{"id":831,"date":"2018-11-06T11:49:00","date_gmt":"2018-11-06T08:49:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2018\/11\/06\/yeni-cag-avrupasinda-meydana-gelen-gelismeler-tarih-11-2-unite-degisim-caginda-avrupa-ve-osmanli-1-konu\/"},"modified":"2018-11-06T11:49:00","modified_gmt":"2018-11-06T08:49:00","slug":"yeni-cag-avrupasinda-meydana-gelen-gelismeler-tarih-11-2-unite-degisim-caginda-avrupa-ve-osmanli-1-konu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2018\/11\/06\/yeni-cag-avrupasinda-meydana-gelen-gelismeler-tarih-11-2-unite-degisim-caginda-avrupa-ve-osmanli-1-konu\/","title":{"rendered":"YENi \u00c7A\u011e AVRUPASI’NDA MEYDANA GELEN GELi\u015eMELER (TAR\u0130H 11 2. \u00dcN\u0130TE DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130M \u00c7A\u011eINDA AVRUPA VE OSMANLI 1. KONU)"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n<\/a><\/div>\n

Tarih ders notlar\u0131, yks tarih ders notlar\u0131, ayt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tyt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tarih \u00f6zet, tarih 9 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 10 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 11 ders notlar\u0131, ink\u0131lap tarihi ders notlar\u0131, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve d\u00fcnya tarihi ders notlar\u0131, g\u00fcncel tarih ders notlar\u0131, \u00f6zet konu anlat\u0131m, k\u0131sa tarih, yeni kitaba g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ders notlar\u0131, yeni m\u00fcfredat tarih , tarih pdf<\/span><\/b>
\n
<\/span><\/b>
\nYEN\u0130 \u00c7A\u011e AVRUPASI’NDA MEYDANA GELEN GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/b><\/span>
\n
<\/b><\/span>
\nKatolik Kilisesi\u2019nden Alternatif D\u00fcnya Tasavvuruna<\/b><\/span>
\nFikr\u00ee ve Manevi Etkenler<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans<\/b><\/span>
\nR\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/b><\/span>
\nReform<\/b><\/span>
\nReformun Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/b><\/span>
\nProtestanla\u015fma<\/b><\/span>
\nH\u00fcmanist ve Rasyonalist Felsefeler<\/b><\/span>
\n<\/a>
\nNewtoncu Fizik ve Bilim Devrimi<\/b><\/span>
\nSek\u00fclerle\u015fme<\/b><\/span>
\nDevletler Aras\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkilerde Sek\u00fclerle\u015fme<\/b>
\nMerkantilizm ve Burjuva S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131<\/b><\/span>
\nK\u0131rdan Kente G\u00f6\u00e7<\/b><\/span>
\nAsker\u00ee ve Teknolojik Etkenler<\/b><\/span>
\nAte\u015fli Silahlar ve Yeni Gemi T\u00fcrleri<\/b>
\nXVII ve XVIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Avrupa\u2019da D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Alan\u0131nda De\u011fi\u015fimler<\/b><\/span>
\nCopernicus (1473-1543)<\/b><\/span>
\nThomas More (1478-1535)<\/b><\/span>
\nMachiavelli (1469-1527)<\/b><\/span>
\nJean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)<\/b><\/span>
\nImmanuel Kant (1724-1804)<\/b><\/span>
\n<\/ins><\/p>\n


<\/b><\/span>
\nKatolik Kilisesi\u2019nden Alternatif D\u00fcnya Tasavvuruna <\/b><\/span>Fikr\u00ee ve Manevi Etkenler<\/b><\/span>
\n
<\/b><\/span>
\nBat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sonras\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131nca <\/span>
\nAntik \u00c7a\u011f k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/span>
\n“Kilise”, Avrupa\u2019da Eski D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7inde Antik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr de\u011ferlerini ele al\u0131p kurtarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span>
\nK\u00fclt\u00fcrel birikimi olmayan gen\u00e7 kavimler kilisenin arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Eski D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n de\u011ferlerini benimseyerek yeti\u015fmi\u015flerdi. <\/span>
\nAntik k\u00fclt\u00fcre ait d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden sadece kilisenin uygun buldu\u011fu ve m\u00fcsaade etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ayakta kalabilmi\u015f, kiliseye ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ise kesin olarak terk edilmi\u015fti.<\/span>
\nKilise, serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir engel olu\u015fturarak kendi \u00fcretti\u011fi bilgiyi halka yaym\u0131\u015f, bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndakileri reddederek engellemi\u015fti.<\/span>
\nKilisenin felsefesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar aforoz edilerek d\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span>
\n
<\/span>
\nYEN\u0130 \u00c7A\u011e AVRUPASI’NDA HALK<\/b><\/span>
\n
<\/b><\/span>
\nAvrupa\u2019da toplum iki s\u0131n\u0131fa b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc: Dini kullanarak olu\u015fturulan <\/span>sosyo-ekonomik yap\u0131da ruhban ve aristokratlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu birinci s\u0131n\u0131f insanlar ve yoksul halk\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f insanlar. <\/span>
\nSoylular ve rahipler maddi ve manevi a\u00e7\u0131dan halk\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrmekteydiler.<\/span>
\nHalk tabakas\u0131n\u0131n kendini geli\u015ftirip de\u011fi\u015ftirebilece\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn alanlar kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span>
