{"id":851,"date":"2018-10-31T11:41:00","date_gmt":"2018-10-31T08:41:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2018\/10\/31\/kabileden-devlete-tarih-9-2-unite-insanligin-ilk-donemleri-5-bolum\/"},"modified":"2018-10-31T11:41:00","modified_gmt":"2018-10-31T08:41:00","slug":"kabileden-devlete-tarih-9-2-unite-insanligin-ilk-donemleri-5-bolum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2018\/10\/31\/kabileden-devlete-tarih-9-2-unite-insanligin-ilk-donemleri-5-bolum\/","title":{"rendered":"KAB\u0130LEDEN DEVLETE ( TAR\u0130H 9 2. \u00dcN\u0130TE \u0130NSANLI\u011eIN \u0130LK D\u00d6NEMLER\u0130 5. B\u00d6L\u00dcM)"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n<\/a><\/div>\n

Tarih ders notlar\u0131, yks tarih ders notlar\u0131, ayt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tyt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tarih \u00f6zet, tarih 9 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 10 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 11 ders notlar\u0131, ink\u0131lap tarihi ders notlar\u0131, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve d\u00fcnya tarihi ders notlar\u0131, g\u00fcncel tarih ders notlar\u0131, \u00f6zet konu anlat\u0131m, k\u0131sa tarih, yeni kitaba g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ders notlar\u0131, yeni m\u00fcfredat tarih <\/b><\/span>
\n
<\/b><\/span>
\nKAB\u0130LEDEN DEVLETE<\/b><\/span>
\n\u0130mparatorluk<\/b><\/span>
\n\u0130lk Devletlerde G\u00fcc\u00fcn Me\u015fruiyet Kayna\u011f\u0131<\/b><\/span>
\n\u0130lk Siyasi Organizasyon T\u00fcrleri<\/b><\/span>
\n\u0130lk Devletlerde Asker\u00ee, Sosyal ve Ekonomik Ya\u015fam<\/b><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span>
\n<\/a>KAB\u0130LEDEN DEVLETE<\/span><\/b>
\n
<\/b>
\n\u0130lk tar\u0131m toplumlar\u0131nda ekonomik ve sosyal organizasyonun temel birimi 10-50 aileden olu\u015fan topluluklard\u0131.<\/span>
\nBu yerle\u015fimler, zamanla b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek kabile konfederasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<\/span>
\nKabile, ayn\u0131 atadan gelen ve birbirine kan ba\u011f\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131 bulunan b\u00fcy\u00fck insan toplulu\u011funa verilen isimdir. Bu d\u00f6nemde kabile organizasyonlar\u0131 genelde say\u0131lar\u0131 binlerle ifade edilen topluluklard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Co\u011frafya veya iklimin hayat tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirmesiyle k\u00f6yler ve kabile konfederasyonlar\u0131 zamanla \u015fehir devletlerini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/span>
\n
<\/span>
\n\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f medeniyet alanlar\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u201cnom\u201d, S\u00fcmerlerde \u201csite\u201d, \u0130yon ve Dorlarda \u201cpolis\u201d ad\u0131 verilen \u015fehir devletleri kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/span>
\nAntik medeniyetlerdeki kabileler veya \u015fehir devletlerinin ba\u015flar\u0131nda kral veya feodal y\u00f6neticiler vard\u0131r. <\/span>
\nBu y\u00f6neticiler merkezdeki b\u00fcy\u00fck krala ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck kral g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve dirayetli bir ki\u015fiyse merkez\u00ee bir devlet yap\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015f, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczse kabileler merkezden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket edebilmi\u015ftir. <\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da baz\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc krallar kendi \u00fclkeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yerleri ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, farkl\u0131 milletleri y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f ve imparatorluklar kurdu\u011fu da olmu\u015ftur.<\/span>
\n<\/ins><\/p>\n


<\/span>
\nK\u00f6y<\/span>
\nKabile<\/span>
\n\u015eehir devleti<\/span>
\nMerkezi devlet<\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n\u0130mparatorluk<\/span><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n\u0130mparatorluk<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n


