk kez d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanmaya ba\u015fvurdu. \u0130lk d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u0130ngilizlerden al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n1855 y\u0131l\u0131 Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Sivastopol, Ruslardan geri al\u0131nd\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nM\u00fcttefiklerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, \u00c7ar I. Nikola\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve yerine ge\u00e7en \u00c7ar II. Aleksander\u2019\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f talep etmesi K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bitirdi.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nParis Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1856)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nRusya ile yap\u0131lacak bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri i\u00e7in 1856\u2019de Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Paris\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Avusturya, Prusya ve Piyemonte bir araya geldi.<\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti tarihinde ilk defa Avrupa devletleriyle bir kongreye e\u015fit ko\u015fullarda kat\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/div>\n
\n1856 Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Avrupa hukukundan yararlanma hakk\u0131 elde ederek Avrupal\u0131 bir devlet say\u0131ld\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nKaradeniz bu antla\u015fma ile uluslararas\u0131 ticarete a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nRusya\u2019n\u0131n Karadeniz\u2019de sava\u015f gemisi bulundurmas\u0131 ve liman kurmas\u0131 yasakland\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nK\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda Rusya taraf\u0131ndan bozulan devletler aras\u0131 dengeler yeniden kuruldu. <\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne devletler aras\u0131 hukuktan faydalanma hakk\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve devlet topraklar\u0131n\u0131n Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin garantisi alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n
\n1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 (93 Harbi)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc1856\u2019dan beri savunan Avrupal\u0131 devletler, 1871\u2019den sonra bu siyasetlerini terk etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/div>\n
\n1871\u2019de Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 il\u00e2n etmesi Rus tehlikesini tekrar g\u00fcndeme getirdi. <\/div>\n
\nRusya bu d\u00f6nemde, Balkan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131, bir \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplamay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan Panslavizm politikalar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda onlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmaya devam ediyordu. <\/div>\n
\nRusya\u2019n\u0131n bu \u00e7abalar\u0131 1875\u2019te Bosna-Hersek \u0130syan\u0131 ve 1876\u2019da Bulgar \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/div>\n
\nBalkanlar\u2019da bu geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fan\u0131rken II.Abd\u00fclhamit tahta ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. S\u0131rp ve Karada\u011f isyanlar\u0131 ise devam etmekteydi.<\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti, S\u0131rp \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla bast\u0131rd\u0131 ve Balkanlar\u2019da kontrol\u00fc yeniden sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu durum Avrupal\u0131 devletleri rahats\u0131z etti.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n\u0130stanbul Konferans\u0131 1876 (Tersane Konferans\u0131)<\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nBalkanlar\u2019daki geli\u015fmelerin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi amac\u0131yla \u0130stanbul Konferans\u0131 (Tersane Konferans\u0131) yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu esnada Osmanl\u0131 Devleti I. Me\u015frutiyeti ilan etti.<\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin buradaki ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri de az\u0131nl\u0131klarla ilgili olumsuz bir karar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na engel olmakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nKonferansa kat\u0131lan devletler (\u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Rusya, Avusturya, Almanya ve \u0130talya) I.Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131n\u0131 ciddiye almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f\u2019\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesini talep ettiler. <\/div>\n
\nAyr\u0131ca Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden Bosna-Hersek ve Bulgaristan\u2019da \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netimler kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 istediler. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bu taleplerin hi\u00e7birini kabul etmedi.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130stanbul Konferans\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131lan devletler Londra\u2019da yeni bir protokol imzalad\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, 1877\u2019de Londra Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc reddetti.<\/div>\n