\nAyd\u0131nlanma ile birlikte \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131larak kiliseye kar\u015f\u0131 alternatif d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu. <\/span>
\nAyd\u0131nlanmayla birlikte y\u00fckselen burjuvazi, yeni ekonomik alanlar a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve toplumda bir orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftu.<\/span>
\n<\/ins><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\nFeodalite<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n


<\/b><\/span>
\nFeodalite; siyasal ve asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fc elinde bulunduran, <\/span>
\ntopra\u011f\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetine veya imtiyaz\u0131na sahip olan bir seny\u00f6rler (derebeyler) ile bu s\u0131n\u0131fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u00f6leler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu idari d\u00fczendir.<\/span>
\nBu d\u00fczenin kurulu\u015fuyla Avrupa\u2019da siyasal birlik bozulmu\u015f, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck y\u00f6netim birimleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\nAvrupa\u2019da Orta \u00c7a\u011f boyunca h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren feodalite (derebeylik) XV. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren yerini mutlak krall\u0131klara b\u0131rakt\u0131. <\/span>
\nFeodalitenin \u00f6nemini kaybetmesiyle birlikte Yeni \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019nda birtak\u0131m d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/span>
\nBu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerin ya\u015fanmas\u0131nda Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler, barutun ate\u015fli silahlarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, h\u00fcmanizm (insanc\u0131l\u0131k) ve sek\u00fclerle\u015fme gibi geli\u015fmeler etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/span>
\n
<\/span>
\nR\u00f6nesans<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\nXV. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren ilk olarak \u0130talya’da H\u00fcmanizmin<\/span><\/div>\n
\n etkisiyle  ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan, \u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f’\u0131n klasik k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve sanat\u0131na <\/span><\/div>\n
\ndayanan bilim ve sanat ak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. <\/span><\/div>\n
\nR\u00f6nesans, daha \u00e7ok edebiyat ve g\u00fczel sanatlar alan\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen yenilik ve geli\u015fme hareketidir.<\/span><\/div>\n
\nR\u00f6nesans hareketlerinin ba\u015flamas\u0131na ticari faaliyetler sonucu zenginle\u015fen mesen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. <\/span><\/div>\n
\nR\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/span><\/div>\n
\n\u00d6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin temeli at\u0131ld\u0131. Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde bilim, sanat, edebiyat alanlar\u0131nda yeni bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. <\/span><\/div>\n
\nSkolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce terk edildi. Deney ve g\u00f6zleme dayanan pozitif d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bu sayede ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/span><\/div>\n
\nReform hareketlerine zemin haz\u0131rland\u0131.<\/span><\/div>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti ise R\u00f6nesans’tan fazla etkilenmedi.<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
<\/span><\/div>\n
\nReform<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nYeniden d\u00fczenleme anlam\u0131na gelen reform, Yeni \u00c7a\u011f ba\u015flar\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019da meydana gelen din\u00ee d\u00fczenlemeleri ifade etmektedir. <\/span><\/div>\n
\nXVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Katolik mezhebindeki bozulmalarla ilk olarak Almanya\u2019da ba\u015flayan reform di\u011fer Avrupa \u00fclkelerine de yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/div>\n
\nReformu ba\u015flatan ki\u015fi Katolik Kilisesi’ni ele\u015ftiren fikirleriyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan Alman din adam\u0131 Martin Luther’dir.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
<\/span>
\nReformun Nedenleri:<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\nMatbaan\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi,<\/span><\/div>\n
\nR\u00f6nesans’\u0131n etkisi, <\/span><\/div>\n
\nKatolik Kilisesi\u2019nde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bozulmalar.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
<\/span><\/div>\n
\n<\/span><\/p>\n
\nMatbaa sayesinde kitap bas\u0131m\u0131 ve okuryazarl\u0131k oran\u0131 artt\u0131. <\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n\u0130ncil\u2019in farkl\u0131 dillere \u00e7evrilip bas\u0131lmas\u0131yla din adamlar\u0131nca ifade edilen konular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun \u0130ncil\u2019de olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nKatolik Kilisesi’nin, din d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015flerle \u00f6zellikle siyasetle u\u011fra\u015fmas\u0131, end\u00fcljans, aforoz, enterdi, engizisyon, g\u00fcnah \u00e7\u0131karma gibi g\u00fc\u00e7 unsurlar\u0131yla halk\u0131n mallar\u0131na el koymas\u0131 gibi nedenlerle Katolik Kilisesi’ne olan g\u00fcven azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/div>\n