<\/span>
\nTopraklar\u0131nda oturan \u00e7e\u015fitli milletleri egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda toplayan devlet bi\u00e7imi,<\/span>
\n\u0130\u00e7erisinde \u00e7e\u015fitli unsurlar\u0131 (din, etnik k\u00f6ken, dil vb) bar\u0131nd\u0131ran devlet modeli,<\/span>
\n<\/span>
\nTarihsel olarak, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, etnik, ekonomik ve toplumsal a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7e\u015fitlilik arz eden farkl\u0131 halklar\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde toplayan b\u00fcy\u00fck, politik ve b\u00f6lgesel g\u00f6vde olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir.<\/span>
\n
<\/span>
\n\u0130lk Devletlerde G\u00fcc\u00fcn Me\u015fruiyet Kayna\u011f\u0131<\/b><\/span>
\n
<\/span>
\n\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren siyasi olu\u015fumlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu monar\u015fi ile y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\nKrallar, y\u00f6netimdeki me\u015frulu\u011funu yani g\u00fc\u00e7lerini dinden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/span>
\nBu nedenle ilk devletlerde g\u00fcc\u00fcn me\u015fruiyet kayna\u011f\u0131 tanr\u0131sald\u0131r.<\/span>
\nAnadolu\u2019da M\u00d6 1700\u2019lerde kurulan Hititlerde  krallar\u0131n, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc tanr\u0131dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131r ve emirleri tanr\u0131n\u0131n emriymi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Fakat krallar kendilerini tanr\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmezlerdi.<\/span>
\nUrartularda krallar yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fleri tanr\u0131lar\u0131 \u201cHaldi\u201d ad\u0131na <\/span>
\nyaparlard\u0131. Yani krallar tanr\u0131 de\u011fildi ama onun yerine h\u00fckmederlerdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f Yunan medeniyetinin temellerinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Girit Adas\u0131\u2019nda halk, soylular ve kral taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilirdi. Y\u00f6neticilerin din ad\u0131na s\u00f6z sahibi olmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle y\u00f6netimleri teokratikti.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n\u0130yonlar, genel olarak Yunan tanr\u0131lar\u0131na inan\u0131rlard\u0131. Din adamlar\u0131 ve k\u00e2hinlerin, krallar \u00fczerinde etkisi olsa da soylular\u0131n yani aristokrat s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n y\u00f6netimdeki etkisi daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc.<\/span><\/div>\n
\nMezopotamya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131ndan S\u00fcmerlerde y\u00f6netici olan \u201cEnsi\u201dler<\/span><\/div>\n
\nyani rahip-krallar; en y\u00fcksek rahip, yarg\u0131\u00e7 ve komutand\u0131. <\/span><\/div>\n
\nHer kentte S\u00fcmerlerin sayg\u0131 duydu\u011fu tanr\u0131lara adanm\u0131\u015f \u201cziggurat\u201d ad\u0131 verilen tap\u0131naklar in\u015fa etmi\u015flerdi. Bu tap\u0131naklar\u0131 y\u00f6neten rahip s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, kentin y\u00f6neticileri \u00fczerinde etkiliydi. <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
<\/span><\/div>\n
\n<\/span><\/p>\n
\nAsur ve Babillerde kral, b\u00fcy\u00fck tanr\u0131lar\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilcisi olup onlar ad\u0131na \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6neten rahip krallard\u0131. <\/span><\/div>\n


\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\n\u00dcnl\u00fc Babil Kral\u0131 Hammurabi, bu anlay\u0131\u015ftan farkl\u0131 olarak kendisini adaletin kral\u0131 olarak ifade etmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\nM\u0131s\u0131r Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde krallar, tanr\u0131n\u0131n <\/div>\n
\nyery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilcisidir.<\/div>\n
\nBa\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta tanr\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen firavunlar <\/div>\n
\nilerleyen d\u00f6nemlerde tanr\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/div>\n
\n\u0130nsan \u015feklinde tanr\u0131 say\u0131lan firavunlar; topraklar\u0131n, mallar\u0131n ve insanlar\u0131n sahibi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve tanr\u0131-kral olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n