\nBu geli\u015fmeler \u00fczerine Rusya Osmanl\u0131 devletine sava\u015f ilan etti.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\n(93 Harbi) Ba\u015fl\u0131yor<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\n1877 Londra Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan<\/div>\n
\n reddedilmesi sava\u015f i\u00e7in Rusya\u2019ya bir bahane oldu. <\/div>\n
\nPrens Men\u00e7ikof 1877\u2019de Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f karar\u0131n\u0131 bir beyanname ile Avrupa\u2019ya bildirdi.<\/div>\n
\n1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131, Rumi takvimin 1293 senesinde cereyan etmesinden dolay\u0131 bu sava\u015f, 93 Harbi ad\u0131yla an\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti, Tuna Nehri boyunca bir savunma hatt\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<\/div>\n
\nKuzeydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da da Kafkaslar \u00fczerinden gelecek bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k ayr\u0131 bir savunma hatt\u0131 kuruldu.<\/div>\n
\nRus donanmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019na torpil d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/div>\n
\nRusya\u2019n\u0131n sava\u015f ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce as\u0131l amac\u0131 Balkanlar\u2019daki Slav topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 denetimi alt\u0131na alarak Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerinden Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne bask\u0131 yapmakt\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nBir di\u011fer amac\u0131 ise Batum, Kars, Ardahan ve Erzurum\u2019u ele ge\u00e7irip g\u00fcneye, \u0130skenderun y\u00f6n\u00fcnde Akdeniz\u2019e inmekti.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n1877\u2019de Balkanlar \u00fczerinden b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatan Rus ordusu ayn\u0131 anda Kuzeydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019ya da y\u00f6neldi. <\/div>\n
\nTuna Nehri\u2019nin g\u00fcneyine ge\u00e7en Ruslar, Bulgaristan\u2019a girdi ve buradaki T\u00fcrk k\u00f6ylere y\u00f6nelik b\u00fcy\u00fck katliamlar yapt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nS\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ordusu Ruslar\u0131, \u015e\u0131pka Ge\u00e7idi\u2019nde (Bulgaristan) durdurdu\u011fu gibi geri \u00e7ekilmeye zorlad\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nBalkanlar\u2019\u0131 a\u015fmak isteyen Ruslar bu defa Plevne \u00fczerinden sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti.<\/div>\n
\nRuslar, Osman Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131nda savunulan Plevne\u2019ye \u00fc\u00e7 defa sald\u0131rsalar da istedikleri ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famad\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nPlevne\u2019yi sald\u0131r\u0131yla alamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayan Ruslar \u015fehri ku\u015fatma yoluna gitti.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n

\nOsmanl\u0131 ordusu bu ku\u015fatma i\u00e7inde yok olmaktansa bir yarma hareketiyle ku\u015fatma \u00e7emberini a\u015fmaya karar verdi. Osmanl\u0131 ordusu \u00e7emberi a\u015famay\u0131nca teslim olmaya mecbur kald\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n20 Ocak\u2019ta Ruslar, Edirne\u2019ye girdi.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nDo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da 20 Nisan\u2019da Do\u011fubeyaz\u0131t, 17 May\u0131s\u2019ta Ardahan d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/div>\n
\nRuslar bu defa Kars\u2019a y\u00f6neldi. Kars y\u00f6n\u00fcnde takip edilen Rus ordusu Ahmet Muhtar Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 sonucu beklenmedik bir yenilgi ald\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nAhmet Muhtar Pa\u015fa\u2019ya ait g\u00fc\u00e7ler temmuz ay\u0131nda Kars\u2019a girdi. Muhtar Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Kars civar\u0131nda d\u00fczenledi\u011fi sald\u0131r\u0131lar Rus ordusunun ana g\u00fc\u00e7lerine as\u0131l darbeyi vuramad\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nEkimde Ruslar yeni bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Muhtar Pa\u015fa\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 ordu Erzurum\u2019a \u00e7ekildi. <\/div>\n
\nErzurum halk\u0131 \u015fehrin m\u00fcdafaas\u0131na bizzat kat\u0131ld\u0131. Kahraman bir T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n (Nene Hatun) te\u015fviki ve ordu kuvvetlerinin de yard\u0131m\u0131yla p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclen Rus ordusu Erzurum\u2019a giremeden geri \u00e7ekildi.<\/div>\n
\nKars direni\u015fe ra\u011fmen 19 Kas\u0131m 1877\u2019de Kars, Ruslar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti<\/div>\n
\nRuslar\u0131n Balkanlar\u2019da ilerlemesi ve Edirne\u2019ye kadar gelmeleri sonucunda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bar\u0131\u015f istemek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n1878 Ayastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (Ye\u015filk\u00f6y)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nRomanya, S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 tan\u0131narak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden ayr\u0131ld\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgaristan Prensli\u011fi kurularak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne ba\u011fland\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nBosna-Hersek\u2019in Rusya ve Avusturya taraf\u0131ndan ortakla\u015fa himaye edilmesine karar verildi.<\/div>\n