\nBu durum reform hareketlerinin ba\u015flamas\u0131na temel olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/div>\n
\nProtestanl\u0131k XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l reform hareketine dayanan ve farkl\u0131 kiliselerden olu\u015fan Hristiyanl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flard\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nProtestan tabiri ilk defa reform yanl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 nitelendirmek i\u00e7in Roma Katolik Kilisesi taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nEnd\u00fcljans:<\/b> Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda Papan\u0131n satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnah \u00e7\u0131karma, af belgesidir.<\/div>\n
\nAforoz:<\/b> Hristiyanl\u0131kta kilise taraf\u0131ndan verilen \u201cdinden \u00e7\u0131karma\u201d cezas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nEnterdi:<\/b> Papa\u2019n\u0131n Hristiyan bir \u00fclkeyi halk\u0131 ile birlikte dinden \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nEngizisyon:<\/b> Katolik kilisesine ba\u011fl\u0131 din\u00ee mahkemelerdir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nH\u00fcmanizm<\/b><\/div>\n
\nH\u00fcmanizm, insan\u0131 de\u011fer kabul eden, onu her \u015feyin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlayan, insan\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131, yeteneklerini, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 veya ilgilerini konu edinen bir felsefi ak\u0131md\u0131r. <\/div>\n
\n
\nH\u00fcmanizm, edebiyat, bilim, sanat alanlar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.  <\/div>\n
\nR\u00f6nesans’\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131nda h\u00fcmanist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fck olmu\u015ftu. <\/div>\n
\nH\u00fcmanizm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi heykel ve mimari alan\u0131nda da kendini g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. <\/div>\n
\nH\u00fcmanizmin \u00f6nemli temsilcileri aras\u0131nda: Dante, Petrarca (Petrark), Montaigne (Monteyn), Erasmus ve Cervantes (Servantes) say\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nRasyonalizm, (ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nRasyonalizm, (ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k) ger\u00e7eklerle ilgisi kopmu\u015f birtak\u0131m dogmatik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine hapsolmadan, sorunlara akla, mant\u0131\u011fa ve ger\u00e7e\u011fe uygun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler aramak demektir.<\/div>\n
\nRasyonel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce zamanla e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda da kendini g\u00f6stermi\u015fti.<\/div>\n
\nRasyonel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 felsefelerden birisi de pozitivizmdir. <\/div>\n
\nPozitivizm, ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi olan bireysel akl\u0131n, do\u011fan\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn, modernitenin, egemenlik ve hukukun temellerini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n

\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\nNewtoncu Fizik ve Bilim Devrimi<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nOrta \u00c7a\u011f boyunca Katolik Kilisesi D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n evrenin merkezi oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini benimsemi\u015fti. <\/div>\n
\nBilim Devrimi ile birlikte G\u00fcne\u015f merkezli bir evren sisteminin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edildi.<\/div>\n
\nIsaac Newton’\u0131n (Ayzek Nivt\u0131n) optik, matematik ve fizik alanlar\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ise Bilim Devrimi’nin en \u00fcst noktas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nNewton, geli\u015fmi\u015f bir teleskop icat etti. <\/div>\n
\nNewton, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f anlamda bilimi kuran ve bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn en geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6rne\u011fini ortaya koyan bir bilim insan\u0131yd\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nEvrensel \u00e7ekim yasas\u0131n\u0131 bulman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bilim ve felsefe aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi de bug\u00fcn\u00fcn bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla belirledi.<\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\nSek\u00fclerle\u015fme<\/b><\/div>\n
\nSek\u00fclerizm, din\u00ee olan\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Protestan \u00fclkelerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedir.<\/div>\n
\n
\nSek\u00fclerizmde insan akl\u0131n\u0131n din\u00ee ba\u011flardan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ve dinin bir vicdan meselesi h\u00e2line getirilmesi istenmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
\nProtestanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu toplumlarda sek\u00fclerizm de birlikte var olmu\u015ftur. <\/div>\n
\nBunun sonucu olarak din, kamu hayat\u0131ndan giderek ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ki\u015fiye \u00f6zel h\u00e2le getirilerek manevi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131na kayd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/div>\n