\n
<\/span><\/div>\n
\nMakedonya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nMakedonya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, di\u011fer Yunan \u015fehir devletlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi aristokrasi ile y\u00f6netilirdi. Ancak Makedonya Kral\u0131 II. Philippos (Filip) D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde bu durum de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f ve kons\u00fcl\u00fcn yetkileri s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nII. Philippos (Filip) den sonra tahta ge\u00e7en (B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender)  III. Alexander (Aleksand\u0131r), \u00f6nce Anadolu\u2019yu, sonra da Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip  Hindistan\u2019\u0131n Pencap Havzas\u0131\u2019na kadar ilerledi.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nBu d\u00f6nemde Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile Anadolu, M\u0131s\u0131r, Pers ve di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcrler birbiriyle kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sayede Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin sentezi olan Helenizm ad\u0131nda yeni bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/div>\n
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender, do\u011funun gizemli dinlerinden etkilenmi\u015f ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Amon-Ra rahipleri taraf\u0131ndan tanr\u0131- kral ilan edilmi\u015ftir. <\/div>\n
\nYine Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da Didim Apollon Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 k\u00e2hini taraf\u0131ndan \u201cZeus\u2019un o\u011flu\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nB\u00f6ylece g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc me\u015fru h\u00e2le getiren B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender, Do\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinden etkilenerek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn me\u015fruiyet kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tanr\u0131salla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nRoma<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nM\u00d6 VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130talya\u2019da kurulan Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda s\u0131ras\u0131yla krall\u0131k, cumhuriyet ve imparatorluk d\u00f6nemleri ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/div>\n
\nKrall\u0131k ve cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemlerinde y\u00f6netim aristokratlar\u0131n elindedir. Kral, senatoya kar\u015f\u0131 sorumluydu. <\/div>\n
\nCumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde ise senato, Helenizm k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisiyle i\u015flevini k\u0131smen de olsa kaybetmi\u015fti. <\/div>\n
\nAugustus (Agustus) D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde y\u00f6netim saltanata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve imparator; y\u00f6netimin ba\u015f\u0131, ba\u015fkomutan, ba\u015fyarg\u0131\u00e7 ve ba\u015frahip konumuna gelmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
\nRoma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun siyasi yap\u0131lanmas\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndaki gibi \u201cD\u00fcnya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u201d fikri geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/span><\/div>\n

\n\u0130lk Devletlerde G\u00fcc\u00fcn Me\u015fruiyet Kayna\u011f\u0131<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n


<\/span>
\n\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f medeniyetlerinde g\u00fcc\u00fcn me\u015fruiyet kayna\u011f\u0131 olan dinin yan\u0131nda y\u00f6neticilerde soy kavram\u0131 da \u00f6nemliydi.<\/span>
\nAsurlarda bir kral zorla ba\u015fa ge\u00e7se bile kendinden \u00f6nceki krallarla bir akrabal\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131 kurma gayreti i\u00e7inde olurdu.<\/span>
\nMezopotamya\u2019da S\u00fcmerler, Babiller ve Asurlar ise d\u00f6nem d\u00f6nem siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7lerini kaybetmi\u015f fakat aradan birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l ge\u00e7tikten sonra yeniden kurulmu\u015f ve g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015flerdir. <\/span>
\nSiyasi g\u00fc\u00e7lerin yeniden kazan\u0131lma durumu Mezopotamya\u2019da Ur, \u0130ssin, Babil, Kassit, Kalde gibi s\u00fclalelerin soy dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucudur.<\/span>
\n<\/span>
\nMonar\u015fi:<\/span><\/b> Siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcn bir tek ki\u015finin elinde bulundu\u011fu ve y\u00f6netimin genellikle kan yoluyla aile bireylerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imidir.<\/span>
\n
<\/span>
\nS\u00fcmerlerde site olarak bilinen \u015fehir devletleri vard\u0131. <\/span>
\nBabil Devleti benzer bir yap\u0131da olsa da iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc krallar merkez\u00ee otoriteyi daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\nAsurlular ise istilac\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir.<\/span>
\nHititlerde kral\u0131n yan\u0131nda Panku\u015f ad\u0131nda bir meclis vard\u0131r. Kral alaca\u011f\u0131 kararlarda bu meclise dan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tavananna denilen krali\u00e7e de y\u00f6netimde etkilidir.<\/span>
\n<\/span>
\nYunan medeniyetinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafya, dar bir sahil \u015feridine sahip olmas\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek da\u011flarla birbirinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle burada merkez\u00ee devletler kurulamam\u0131\u015f, polis ad\u0131 verilen \u015fehir devletleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Atina ve Sparta gibi<\/span>
\n<\/ins><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\nYunanl\u0131lar<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\n<\/span><\/p>\n
\nYunan \u015fehir devletlerinde kral\u0131n hak ve yetkileri meclisler taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/div>\n