\nKars, Ardahan, Batum ve Do\u011fubeyaz\u0131t Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nGirit, Teselya ve Arnavutluk\u2019ta \u0131slahatlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 karar alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nAyastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Avusturya ile \u0130ngiltere  \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 zedelendi.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130ngiltere, Avusturya ile bir araya gelerek Ayastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 bir konferansta ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 konusunda ortak karar ald\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nRusya, Ayastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesi yolunda yap\u0131lan teklifi kabul etmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nK\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n \u0130\u015fgali 1878<\/b><\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nBerlin Kongresi (1878) \u00f6ncesi \u0130ngiltere, Rus tehlikesinden Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni koruma amac\u0131yla K\u0131br\u0131s Adas\u0131\u2019na yerle\u015fmek istedi.<\/div>\n
\nK\u0131br\u0131s Adas\u0131, Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019in stratejik a\u00e7\u0131dan kritik bir noktas\u0131nda bulunmaktayd\u0131. Ada ayr\u0131ca \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Asya\u2019daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerine giden yol g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 \u00fczerinde bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n1878\u2019de K\u0131br\u0131s Adas\u0131\u2019na \u0130ngilizlerin gelmesine izin verildi. \u0130ngilizlerin ge\u00e7ici bir yerle\u015fme olarak g\u00f6sterdikleri bu giri\u015fim zamanla K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgaliyle sonu\u00e7lanacakt\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nBerlin Kongresi (1878)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\n93 Harbi sonras\u0131 Berlin\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Rusya, \u0130ngiltere, Avusturya, Fransa, \u0130talya ve Almanya devletleri bir araya geldi.<\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n savunmas\u0131n\u0131 beklerken tam tersi bir durum ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nBerlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re Romanya, S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f resmen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z oldu. <\/div>\n
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgar Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 par\u00e7aya b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne vergi verecek olan Bulgar Prensli\u011fi, idari \u00f6zerkli\u011fe sahip Do\u011fu Rumeli Eyaleti ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 Makedonya olu\u015ftu. <\/div>\n
\nBosna-Hersek, y\u00f6netimi ge\u00e7ici olarak Avusturya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nIslahat yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla Makedonya, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nDo\u011fubayaz\u0131t\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne verilmesi \u015fart\u0131yla Kars, Ardahan ve Batum Ruslara b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n1878 Berlin Kongresi\u2019nde Avrupal\u0131 devletler, Ermeniler i\u00e7in Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da \u0131slahatlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. <\/div>\n
\nKongre\u2019de Girit Adas\u0131 i\u00e7in Avrupal\u0131 devletler, adada Rumlar\u0131n lehine d\u00fczenlemelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 istedi.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130ngiltere K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019a kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak yerle\u015fti. Fransa, kongreden eli bo\u015f d\u00f6n\u00fcnce Kuzey Afrika\u2019daki Osmanl\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131 olan Tunus\u2019u i\u015fgal etmeyi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirdi.<\/div>\n
\nXIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca \u201cDenge Stratejisi\u201d y\u00fcr\u00fcten Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Almanya ile siyasi ve asker\u00ee alanda yak\u0131nla\u015fma d\u00f6nemini ba\u015flatt\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nBerlin Kongresi\u2019nde Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir tutum sergilememesi bu yak\u0131nla\u015fmada etkili olmu\u015ftu.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\nErmeni Meselesi<\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde \u201cMillet-i Sad\u0131ka\u201d ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan Ermeniler, devlet i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6nemli mevkilere getirilmi\u015fti.<\/div>\n