\nB\u00f6ylece Bat\u0131\u2019da din sosyal \u00f6nemini de yitirmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nDevletler Aras\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkilerde Sek\u00fclerle\u015fme<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nOrta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019nda kral ile di\u011fer egemen bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olan prenslikler aras\u0131nda hiyerar\u015fik bir yap\u0131 bulunmaktayd\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nPapa ilahi liderken imparator ise d\u00fcnyevi bir liderdi. Reform hareketleriyle birlikte kilise d\u0131\u015fland\u0131, feodal devletler g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetti ve ulusal krall\u0131klar kuvvetlendi.<\/div>\n
\nOrta Avrupa devletleri bir\u00e7ok prenslikten olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Bu durum ulusalla\u015fmay\u0131 geciktirmekteydi. <\/div>\n
\nPrensliklerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Katolik mezhebini di\u011fer k\u0131sm\u0131 da Protestanl\u0131k<\/div>\n
\nmezhebini kabul etmi\u015fti. <\/div>\n
\nBunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu prensliklerin aras\u0131nda ortak bir dil, ortak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr de bulunmamaktayd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nDinin devletler aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 alg\u0131lanmas\u0131 sonucunda Avrupa\u2019da Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 (1618-1648) ya\u015fand\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nBu sava\u015flar sonras\u0131 Westphalia (Vestfalya) Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. Antla\u015fma ile Avrupa devletlerinin stat\u00fcleri de\u011fi\u015fmeye, devletler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler sek\u00fclerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nKilisenin sahip oldu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7lere s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rma getirildi. <\/div>\n
\nAlmanya\u2019da Katoliklik, Protestanl\u0131k ve Kalvenizm ge\u00e7erli mezhepler h\u00e2line geldi.<\/div>\n
\nWestphalia Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131, Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 din\u00ee ve siyasi anlamda denge sistemine dayand\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan ilk konferanst\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nBundan b\u00f6yle imparatorluklar yerini ulusal krall\u0131klara ve ulus devletlere b\u0131rak\u0131yordu.<\/div>\n
\nR\u00f6nesans ve reformlarla ba\u015flayan geli\u015fmeler, ayd\u0131nlanmada doru\u011funa varm\u0131\u015f ve modernite denilen s\u00fcrecin olu\u015fumunu haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n
\nNewton, Kopernik, Galileo, Descartes (Dekart), Jean Jack Rousseu, Immanuel Kant, Voltaire (Volter) ve Montesquieu (Monteskiy\u00f6) Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ileri gelen temsilcileridir.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\nMerkantilizm ve Burjuva S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nMerkantilizm, bir \u00fclkenin zenginli\u011fini, sahip oldu\u011fu alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gibi de\u011ferlere ba\u011flayan ekonomik doktrindir.<\/div>\n
\nDi\u011fer bir ifadeyle “merkantilizm, bir milletin ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve zenginli\u011fini en \u00fcst d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131karmak amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcden ekonomi modeli”dir. <\/div>\n
\nXVI ve XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin ticaret politikalar\u0131n\u0131n temelini merkantilizm olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/div>\n
\nMerkantilist anlay\u0131\u015f, Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler sonras\u0131nda Avrupa’da ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nAvrupal\u0131lar\u0131n yeni ticaret yollar\u0131 bulmalar\u0131nda ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na girmelerinde merkantilist anlay\u0131\u015f \u00f6n plandad\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nCo\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler ile ticarette gittik\u00e7e zenginle\u015fen burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 do\u011fdu. Y\u00f6netimde ve ticarette s\u00f6z sahibi oldular.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nK\u0131rdan Kente G\u00f6\u00e7<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nXVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren arazilerin tar\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, alternatif g\u0131dalar\u0131n \u00fcretilmesi, ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesi, hastal\u0131klar\u0131n azalmas\u0131 ve sava\u015flar\u0131n \u015feklinin de\u011fi\u015fmesinden dolay\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131 azald\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu geli\u015fmeler n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f oranlar\u0131n\u0131 da y\u00fckseltti<\/div>\n
\nBu durum Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131’n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. <\/div>\n