\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\nKral\u0131n yetkilerinin azalmas\u0131, onu denetleyen meclislerin yetkilerinin artmas\u0131yla krall\u0131k art\u0131k saltanat olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve krallar belirli bir s\u0131n\u0131f taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\nB\u00f6ylece soylular, iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek aristokratik y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kabul ettirmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
\nAristokratlar aras\u0131ndan belli bir z\u00fcmrenin, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netme hakk\u0131n\u0131n kendilerinde oldu\u011funu iddia etmesi ve y\u00f6neticilerin sadece o gruptan se\u00e7ilmesi oligar\u015fi denilen y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/div>\n
\nYunan kentlerindeki bu se\u00e7im, cumhuriyet ve demokrasi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ilk izleridir.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nYunan kentlerindeki se\u00e7imlerde sadece belli ki\u015filer aday olabilmekte ve halk\u0131n tamam\u0131 de\u011fil sadece soylular oy kullanabilmektedir.<\/div>\n
\nDaha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde Yunan medeniyeti i\u00e7inde, soylulu\u011fa dayal\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f olan aristokratlara veya halka kar\u015f\u0131 zaman zaman g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanarak y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7iren ki\u015filer olmu\u015ftur. <\/div>\n
\nBu ki\u015filere tiran bunlar\u0131n y\u00f6netimine de tiranl\u0131k denmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nPersler<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nPersler; \u0130ran, Anadolu, Mezopotamya, M\u0131s\u0131r ve hatta Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerini i\u00e7ine alan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir imparatorluk kurmu\u015flard\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nBu kadar geni\u015f topraklar\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in de Satrapl\u0131k denilen eyalet sistemini olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131. <\/div>\n
\nBu sistemde \u00fclke eyaletlere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve eyaletler Satrap ad\u0131 verilen idareciler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmi\u015fti. <\/div>\n
\nSatraplar merkezden g\u00f6nderilen memurlar taraf\u0131ndan denetlenmi\u015fti.<\/div>\n
\nBu sistem b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender ve Roma taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6rnek al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/div>\n
\nAyr\u0131ca merkez\u00ee otoriteyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek ve eyaletler aras\u0131nda ileti\u015fim kurmak amac\u0131yla Persler, geli\u015fmi\u015f bir posta te\u015fkilat\u0131 kurmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\nRoma<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nRoma\u2019da kraldan sonra etkin bir dan\u0131\u015fma kurulu olan senatoya soylular girebilmi\u015fti. <\/div>\n
\nRoma toplumu; patriciler, plepler ve k\u00f6leler olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nSenatoda g\u00f6rev yapan soylu s\u0131n\u0131fa patrici, <\/div>\n
\nRoma\u2019ya sonradan gelip yerle\u015fenlere de plep ad\u0131 verilirdi. <\/div>\n
\nK\u00f6leler ise Roma\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fgali alt\u0131ndaki \u00fclkelerden getirilmi\u015f, patricilerin evlerinde hizmet\u00e7ilik ya da u\u015fakl\u0131k yapan tarlalarda i\u015f\u00e7i olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\u0130lk Devletlerde Asker\u00ee, Sosyal ve Ekonomik Ya\u015fam <\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\nMezopotamya<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nMedeniyetlerin ekonomik ya\u015fam ve asker\u00ee yap\u0131lar\u0131nda co\u011frafya belirleyici bir unsurdur. Mezopotamya\u2019da ekonomik hayat\u0131n temeli tar\u0131md\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nS\u00fcmerler, tap\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131 depo olarak kulland\u0131lar. Bu \u00fcr\u00fcnleri kay\u0131t alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan semboller sayesinde \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131 icat edildi.<\/div>\n
\n Medeniyetin geli\u015fimi yaz\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131yla h\u0131z kazand\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nMezopotamya\u2019da toplum; soylular, din adamlar\u0131 ve k\u00f6leler gibi s\u0131n\u0131flara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015fan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerdir.<\/div>\n
\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz modern ya\u015fam\u0131nda h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00f6nemli olan ula\u015f\u0131m, mimarl\u0131k, madenlerin i\u015flenmesi, \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7ilik, dokumac\u0131l\u0131k, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik, kanal yap\u0131m\u0131 gibi pek \u00e7ok medeniyet unsurunun temeli, Mezopotamya\u2019da at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n\u0130lk Devletlerde Asker\u00ee, Sosyal ve Ekonomik Ya\u015fam <\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\n
<\/b><\/div>\n
\n
\nLidyal\u0131lar,<\/b> Kral Yolu\u2019nu kullanarak ticarette geli\u015fmi\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir refaha kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/div>\n
\n Friglerin<\/b> temel ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131 ise tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r. Tar\u0131m, ba\u015fta hukuk olmak \u00fczere Frig toplumunda hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131n\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir. Dokumac\u0131l\u0131kta da geli\u015fen Friglerden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kalan tekstil par\u00e7alar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da, Yunan co\u011frafyas\u0131nda kurulan polisler, da\u011fl\u0131k arazi nedeniyle yeterli hububat\u0131 \u00fcretememi\u015ftir. <\/div>\n
\nBaz\u0131 \u015fehirler bu sorunu \u00e7evre b\u00f6lgelerin kolonizasyonu yoluyla \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/div>\n
\nBu \u015fehir devletleri g\u0131da ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131larken ticari alanda da geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n\u00dclkeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ele ge\u00e7irilen topraklar\u0131 kendilerine ba\u011flayarak bazen de kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 o b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirerek genellikle ticari faaliyetlerde kullanmak amac\u0131yla olu\u015fturulan idarelere koloni denir. <\/div>\n
\nBu kolonilerin devletin idaresinde aktif olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na da kolonicilik denir.<\/div>\n
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender, ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi topraklarda ya kendi ad\u0131na \u015fehirler kurmu\u015f ya da var olan \u015fehirleri yeniden d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki \u0130skenderiye gelmektedir.<\/div>\n
\nAyr\u0131ca B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender, Perslerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu yol a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirerek ticarete ve ula\u015f\u0131ma \u00f6nem vermi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n