\nErmenileri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 kullanmak isteyen Avrupal\u0131 devletler ilk olarak Ermeniler aras\u0131ndaki mezhep ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan faydaland\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nOrtodoks olan Ermeniler aras\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n etkisiyle Katolik ve Protestanl\u0131k mezhepleri de yay\u0131ld\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nBu ama\u00e7 do\u011frultusunda Osmanl\u0131\u2019da az\u0131nl\u0131k ve yabanc\u0131 okullar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nBu okullarda Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan Ermeniler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131klara Osmanl\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 temelinde milliyet\u00e7ilik fikri a\u015f\u0131lanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n1878 Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131, XIX ve XX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fanan <\/div>\n
\nErmeni Meselesi\u2019nin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n1878 Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 61. Maddesine g\u00f6re Avrupal\u0131 devletler, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden Ermenilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 vilayetlerde zaman ge\u00e7irmeden \u0131slahat yapmas\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenliklerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. <\/div>\n
\nAvrupa devletlerinin deste\u011fiyle Ermenileri, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmak amac\u0131yla 1887\u2019de \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin Cenevre \u015fehrinde H\u0131n\u00e7ak, 1890\u2019da Tiflis\u2019te Ta\u015fnak komitalar\u0131 kuruldu. <\/div>\n
\nBu tarihten itibaren Ermeniler, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na kadar bir dizi isyan ve bask\u0131n giri\u015fimlerinde bulundu.<\/div>\n
\nAnadolu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan isyanlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Ermeni komitac\u0131lar\u0131n bask\u0131n ve sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan korunmak i\u00e7in yerlerini terk etmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/div>\n

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\n
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\n1915 Tehcir (Zorunlu G\u00f6\u00e7) Kanunu\u2019nun \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00d6ncesinde Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kan Ermeni \u0130syanlar\u0131<\/b>
\n
<\/b>
\nErzurum \u0130syan\u0131 (1890)
\nKumkap\u0131 G\u00f6sterisi (1890)
\nMerzifon, Yozgat ve Kayseri Olaylar\u0131 (1892)
\nSason (Batman\u2019\u0131n il\u00e7esi) \u0130syan\u0131 (1894)
\nB\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li Olay\u0131 (1895)
\nZeyt\u00fbn (Mara\u015f vilayetine ba\u011fl\u0131 kaza) \u0130syan\u0131 (1895)
\nVan \u0130syan\u0131 (1896)
\nOsmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131 Bask\u0131n\u0131 (1896)
\nSultan II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019e Suikast Giri\u015fimi (1905)<\/p>\n

Adana Olaylar\u0131 (1909)<\/p>\n

27 May\u0131s 1915 Ge\u00e7ici Sevk ve \u0130sk\u00e2n Kanunu (Tehcir Kanunu)<\/b>
\n
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\n1915 Nisan ay\u0131 ortalar\u0131nda \u00c7anakkale Gelibolu\u2019ya asker \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131ndan on g\u00fcn \u00f6nce \u0130tilaf Devletleri, Ermenilerden genel bir isyan ba\u015flatmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi.
\nErmeniler karakollara ve T\u00fcrk evlerine sald\u0131rd\u0131lar.
\nRuslar\u0131n Ermenilerle ba\u011flant\u0131 kurup beraber hareket etmeleri ve \u0130tilaf devletlerince Gelibolu\u2019ya \u00e7\u0131kartma yap\u0131lmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni zor duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc.
\nBu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130ttihat ve Terakki H\u00fck\u00fbmeti tedbir ald\u0131. 27 May\u0131s 1915\u2019te Ge\u00e7ici Sevk ve \u0130sk\u00e2n Kanunu (Tehcir Kanunu) \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131.
\nD\u00e2hiliye Nezareti\u2019nin \u00f6nerisi \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bu kanunla bir k\u0131s\u0131m Ermeni\u2019nin sava\u015f b\u00f6lgelerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Bu suretle \u00f6zellikle Van, Bitlis ve Erzurum vilayetlerinde isyana kar\u0131\u015fan Ermeniler, Halep ve Suriye vilayetlerinin baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7e tabi tutuldular.<\/p>\n

Zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7, b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermenilere uygulanmad\u0131.
\nZorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 nedeniyle baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde Ermenilerin silahl\u0131 direni\u015fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden olaylar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, yollarda asayi\u015fsizlik ve hastal\u0131k sebebiyle kay\u0131plar olmu\u015f,
\nT\u00fcrkleri az tan\u0131yan Bat\u0131 kamuoyu k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lmak istenmi\u015fti. Avrupa\u2019da zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7e, adeta soyk\u0131r\u0131m g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc verilerek
\nBat\u0131\u2019da bas\u0131n yay\u0131n organlar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkler kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 propagandalar yap\u0131ld\u0131.