\nDi\u011fer yandan artan n\u00fcfusun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in gerekli olan tar\u0131m, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k vb. kaynak yetersizli\u011fi k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyanlar\u0131na neden oldu. <\/div>\n
\nBunlardan dolay\u0131 merkantilist ekonomi, k\u0131r n\u00fcfusunun kentlere ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda etkili oldu.<\/div>\n
\nXVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiltere ve Hollanda merkezli ba\u015flayan iyile\u015fmeler ve teknolojik geli\u015fmeler sayesinde tar\u0131mda insan g\u00fcc\u00fcne olan ihtiya\u00e7 azald\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nBu geli\u015fme sonucunda k\u0131rsalda ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u015fsiz kal\u0131nca kentlere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n
\nAte\u015fli Silahlar ve Yeni Gemi T\u00fcrleri<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nXV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren ate\u015fli silahlar\u0131n etkin bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131 Avrupa’da Asker\u00ee Devrim’in ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu. <\/div>\n
\nAte\u015fli silahlar\u0131n icad\u0131yla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck prenslikler ve \u015fehir devletlerinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck dayana\u011f\u0131 olan Orta \u00c7a\u011f kale surlar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131labilir h\u00e2le geldi. <\/div>\n
\nBu olay feodaliteyi zay\u0131flatt\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7ta Fransa, \u0130ngiltere, \u0130spanya gibi merkez\u00ee devletler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck prensliklere kar\u015f\u0131 avantaj sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nFeodal sistemin \u00e7\u00f6kmesiyle ordu yap\u0131lar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015firken kademeli olarak a\u011f\u0131r atl\u0131 birliklerden vazge\u00e7ildi. Bunun yerine say\u0131ca fazla, daha ekonomik olan hafif silahl\u0131 piyadeler \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nAyn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u0130talyan \u015fehir devletleri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir orduya sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in kale savunmas\u0131nda yeni bir model geli\u015ftirdi. Kalelerin duvarlar\u0131 daha al\u00e7ak ve kal\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131. Kaleleri daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc savunmak, \u00e7apraz ate\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in y\u0131ld\u0131z \u015feklinde in\u015fa edildi.<\/div>\n
\nEski model t\u00fcfeklerin yerini \u00f6nce fitilli sonra da \u00e7akmakl\u0131 t\u00fcfekler ald\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n
\nBat\u0131’n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015finde bilim, sanat ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce alan\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen geli\u015fmelerden ziyade ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Asker\u00ee Devrim’in \u00f6nemli katk\u0131s\u0131 oldu. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131nda Bat\u0131’n\u0131n asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fc etkilidir.<\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\nYeni Gemi T\u00fcrleri<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\n1470 ile 1570 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda deniz sava\u015flar\u0131nda <\/div>\n
\nda b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nOkyanus \u015fartlar\u0131na uyarlanan carrack\u0131n (karak) yan\u0131 s\u0131ra caravel (karavel) denilen ba\u015fka modelde gemiler uzak yolculuklara uygun h\u00e2le getirildi.<\/div>\n
\n1570’lerden itibaren gemilerde kullan\u0131lan demir top ucuzlad\u0131 ve kullan\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nDeniz faaliyetlerinin finansman\u0131nda devlete d\u00fc\u015fen rol artt\u0131. XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda disiplinli deniz filolar\u0131 olu\u015fturuldu.<\/div>\n
\nXVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda kad\u0131rgalar\u0131n yerini kalyon gemileri ald\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nKalyonlar\u0131n geni\u015f kargo kapasitesi ve seyir g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 deniz sava\u015flar\u0131na ve ticarete yeni usulleri de beraberinde getirdi.<\/div>\n

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\n
<\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nXVII ve XVIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Avrupa\u2019da D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Alan\u0131nda De\u011fi\u015fimler  <\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b>
\nCopernicus 1473-1543<\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nAntik ve Orta \u00c7a\u011f ilminin evrenle ilgili yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu<\/div>\n