<\/ins><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\nRoma<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\n
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\n
\nRoma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu da kuruldu\u011fu co\u011frafya gere\u011fi deniz ticaretine ve kolonizasyon faaliyetlerine y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
\n\u0130mparatorlu\u011fun y\u00fckseli\u015finde, h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde d\u00fczenli yol a\u011flar\u0131 kurmalar\u0131 ve bu yollar\u0131 g\u00fcvenli h\u00e2le getirmeleri  etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/div>\n
\nRomal\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar, Akdeniz ve Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019daki Roma topraklar\u0131nda olu\u015fan bar\u0131\u015f ortam\u0131ndan faydalanarak uzun mesafeli ticaret yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nM\u0131s\u0131r<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
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\nM\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Nil Nehri etraf\u0131nda verimli ovalar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n temel ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tar\u0131m olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nMezopotamya\u2019da topraklar \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet iken M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da t\u00fcm topraklar firavunlara aitti ve topraklar\u0131 kullananlar kirac\u0131 durumundayd\u0131.<\/div>\n
\nBu durum Mezopotamya\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, zengin bir t\u00fcccar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\nNil\u2019in sular\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu tarlalar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 birbirine kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve bu tarlalar\u0131 ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da geometri ilm\u00ee geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
\nM\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, yine bu ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131n zaman\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek i\u00e7in g\u00fcne\u015f y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 hesaplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n\u00d6l\u00fcmden sonraki ya\u015fama inand\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fclerini mumyalam\u0131\u015flar b\u00f6ylelikle insan v\u00fccudunu tan\u0131m\u0131\u015flar, t\u0131p ve eczac\u0131l\u0131k bilimlerinde geli\u015fmi\u015flerdir <\/div>\n
\nTanr\u0131-kral anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak firavunlar i\u00e7in piramit ad\u0131 verilen an\u0131t mezarlar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\nM\u00d6 1280\u2019de Hititlerle M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan<\/div>\n
\n\u201cKade\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u201d tarihte  bilinen  ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 antla\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
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\nNot: \u00dcnitenin devam\u0131na www.tarihkursu.com \/ders notlar\u0131<\/span><\/b> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/div>\n
\n
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\nDaha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in bizi takip edin<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\nhttp:\/\/www.tarihkursu.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\nFacebook sayfam\u0131z\u0131 be\u011fenmek i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n

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\nYotube kanal\u0131m\u0131za abone olmak i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n

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Tarih ders notlar\u0131, yks tarih ders notlar\u0131, ayt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tyt tarih ders notlar\u0131, tarih \u00f6zet, tarih 9 ders notlar\u0131, tarih 10 ders notlar\u0131, […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[58,62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-851","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ders-notlari","category-konu-ozetleri"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":"","post_slider_layout_landscape_large":"","post_slider_layout_portrait_large":"","post_slider_layout_square_large":"","post_slider_layout_landscape":"","post_slider_layout_portrait":"","post_slider_layout_square":"","full":""},"yoast_head":"\nKAB\u0130LEDEN DEVLETE ( TAR\u0130H 9 2. \u00dcN\u0130TE \u0130NSANLI\u011eIN \u0130LK D\u00d6NEMLER\u0130 5. 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