\n<\/ins><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\nMakedonya Sorunu<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nBalkan devletlerinin hepsinin isteklerinin kesi\u015fti\u011fi yer Makedonya\u2019yd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti, durumun fark\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve  \u00f6nlemlerini almay\u0131 ihmal etmedi.<\/div>\n
\nMakedonya\u2019da g\u00f6revlendirilen \u201c\u0130zleme Taburlar\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 jandarma birlikleri say\u0131ca yetersizdi. <\/div>\n
\nBalkan devletleri gizlice Makedonya\u2019ya girerek \u00e7etecilik faaliyetleriyle taraftar bulmaya ve b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131 silahland\u0131rmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nMakedonya\u2019da ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck isyan Manast\u0131r \u015fehrinde 2 A\u011fustos 1903\u2019te ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130syan k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bast\u0131r\u0131lsa da ba\u015fka yeni isyanlar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. <\/div>\n
\n1908\u2019e gelindi\u011finde b\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcslim ve gayrim\u00fcslim vatanda\u015flar aras\u0131nda h\u00fcrriyet\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nMakedonya\u2019da ya\u015fanan bu geli\u015fmeler neticesinde <\/div>\n
\nII. Me\u015frutiyet 1908\u2019de ilan edildi.<\/div>\n
\nBulgaristan, Makedonya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in buradaki \u00e7etecilik faaliyetlerini k\u00f6r\u00fckledi. 1910\u2019da Bulgar bas\u0131n\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Makedonya\u2019da \u0131slahat yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, Makedonya\u2019daki Bulgarlar\u0131n yok edilmek istendi\u011fi ve bu b\u00f6lgeye yeni T\u00fcrk ailelerin getirilerek yerle\u015ftirilmek istendi\u011fi gibi iddialar ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nTrablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda (1911) \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilen bu \u00e7eteler Makedonya\u2019da \u00e7e\u015fitli katliamlara ve ya\u011fmalamalara giri\u015fti. <\/div>\n
\nBalkan devletleri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aleyhinde bir ittifak yaparak Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na h\u0131z verdiler.<\/div>\n
\nMakedonya, 1912-1913 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda cereyan eden Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 sonunda imzalanan B\u00fckre\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile S\u0131rbistan, Yunanistan ve Bulgaristan aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n\u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Siyasi Birli\u011fini Kurmas\u0131 (1870)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\n\u0130talya mill\u00ee birli\u011finin kurulmas\u0131nda 1807\u2019de kurulan <\/div>\n
\n\u201cCarbonari\u201d(Karbonari) adl\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct etkili olmu\u015ftur. <\/div>\n
\nGizli bir \u00f6rg\u00fctolan Carbonari, 1821\u2019e gelindi\u011finde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve birlik yanl\u0131s\u0131 ilk isyanlar\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n1848 \u0130htilallerinde Piyemonte Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde birlik ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele veren \u0130talyanlar\u0131n isyanlar\u0131 sonu\u00e7suz kald\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nAvusturya\u2019n\u0131n par\u00e7al\u0131 h\u00e2lde bulunan \u0130talya co\u011frafyas\u0131 \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u0130talyanlar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlete ula\u015fam\u0131yordu.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nPiyemonte Kontu Cavour (Kavur) ve Fransa \u0130mparatoru III. Napolyon Avusturya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ortak m\u00fccadele karar\u0131 ald\u0131. <\/div>\n
\n\u0130ki devlet adam\u0131 1858\u2019de gizli bir anla\u015fma yapt\u0131lar ve bir sene sonra Avusturya\u2019ya sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131lar. Bu sava\u015flarla birlikle Piyemonte\u2019nin topraklar\u0131 geni\u015fledi. <\/div>\n
\n\u0130talyanlar\u0131n geni\u015f bir kesimi Piyemonte\u2019nin etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fti. K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na ve Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Kongresi\u2019ne kat\u0131lmas\u0131 Piyemonte\u2019nin uluslararas\u0131 siyasette sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nPrusya\u2019n\u0131n bir yandan Avusturya\u2019y\u0131 di\u011fer yandan Fransa\u2019y\u0131 yenmesi \u0130talyanlara tarihi bir f\u0131rsat verdi. <\/div>\n
\n\u0130talyanlar, 1870\u2019te Roma\u2019y\u0131 Avusturya\u2019dan alarak \u0130talya Devleti\u2019nin kurulu\u015funu ilan edip mill\u00ee birli\u011fini tamamen sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n
\nAlmanya\u2019n\u0131n Siyasi Birli\u011fini Sa\u011flamas\u0131 (1871)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
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\n
\nPrusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Alman birli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00f6nemli Alman devlet adam\u0131 Bismarck\u2019\u0131n (Bismark) \u00e7abalar\u0131yla oldu.<\/div>\n