\niddia eden Polonyal\u0131 din adam\u0131, matematik\u00e7i ve astronom Kopernik, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tezinin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nH\u00fcmanist y\u00f6ntemin ilim \u00f6\u011frenmede \u00f6nemini kabul eden Kopernik, astronomi biliminde matemati\u011fin eksikli\u011fini anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nAstronomi alan\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fc olan Kopernik, kendinden sonra gelen Kepler ve Galileo i\u00e7in esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/div>\n
\nKopernik, evrenin G\u00fcne\u015f merkezli oldu\u011funu ve D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bilimsel temellere oturtmu\u015ftur.<\/div>\n
\nD\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ve b\u00fct\u00fcn gezegenlerin kendi ve  G\u00fcne\u015f etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fckleri fikrini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nThomas More (1478-1535)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nUtopia (\u00dctopya) adl\u0131 eserinde \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/div>\n
\ntoplumsal bir d\u00fczen tasarlayan More, koyu bir Katolik Hristiyan olarak bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc dine dayand\u0131rmaktayd\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nB\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015fsel bir \u00fclkede hi\u00e7 kimse toprak sahibi de\u011fildi fakat herkes i\u015f\u00e7iydi ve \u00fcretim bir plana ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. <\/div>\n
\n\u00dcretilen mallar para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n herkesin gereksinimine g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n More a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan y\u00f6netici, se\u00e7imle i\u015fba\u015f\u0131na gelmeli ve g\u00f6revini k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece i\u015fba\u015f\u0131nda kalmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/div>\n
\nHalk kurultaylar\u0131nda \u00fclke meseleleri konu\u015fulmal\u0131, bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir araya gelerek \u00fclke meselelerinin konu\u015fulmas\u0131 ise yasaklanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Sava\u015f gerekti\u011finde savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nThomas More, Sanayi Devrimi’nden \u00e7ok sonra uygulamaya koyulan kad\u0131n erkek e\u015fitli\u011fi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerinin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, temel e\u011fitimin genel, paras\u0131z ve zorunlu olmas\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin devlet\u00e7e yerine getirilmesi, ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n ve d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnlerin devlet\u00e7e g\u00f6zetilmesi gibi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nThomas More\u2019un \u201c\u00dctopya\u201d adl\u0131 eseri, roman sanat\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 o tarihlerde, bir anlat\u0131 metni olarak kurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n\u00dctopya, g\u00fcney yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede bir adad\u0131r. Hik\u00e2ye, bu adada ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bir gemicinin, ada halk\u0131n\u0131n kurdu\u011fu d\u00fczeninin m\u00fckemmelli\u011fini Avrupa\u2019ya tan\u0131tmas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde s\u00fcrer.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n
\nMachiavelli (1469-1527)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nMachiavelli (Makyavelli) hi\u00e7bir etik kurala ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z g\u00fc\u00e7 sahibi bir devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fama ge\u00e7irilmesini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. <\/div>\n
\nOnun ba\u015fl\u0131ca amac\u0131, yabanc\u0131 devletlerin etki ve i\u015fgallerinden kurtulmu\u015f ulusal ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u0130talyan devletinin kurulmas\u0131yd\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nMachiavelli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini dilimize \u201cH\u00fck\u00fcmdar (Prens)” olarak \u00e7evrilen eserinde ortaya koydu.<\/div>\n
\nMachiavelli\u2019ye g\u00f6re h\u00fck\u00fcmdar kendisini erdemli bir ki\u015fi olarak tan\u0131tmal\u0131d\u0131r ama gerekti\u011finde hi\u00e7 de \u00f6yle davranmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nDinin toplumu bir arada tutan i\u015flevi olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 <\/div>\n
\nh\u00fck\u00fcmdar kendisini, ger\u00e7ekte \u00f6yle olmasa bile <\/div>\n
\ndindar bir ki\u015fi olarak g\u00f6stermelidir. <\/div>\n
\nParal\u0131 askerler yerine yurtta\u015flardan kurulu d\u00fczenli bir ordu kurulmal\u0131, askerler e\u011fitimli ve disiplinli olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nMachiavelli\u2019ye g\u00f6re devletler aras\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde devlet, amac\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in her yolu deneyerek s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanmal\u0131 ve hukuk d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kurallara ba\u015fvurmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/div>\n
\nHukuka ba\u015fvurmada devletin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmelidir. Devletler aras\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde yalan dolan yetmez ise tek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yolu sava\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nJean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nJean Rousseau\u2019ya (Jan Jak Russo) g\u00f6re her t\u00fcrl\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn<\/div>\n
\n kayna\u011f\u0131, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fal durumdan kopmas\u0131 ile m\u00fclkiyet <\/div>\n
\nfikrinin varl\u0131k kazanmas\u0131d\u0131r. <\/div>\n
\nM\u00fclkiyetin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131f kavgas\u0131 ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015f, siyasal iktidar da bu s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak bi\u00e7imlenmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
\n\u201c\u0130nsanlar Aras\u0131ndaki E\u015fitsizli\u011fin Kayna\u011f\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/div>\n
\nRousseau \u201cToplum S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde toplum d\u00fczeninin s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamakta ve devleti y\u00fcceltmektedir.<\/div>\n
\nToplum s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile olu\u015fan devlet, egemen g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Egemenlik b\u00f6l\u00fcnemez. Bu nedenle de kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesi kabul edilemez. <\/div>\n
\nFrans\u0131z \u0130htilali ile birlikte toplumda d\u00fczenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in devlet otoritesini savunmu\u015ftur. \u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fun iktidar\u0131ndan yanad\u0131r.<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n
\nImmanuel Kant (1724-1804)<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nImmanuel Kant (\u0130manuel Kant), Rousseu\u2019nun Toplum S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi eserinden etkilenerek yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cS\u00fcrekli Bar\u0131\u015f Projesi\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde kamusal otoritenin temelini olu\u015fturmada akl\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. <\/div>\n
\n\u0130nsanlar\u0131n temel e\u015fitli\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ve genel iradenin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun ancak evrensel ak\u0131l \u00f6nermeleriyle yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015ftur.<\/div>\n
\nKant\u2019a g\u00f6re do\u011fa, insanlar\u0131 ama\u00e7lar\u0131na do\u011fru g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrken evrenselle\u015ftirir.<\/div>\n
\nAhlak\u0131n evrenselli\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn bireylerin e\u015fitli\u011fini getirir.<\/div>\n
\nKant’a g\u00f6re yurtta\u015fl\u0131k, genel yasa kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k stat\u00fcs\u00fc de\u011fildir. <\/div>\n
\n
\nE\u015fit karde\u015flik durumunda olan herkesin hakk\u0131d\u0131r. <\/div>\n
\nBu amaca uygun olan tek siyasal bi\u00e7im temsil\u00ee sistem ve g\u00fc\u00e7ler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleyen cumhuriyet\u00e7i bi\u00e7imdir. <\/div>\n
\nSadece belli bir \u00fccreti \u00f6deyenlerin se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r. <\/div>\n
\nKant bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ile feodalizmi, aristokrasiyi ve ayd\u0131n zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 reddeder. <\/div>\n
\n\u0130\u015f\u00e7i ve hizmetk\u00e2r s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 yurtta\u015f olarak kabul etmez. <\/div>\n
\nO b\u00fct\u00fcn bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleriyle evrensel ahlak\u0131 \u00f6ne alan orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 savunur ve onlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ek yurtta\u015f olarak kabul eder.<\/div>\n
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\n
\nNot: \u00dcnitenin devam\u0131na www.tarihkursu.com \/ders notlar\u0131<\/a><\/span> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/b><\/div>\n
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\nDaha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in bizi takip edin<\/o:p><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\nhttp:\/\/www.tarihkursu.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
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Yotube kanal\u0131m\u0131za abone olmak i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Tarih ders notlar\u0131, yks tarih ders notlar\u0131, ayt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tyt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tarih \u00f6zet, tarih 9 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 10 ders notlar\u0131, […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[58,62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-831","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ders-notlari","category-konu-ozetleri"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":"","post_slider_layout_landscape_large":"","post_slider_layout_portrait_large":"","post_slider_layout_square_large":"","post_slider_layout_landscape":"","post_slider_layout_portrait":"","post_slider_layout_square":"","full":""},"yoast_head":"\nYENi \u00c7A\u011e AVRUPASI'NDA MEYDANA GELEN GELi\u015eMELER (TAR\u0130H 11 2. \u00dcN\u0130TE DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130M \u00c7A\u011eINDA AVRUPA VE OSMANLI 1. 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