\nBu d\u00f6nemde Bismarck, Prusya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi i\u00e7in gerekli olan politikan\u0131n \u201ckan ve k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 politikas\u0131\u201d oldu\u011fu fikrine ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n1864\u2019te Danimarka\u2019y\u0131, 1866\u2019da Avusturya\u2019y\u0131 sava\u015flarda yenen Prusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde engel olarak sadece Fransa kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/div>\n
\n1870\u2019te yap\u0131lan Sedan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Fransa, Prusya\u2019ya yenildi. <\/div>\n
\nBu geli\u015fme sonras\u0131 1871\u2019de Fransa\u2019da imzalanan antla\u015fma ile ilk defa Almanya Devleti ad\u0131ndan bahsedildi. B\u00f6ylece Alman siyasi birli\u011fi de resmen kuruldu.<\/div>\n
\nG\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir siyasi ve asker\u00ee yap\u0131yla kurulan Almanya, Avrupa\u2019da yeni dengeler i\u00e7erisinde yer bulamad\u0131. Bu durum gelecekte I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130ttifak ve \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130tilaf<\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nAvrupa siyasetine Rusya, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n <\/div>\n
\nyan\u0131nda Almanya ve \u0130talya yeni bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nAlman mill\u00ee birli\u011finin kurucusu Bismarck, Almanya\u2019y\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n karada en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devleti h\u00e2line getirmek amac\u0131yla d\u0131\u015f politikada farkl\u0131 bir yol izledi.<\/div>\n
\nAlman mill\u00ee birli\u011fi kuruldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde Frans\u0131zlar, Sedan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda  Almanlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yenilgiye u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nBismarck, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede kendisini toparlayaca\u011f\u0131 ve Almanya\u2019dan bu yenilginin intikam\u0131n\u0131 almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Almanya\u2019y\u0131, Fransa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletleri kendi yan\u0131na \u00e7ekme aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6neltti. <\/div>\n
\nB\u00f6ylece d\u00fcnya devletleri aras\u0131nda ilk kez grupla\u015fma hareketi (blokla\u015fma) ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nAlmanya, 1860-1890 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan antla\u015fmalarla Rusya ve Avusturya-Macaristan\u2019\u0131 yan\u0131na \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Bu birli\u011fe \u201c\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130ttifak\u201d ad\u0131 verildi. \u0130talya da daha sonra bu ittifaka kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nRusya ile Avusturya-Macaristan rekabetinden dolay\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ittifak<\/div>\n
\ni\u00e7indeki denge bozuldu. 1890\u2019da Almanya\u2019da bir taht de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nYeni imparatorla Ba\u015fbakan Bismarck aras\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f politikada ciddi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden Bismarck ba\u015fbakanl\u0131ktan istifa etti. <\/div>\n
\nII. Wilhelm D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Almanya, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kendi yan\u0131nda yer almas\u0131n\u0131 gereksiz g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve 1890\u2019da \u00e7arl\u0131k Rusya ile s\u00fcresi dolan antla\u015fma yenilenmedi. <\/div>\n
\nBu durum Rusya\u2019y\u0131 1894\u2019de Fransa ile anla\u015fmaya y\u00f6neltti. Bu birli\u011fe \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin de kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130ttifak\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u201c\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130tilaf\u201d blo\u011fu olu\u015fturuldu. <\/div>\n
\nZaman i\u00e7erisinde bloklar aras\u0131ndaki ekonomik rekabet, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge elde etme ve silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerginlik, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temel nedeni oldu.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\nNot: \u00dcnitenin devam\u0131na www.tarihkursu.com \/ders notlar\u0131<\/a><\/span> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/b><\/div>\n
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\nDaha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in bizi takip edin<\/o:p><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
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Tarih ders notlar\u0131, yks tarih ders notlar\u0131, ayt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tyt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tarih \u00f6zet, tarih 9 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 10 ders notlar\u0131, […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[58],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-810","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":"","post_slider_layout_landscape_large":"","post_slider_layout_portrait_large":"","post_slider_layout_square_large":"","post_slider_layout_landscape":"","post_slider_layout_portrait":"","post_slider_layout_square":"","full":""},"yoast_head":"\nOSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019N\u0130N S\u0130YAS\u0130 VARLI\u011eINA Y\u00d6NEL\u0130K TEHD\u0130TLER TAR\u0130H 11 3. \u00dcN\u0130TE ULUSLARARASI \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LERDE DENGE STRATEJ\u0130S\u0130 (1774-1914) 2. 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